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Topic:Equine Health
Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Further studies on the metabolic effects of long distance riding: Golden Horseshoe Ride 1979. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after 80 km and 40 km rides held on consecutive days and analysed for haematocrit, blood glucose and lactate, plasma sodium, potassium, calcium, albumin, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, bicarbonate, insulin, cortisol, glucagon, urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase. Unusually hot weather probably contributed to haemoconcentration with a significant (P < 0.001) increase in haematocrit and plasma albumin. A fall in blood glucose, with a rise in FFA and glycerol were consistent with long distance riding and were associ...
Influence of head height on arterial blood pressure in standing horses. Eighteen horses were used to investigate the influence of head position on arterial blood pressure, measured indirectly at the coccygeal artery. Head height significantly altered systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure, such that head-lowering decreased and head-raising increased all variables.
Intravenous anaesthesia in horses after xylazine premedication. The effects of combining large doses of xylazine (1.1 mg per kg intravenously) with ketamine, methohexitone and thiopentone were studied in four experimental ponies. Onset of anaesthesia was more delayed after ketamine than after the barbiturates. Assessment of smoothness of induction and recovery indicated that all three combinations were effective and acceptable. Injection of xylazine was followed by atrioventricular (A-V) block which could be prevented by the prior administration of atropine. Blood pressure was well maintained with all three combinations of drugs. Arterial oxygen tension de...
Horse erythrocyte gangliosides: preparation of the major hematoside NeuNG1-Lac-Cer. A simple method for the isolation of hematoside NeuNG1-Lac-Cer from horse erythrocytes is described. An aliquot of the crude ganglioside fraction was labeled by tritiated sodium borohydride after mild periodate oxidation. The compounds obtained were used as radioactive tracers in column chromatography. Gangliosides were applied onto a silicic acid column and eluted stepwise by solvents of steadily increasing polarity. The major ganglioside, NeuNG1-Lac-Cer, was eluted in a high yield by the solvent mixture chloroform/methanol/water (60:35:8, v/v/v).
The disposition of calcium within parathyroid tissue. The disposition of 45Ca was studied in equine parathyroid gland slices. This preparation was shown to be viable by its ability to carry out protein synthesis, by the responsiveness of its respiration to effectors of oxidative phosphorylation, and by its calcium-inhibitable PTH secretion. 45Ca accumulates in the slices as the extracellular calcium is raised through the range in which physiological serum calcium concentration lies. The tissue slices behave as if they have no calcium pump: (a) depriving the cells of energy by treatment with antimycin A does not admit more calcium to the tissue, (...
Equine Getah virus infection: isolation of the virus from racehorses during an enzootic in Japan. A primary enzootic of equine Getah virus infection involving 722 of 1,903 racehorses occurred at a training center in Japan between September and November of 1978. Sixty-two viral agents were isolated from the plasma of 209 sick horses which exhibited pyrexia with rectal temperatures ranging from 38.5--40 degrees C, urticarial rash on various portions of the body, and edema of the hind legs. The viruses were antigenically related to the AMM 2021, Haruna, and Sagiyama strains of Getah virus. Infection and disease were produced experimentally in horses when inoculated by the intramuscular or int...
Equine connective tissue tumors contain unintegrated bovine papilloma virus DNA. Bovine papilloma virus (BPV) appears to be the etiological agent of common equine connective tissue tumors. We investigated the physical state of the viral DNA within such tumors and found no indication for integration into the host genome. The BPV genomes were present as free circular episomes. Two equine sarcoids were shown to contain multiple copies of free circular BPV type 1 (BPV-1) DNA. When the tumors were digested with several single-cut restriction enzymes, there were only form III BPV-1 DNA sequences could be revealed. One of the sarcoids contained, apart from wild-type BPV-1 DNA, a ...
An epidemic of Getah virus infection among racehorses: properties of the virus. A virus (Sakai) which had been recovered from an outbreak of disease in horses was found to be a small spherical enveloped RNA virus with a diameter of approximately 70 nm and a buoyant density of 1.22 g per ml. It grew well and produced a cytopathic effect in a variety of cell cultures; it was sensitive to organic solvents, heat and low pH. It agglutinated goose erythrocytes in a 0.35 M sodium chloride solution at an optimum pH of 6.2 and was antigenically identical or closely related to Getah virus, a member of the alphavirus subgroup of the Togaviridae.
Studies on the physiopathology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. I. Clinical signs. Twenty cases of chronic cough originating in the lung and associated with loss of performance were clinically examined. The physical signs observed were compared with those observed in a control series of 38 clinically normal horses. Reduced work tolerance, coughing for more than 3 months and abnormal pulmonary sounds (râles) were primary signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Forced abdominal expiratory efforts and pumping of the anus were regarded as confirmatory signs. Neither nasal discharge nor increased marginal distance was found to be a reliable sign of COPD. The mean ...
Smooth muscle cells in the testicular capsule of the horse, pig and sheep. Smooth muscle cells are present in the tunica albuginea testis of the horse, pig and sheep. typical fusiform muscle cells constitute a distinct layer up to 0.3 micrometer thick in the horse; there are fewer muscle cells, mainly of the branched form, in the pig; whereas in the sheep the muscle component is least well developed, with some cells intermediate in form between smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts (myofibroblasts). Attention is drawn to the continuity of this capsular muscle with the smooth muscle associated with the vasculature of the spermatic cord in the horse. This association sug...
Digoxin pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, efficacy, and dosage regimens in the horse. The pharmacokinetics of IV administered digoxin and the bioavailability of intragastrically administered powdered digoxin tables suspended in water were investigated in 6 clinically normal adult horses by 125I radioimmunoassay. The effect of 3 to 5 sequential IV doses of 5 micrograms of digoxin/kg of body weight at 2-hour intervals on a left ventricular index of contractility (Vmax) was assessed in 5 clinically normal horses. Standard pharmacokinetic equations and mean pharmacokinetic variables were used to derive parenteral and oral (loading and maintenance) doses for digoxin in horses. The c...
Contagious equine metritis: isolation and characterization of the etiologic agent. Uterine, cervical, and clitoral specimens on swabs from pony mares infected with contagious equine equine metritis (CEM) bacteria were streaked on agar plates. Colonies of CEM bacteria were observed under CO2 incubation in 2 days on Eugon chocolate agar and Eugon blood agar plates. The diameter of the colonies varied from 0.2 mm to 1 mm in 2 days which increased to 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm on day 4. The colonies on Eugon chocolate agar plates on days 2 to 4 were shiny, brown, round, and convex, and easily glided when pushed with a loop. The diameter of the colonies on chocolate and blood agar plates m...
Turnover of 131I-labelled albumin in horses with gastrointestinal disease. Four horses with a history of chronic diarrhoea and weight loss were studied. Three of them revealed malabsorption, as indicated by decreased absorption of D(+)-xylose. Three patients had distinct hypoalbuminaemia, and 131I-albumin turnover rates of these three horses were increased, compared to two normal control horses. However, the increases were not very marked, probably because actual signs of enteric disease were few in the patients, all of which were studied during convalescence. It is suggested that the observed hypoalbuminaemia is due to a gastrointestinal protein loss during the chro...
A survey of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin antibody in human and animal sera in western Canada. Sera from human, cattle, sheep, swine, and horse populations in western Canada were tested for the presence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin antibody by the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test, supplemented by an immunodiffusion test and by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. A total of 224 human, 345 cattle, 165 sheep, 620 swine, and 768 horse serum samples were examined. Low-titer reactions in the PHA test were detected in human, cattle, horse, and swine sera, in that order, with no titers demonstrated in sheep. The titers in human sera ranged up to 1:128 and three of these samples were also...
Some thoughts on swimming horses in a pool. Several indications for swimming horses are recalled. A satisfactory pool and the technique for its use are described. Some observations on the effect on swimming are offered.
The disposition and metabolism of the synthetic prostaglandin fluprostenol (ICI 81,008) in the horse. 1. Following single intramuscular doses of [14C]fluprostenol (0.5--2.4 micrograms/kg) to three female horses and to three gelded male horses, radioactivity was present in the plasma within 5 min; peak concn. (0.32--1.30 ng/ml fluprostenol equiv.) occurred 5 to 90 min after injection. Radioactivity was still present in the plasma of the females after three days. About 88% of fluprostenol is bound to plasma proteins. 2. Radioactivity was present in the parotid saliva of the gelded male horses within 10 min. Peak concn. (45--91 pg/ml fluprostenol equiv.) occurred from 5 min to 1 h after injection...
Equine leukocyte antigen system. II. Serological and mixed lymphocyte reactivity studies in families. Mono- and oligospecific lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies from primiparous mares were tested on cells from horse families of various breeds in the two-step microcytotoxicity assay. The results showed that the detected antigens were inherited co-dominantly and autosomally as simple Mendelian traits. The membrane antigens showed different linkage with one or more other antigens and seem to be coded by a limited number of loci (at least three) from one chromosome. In the families tested one recombinant for the serologically defined antigens was recognized. The mixed leukocyte reactions of cells from...
An epidemic of Getah virus infection among racehorses: isolation of the virus. During the autumn of 1978 a disease characterised by fever and occasionally by exanthema and/or oedema of the limbs was seen in approximately 13 per cent of horses in a training stable in the Kanto district of Japan. A virus was isolated by the intracerebral inoculation of one-day-old mice from blood and nasal swabs taken from naturally and experimentally infected horses. The virus was subsequently passaged in two monkey kidney cell lines in which it produced complete cytopathic changes. Infected horses developed neutralising, complement fixing and haemagglutinin inhibiting antibodies to the v...
