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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Thirteen cases of botulism in horses fed big bale silage. An outbreak of pharyngeal and limb paresis involving four horses and nine ponies in the south east of England is described. Nine of the animals died or were destroyed on humane grounds. The clinical features suggested a diagnosis of botulism and mouse innoculation tests confirmed the presence of type B toxin in the serum of one case. All animals were fed big bale silage. It is describe how, in plastic wrapped silage manufacture, conditions of fermentation may be inadequate to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulism. Examination of a sample of silage fed to the affected horses suggested that...
Beat-to-beat variability in QRS potentials recorded with an orthogonal lead system in horses with second degree partial A-V block. Beat-to-beat variation in the amplitude of the QRS waveform from 13 horses with second degree partial atrioventricular block was examined using an orthogonal lead (X,Y,Z) system. The peak positive deflections (XR, YR and ZR) and peak negative deflections (XQS, YS and ZQ) were regressed against PR and RR intervals. XQS was used to indicate that the peak negative deflection in X could have been a Q or S wave. XR and YR were directly related to PR (P less than 0.001) and XQS and YS were inversely related to PR (P less than 0.001). YR was also directly related to RR (P less than 0.001) but not so ...
Clinical and pathological studies of brain injuries in horse-riding accidents: a description of cases and review with a warning to the unhelmeted. We present a clinical and pathological study of brain injuries in horse-riding accidents. Among six fatal cases, all experienced riders varying in age and sex, two were not wearing helmets and four had inadequate protective headgear. Among five non-fatal cases, four wore adequate helmets and only one of these suffered permanent neurological damage. The fifth was not wearing a helmet and although he eventually returned to work, a CT scan following the fall showed a deep-seated perithalamic hematoma. These findings are consistent with those of virtually all other studies in that they suggest tha...
Immunologically mediated ocular disease in the horse. The continued study of immunology and its relationship to diseases of the eye will hopefully give some insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of certain ocular diseases of many species, including the horse. It may lead to a better understanding of equine recurrent uveitis, a disease that has remained an enigma for years and that now appears to be an immunologic hypersensitivity response to a number of varied antigens. The precise mechanism of the inflammation is still unclear, and the immunologic response may be variable or mixed depending upon the inciting antigen. Other ophthalmic diseases i...
Controlled tests of activity of ivermectin against natural infections of migratory large strongyles and other internal parasites of equids. Four controlled tests (experiments A, B, C, and D) were conducted in naturally infected yearling equids to evaluate activity of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg IM) against migrating Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus in mesenteric arteries and ventral abdominal wall, respectively. Data were also obtained on activity against other internal parasites of the gastrointestinal tract and eyeworms. The type and number of equids in the experiments were as follows: experiment A-3 ponies, 2 treated and 1 non-treated; experiment B-4 mixed-bred horses, 2 treated and 2 nontreated; experiment C-5 mixed-bred horses, ...
Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of some equine herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus) and type 4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus) isolates. Representative strains of EHV isolated from an aborted foetus and from a horse with rhinopneumonitis in New Zealand had restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints typical of those usually associated with these syndromes elsewhere and now designated EHV1 and 4 respectively. EHV1 was isolated from the brain and spinal cord of a 4-year-old gelding that died of myeloencephalitis. A mare on the same farm, at about the same time as the gelding developed myeloencephalitis, aborted and EHV1 was isolated from the tissues of the aborted foetus. Restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of the viruses iso...
The amino acid sequence of equine alpha-lactalbumin. The amino acid sequence of equine alpha-lactalbumin has been determined with the aid of an automatic sequencer. The protein chain consists of 123 amino acids and has a Mr of 14218. Elucidation of the structure involved sequence determination of native protein (residues 1-32), cyanogen bromide fragments, and tryptic, chymotryptic and S. aureus V8 proteolytic peptides. Approximately 67% of the residues are identical with corresponding residues of bovine alpha-lactalbumin B, and there is close homology with alpha-lactalbumin of other species.
Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over a 24-hour period in horses. Four consecutive 6-hour urine collections were obtained from 10 healthy adult horses given free access to a complete pelleted ration and water. Samples of blood were collected from the jugular vein at the start of the test period and then every 6 hours for 4 consecutive samples. Mean renal clearance of creatinine (CCr) varied significantly during the four, 6-hour collections, ranging from 1.474 in period II to 2.702 ml/min/kg of body weight during period III (P less than 0.05). The CCr in period III was significantly different from the 24-hour mean value of 1.877 ml/min/kg (P less than 0.05). ...
Suspected tremetol poisoning in horses. Of 10 horses in a heavily overgrazed pasture, 4 died within 1 week. Clinical signs included muscle tremors, ataxia, reluctance to walk, heavy sweating, and myoglobinuria. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were high. Histopathologic findings were nonspecific. On the basis of clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, nonspecific histopathologic findings, the condition of the pasture, the identification of numerous white snakeroot plants from which trematone was extracted, and evidence that these plants had been heavily browsed, it was believed t...
Eosinophilic myeloproliferative disorder in a horse. An eosinophilic myeloproliferative disorder resulted in edema and hemorrhagic diathesis in a 10-month-old Standardbred colt. Laboratory abnormalities included severe thrombocytopenia, anemia, mild hypoproteinemia, and marked eosinophilia. Circulating eosinophils were immature or atypical with variation in granule size, disproportionate nuclear to cytoplasmic maturation, and abnormal nuclear size and shape. Bone marrow aspirate had mainly atypical eosinophil precursors, few erythroid precursors, and no megakaryocytes. A blood transfusion and dexamethasone therapy resulted in some improvement; h...
Pathomorphology and pathogenesis of bacterial meningoventriculitis of neonatal ungulates. Bacterial meningoventriculitis was studied in 26 neonatal ungulates. Preceded by a substantial bacteremia, usually due to Escherichia coli, the fibrinopurulent inflammation involved leptomeninges, choroid plexuses, and ventricle walls, but largely spared the neuraxial parenchyma. It is proposed that this surface-relatedness results from the transport of bacteria by monocytes of low bactericidal power, migrating by normal pathways to maintain significant surface populations of macrophages. The neuraxial parenchyma is spared because of its normal lack of a macrophage population. A similar pathog...
[Plasma fibrinogen as a parameter of the presence and severity of inflammation in horses and cattle]. Determination of the plasma fibrinogen concentration was found to be particularly useful in detecting inflammatory diseases. The highest levels were observed in inflammatory lesions of serous surfaces and in endocarditis. Plasma fibrinogen levels correlated with the severity of the disease: levels of 1,000 mg per 100 ml or more reflected a prognosis ranging from poor to bad.
Flunixin inhibits prostaglandin E2 production in equine inflammation. A model of acute inflammation was used in a cross-over study in Welsh mountain ponies to assess the actions of flunixin meglumine on selected components of a localised inflammatory reaction induced by injecting 0.5 ml of a 2 per cent carrageenin solution into subcutaneously implanted tissue cages. Samples of exudate were harvested at predetermined times between three and 48 hours. Increases in leucocyte numbers and protein concentration were not prevented by flunixin treatment. Prostaglandin E2-like activity was present in exudates from untreated ponies with the highest mean concentration occu...
Outbreak of botulism in horses. An outbreak of nervous disease in Standardbred horses occurred near Bendigo, in south-eastern Australia, in October 1980. Over a two week period 11 horses in four training stables were affected with gait abnormalities, depression and recumbency. Eight of the 11 died. The results of an investigation implicated Clostridium botulinum toxin as the cause. The toxin was food-borne as a contaminant of oaten chaff.
Quantitation of the immunoglobulins in reproductive tract secretions of the mare. IgG, IgA, IgM and albumin concentrations were measured in serum, follicular fluid and oviductal, uterine and intestinal secretions of the horse. Follicular protein concentrations were found to be dependent on serum concentration and molecular size. Of the immunoglobulins only IgG was detectable in oviductal secretions, but IgG:albumin ratios did not differ significantly from those in serum. IgG, IgA and IgM were measured in uterine secretions, with IgG predominant. Serum transudation into uterine secretions was minimal. In intestinal secretions, IgA levels were slightly higher than IgG, with a...
Antagonism of pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in halothane-anesthetized ponies using neostigmine and edrophonium. Efficacy of neostigmine (0.04 mg/kg of body weight) and edrophonium (1 mg/kg), as antagonists for pancuronium neuromuscular blockade in halothane-anesthetized ponies, was evaluated. Neostigmine and edrophonium were satisfactory antagonists, with edrophonium having a significantly (P less than 0.01) more rapid onset of action than did neostigmine. Muscarinic activity of neostigmine and edrophonium was also evaluated. Neither antagonist was administered with atropine. Gastrointestinal effects, increased salivation, and increased airway secretions were minimal with edrophonium, but were marked af...
Genetic organization of the polymorphic equine alpha globin locus and sequence of the BII alpha 1 gene. The equine alpha globin gene complex comprises two functional alpha genes and an alpha-like pseudogene arranged in the order 5'-alpha 2-(5kb)-alpha 1-(3kb)-psi alpha-3'. A single (embryonic) zeta-like sequence lies within a 12 kb region 5' to the alpha 2 gene. We have determined the sequence of the alpha 1 gene of the BII haplotype, one of two most common haplotypes (the other being BI) which encode alpha globins with either Tyr (BI) or Phe (BII) at codon 24 in both linked alpha genes. In BI and BII the non-allelic alpha 2 and alpha 1 genes respectively code for Gln or Lys at codon 60, thus ac...
