Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Mason TA, Speirs VC, Maclean AA, Smyth GB.A technique for the surgical repair of a cleft soft palate in the horse is described. A symphysiotomy approach was employed to repair the anterior end of the cleft palate, and the posterior part was approached via a pharyingotomy incision.
Borin G, Filippi B, Cavaggion F, Marchiori F.A solution synthesis is described of the partially protected N alpha-benzyloxycarbonylheptadecapeptide Z-Lys (Tfa)-Thr-Glu-Arg-Glu-Asp-Leu-Ile-Ala-Tyr-Leu-Lys (Tfa)-Lys (Tfa)-Ala-Thr-Asn-Glu (OBu t)-OBu t corresponding to sequence 88-104 of horse heart cytochrome c. The synthesis is achieved through the preparation of two subunits H1 (sequence 88-96) and H2 (sequence 97-104) and their linkage by an azide coupling step.
Wilks CR.The immune response in horses following experimental infection with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) was assessed by measuring cytotoxicity for EHV-1-infected target cells. A technique was developed, using [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine ([125I]IUDR)-labeled equine fetal kidney cells infected with EHV-1 as the target cells. It was shown that peripheral blood leukocytes from a recovered horse were capable of lysing target cells, as measured by the loss of radio-active label. Following the experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free ponies with EHV-1, cytotoxicity was obtained with fresh auto...
Berezin VV.Virologic and serological surveys of wild vertebrates carried out in various provinces of Cuba demonstrated definitely that birds were the main hosts of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in this territory. Fifteen strains of this virus were isolated from 8 species of birds belonging to 5 orders. Isolation of EEE virus from the blood of the endemic genus of iguanas indicates a certain role of cold-blooded animals in the ecology of this agent. Active EEE virus foci have been found in 4 provinces of the Republic of Cuba: Pinar del Rio, Havana, Matanzas and Las Villas. Isolation of a nu...
Frerichs WM.The effect of imidocarb dipropionate [3, 3' bis-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) carbanilide dipropionate] on spermatogenesis in 3 pony stallions was studied. The drug alone had no deleterious effect on spermatogenesis when given intramuscularly 4 times at a dosage level of 4 mg/kg at 72-hour intervals. Hemicastration, with or without subsequent drug treatment, caused almost complete cessation of spermatogenesis 30 days after the operation.
Meek DG, Dickinson EO.An illustrated approach to the medial aspect of the equine fetlock joint is described, whereby the collateral ligaments are transected. This approach is suggested as a possible technique for metatarsal or metacarpal bone fracture repair by retrograde pinning, arthrodesis of the fetlock joint and other joint and sesamoid bone surgery. The histological evidence of satisfactory healing is presented and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Tobin T, Blake JW, Valentine R.The plasma half-life of phenylbutazone in horses was not increased after pretreatment with chloramphenicol or quinidine, but was increased after oxyphenbutazone. This increased plasma half-life after oxyphenbutazone is consistent with observations in other species and suggests that oxyphenbutazone inhibits the metabolism of phenylbutazone in horses. Lack of inhibition of phenylbutazone metabolism in the horse by chloramphenicol and quinidine is inconsistent with results obtained in other species.
Yu DT, Gale RP, Kacena A, Pearson CM.Rosette formation between human lymphocytes and horse red blood cells could be promoted by a low pH medium, overnight incubation and a temperature of 4 degrees C. The percent of sheep, horse and human rosette-forming cells in the peripheral blood were 71.7 +/- 1.8, 30.5 +/- 2.8 and 28.3 +/- 3.4 respectively. However, their percentages in thymuses were 97.1 +/- 1.1, 91.4 +/- 2.4 and 89.0 +/- 3.4. Using preparations of isolated subpopulations, it was observed that the horse and human red cell rosette-forming cells were probably also "early" sheep red cell rosette-forming cells. Rosette formation...
Gilmour JS, Fraser JA.An 8-month old Welsh Cob filly had shown progressive ataxia of the hindquarters since about 3 months of age. Autopsy revealed a venous malformation resulting in malacia in the ninth thoracic segment of the spinal cord. It is proposed that the tissue destruction associated with this congenital lesion gave rise to the ataxia.
Owen JM.Thirty eight cases of Fasciola hepatica infection in horses with associated clinical signs are reported. A method of examining large amounts of faeces for fluke is described. A safe method of treatment for infected horses is given which involves oral medication with oxyclozanide at a dose rate of 15 ml/50 kg body weight.
Hinton M, Jones DR, Lewis IM, Thomson PE.A multiple clotting defect in a 3 month old Arab colt foal associated with a deficiency in Factors VIII, IX, and XI is described. No abnormalities in clotting factors were detected in the colt's sire, dam, half-sister and half-brother.
Kitchell RL, Stromberg MW, Davis LH.Quantitative studies were made of cells in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve in the horse, dog, cat, pig, sheep, goat, and calf. This nucleus was larger in ruminants than in nonruminants. Some cells in all parts of the nucleus supplied visceral structures in the head, cervical, thoracic, and abdominal regions; however, a definite topographic localization did exist within the nucleus. Eighty percent of the cells which supplied the abdominal viscera were in the rostral and rostral-middle regions. The cells which supplied the thoracic viscera were distributed almost equally within the r...
Foglesong MA.The antibiotic activity of cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephalexin, cephaloglycin, cefazolin, and cefamandole was determined after storage for up to 30 days in horse serum at -10 and 4 degrees C. Cephalothin, cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin were stable for at least 30 days at -10 degrees C, whereas cephaloridine lost 29% of its initial activity and cephaloglycin lost more than 50%. Cefamandole, cefazolin, and cephalexin could only be stored for 3 days at 4 degrees C without significant loss in activity, whereas cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cephaloglycin could be stored for only 1 day....
Carlson GP, Harrold DR.A highly significant correlation between the water content and protein concentration of equine serum and plasma samples was demonstrated over a wide range of concentrations. A close correlation was also observed between protein concentration as estimated by refractometry and as determined by the biuret procedure for equine serum and plasma samples.
Clarke EG, Moss MS.Doping can improve or impair performance and can be done either deliberately or accidentally. Accidental doping to win is the offence which most concerns the veterinary surgeon. The distinction between legitimate therapy and assisting an unfit horse to win a race by giving it a drug is a fine one. General guidelines are presented for the veterinary surgeon in practice.
Goranov Kh.The alkaline phosphatase enzyme, isolated by Morton's method from leukocytes of sheep, goats, and pigs gave after agarose elctrophoresis two isoenzyme fractions moving to the positive pole at the sites of the alpha 1- and alpha 2-globulins of the blood serum. In bovine leukocytes, besides these two fractions there was a third one that moved more slowly in the zone of the beta-globulins. In horses the alkaline phosphatase of leukocytes produced a wide band within the zones of the beta-globulins and the albumins. It was established that the proportion between the individual isoenzyme fractions o...
Dawson FL.Mares rarely ovulate in winter; ovulation is induced by increase in daylight length. Ova accumulate in the oviducts of unserved mares. During pregnancy, corpora lutea accumulate; all regress together at mid pregnancy. Plasma progesterone levels rise and oestrogen levels fall towards the end of pregnancy. Methods are available for early termination of pregnancy and for induction of parturition. Pregnancy can be diagnosed efficiently by rectal examination, and by immunological assay of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. Service at the foal heat is associated with an increased prevalence of early...
Smyth JD.The genetics of speciation in the genus Echinococcus are briefly discussed. As the organism is a hermaphrodite and multiplies asexually in the larval stage, the genetic mechanism for the ready production of new strains is inherent in the life-cycle. Some biological, biochemical and nutritional differences between the horse and sheep strains are examined. The sheep strain may be grown to sexual maturity, in vitro, in a diphasic system; the horse strain fails to grow in such a system. Differences have also been demonstrated between the soluble proteins of the two strains. The sheep strain is inf...
Daurat-Larroque ST, Portuguez ME, Santomé JA.Bovine and equine growth hormones were chemically modified with tetranitromethane, at pH 7.4 during 5 h and at pH 8.0 in the presence of 8 M urea during 1 h. a) Both hormones have very similar but not identical reactivities. b) The nitration of the reactive tyrosines and tryptophan residues at pH 7.4 produces no detectable changes in their immunological or somatotrophic activities. C) The nitration of all tyrosine residues in both hormones gives rise to a complete loss of somatographic activity with no alteration of the immunological activity.
Allen GP, O'Callaghan DJ, Randall CC.Infection of cells with equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) or type 3 (EHV-3) resulted in the induction of a DNA polymerase activity distinguishable from host cell DNA polymerases by its high salt requirement for maximal activity. By column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, DNA-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxyapatite, the EHV-1-induced polymerase was purified 500-fold with 1–2% recovery of total activity from the nuclei of infected hamster livers. The final enzyme preparation was homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Calculations based ...
Kouider S, Kolb FE, Müller I, Pfüller C, Schneider J.Horses were examined for the behaviour of various blood constituents prior to and following infusions of solutions of glucose, fructose, invertose, and sorbitol. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight glucose to six horses was followed by half-life variation between eleven and 23 minutes. Subsequent infusion of invertose to the same animals usually caused prolongation of glucose half-life. Half-life values were between 17 and 33 minutes for fructose and between 21 and 80 minutes for glucose. Infusion of 0.5 g/kg live weight fructose to two horses was followed by half-life values between 17 and 18 mi...
Poppie MJ, McGuire TC.Combined immunodeficiency (CID), a defect in both B- and T-lymphocytes, was found to occur in 2.3% of 257 foals of Arabian breeding. All affected foals died by 5 months of age. The belief that CID is transmitted as an autosomal recessive genetic defect was supported by results from matings of dams and sires that had previously produced affected foals. Based on a prevalence of 2.3%, the proportion of carriers of the CID trait among the adult population surveyed was estimated to be 25.7%. Recent descriptions of other immunologic defects in foals emphasized the need for careful differential diagn...
Samuel CA, Allen WR, Steven DH.The various cell types in the adult anterior pituitary may be distinguished at the ultrastructural level of the sizes of the secretory granules within the cytoplasm. In the fetal adenohypophysis, with the exception of prolactin-producing cells, all types may be identified after Day 100 of gestation. Morphological evidence suggests that they are producing and secreting trophic hormones. The three constituent layers of the adrenal cortex are also discernible by Day 100 of pregnancy. The cells of the zona glomerulosa have large numbers of darkly stained inclusions within the cytoplasm. The zona f...
Hopfer SM, Van Kruiningen HJ, Daniels WH.Twelve horses were divided into three groups and given various doses of a mixed species strongyle inoculum, representing light, moderate, and heavy infections. Three weeks after the larval inoculations, three animals from each group were given larvicidal doses of thiabendazole (TBZ) (440 mg kg-1 on two consecutive days); one animal from each group served as a non-medicated control. Treatment was repeated three weeks later. One treated animal from each group was designated for long-term study; others were necropsied to study adult and larval parasite loads. Six of the twelve animals with strong...
Bertin FR, Eichstadt Forsythe L, Kritchevsky JE.To investigate the effect of high doses of orally administered levothyroxine sodium (LT) on serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T) and thyroxine (T) in euthyroid horses. Methods: 12 healthy adult horses. Methods: 10 horses initially received water (vehicle) or 240 mg (5X treatment) or 480 mg (10× treatment) of LT, and blood samples were collected at baseline (0 hours) and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after treatment to measure serum T and T concentrations. Three horses then received 480 mg of LT for 14 days, and T concentration was measured on days 0, 14...
Lewis CW, Williamson AK, Chen AC, Bae WC, Temple MM, Wong WV, Nugent GE, James SP, Wheeler DL, Sah RL, Kawcak CE.To determine and correlate subchondral bone mineral density and overlying cartilage structure and tensile integrity in mature healthy equine stifle (low magnitude loading) and metacarpophalangeal (high magnitude loading) joints. Methods: 8 healthy horses, 2 to 3 years of age. Methods: Osteochondral samples were acquired from the medial femoral condyle (FC) and medial trochlear ridge (TR) of the stifle joint and from the dorsal (MC3D) and palmar (MC3P) aspects of the distal medial third metacarpal condyles of the metacarpophalangeal joint. Articular cartilage surface fibrillation (evaluated via...
Potts S, Thatcher R, Jones AW, Warren LK, Tenbroeck SH, Nottage F, McEwan NR.Sweating is important in regulating body temperature but can be a source of loss of both fluids and electrolytes. Although the process has been studied in horses, the variation in sweat osmolarity across the body has not. Objective: This work describes an investigation to determine if there is regional variation in the osmolarity of sweat across different anatomical regions of the horse. Methods: Ten horses were used in the study and were animals either stabled for riding lessons or had livery on-site. Methods: Sweat samples were collected from five regions on each horse following exercise and...
Cota LO, Malacarne BD, Dias LA, Neto ACP, Kneipp MLA, Cavalcante MA, Cunha MSLD, Paz CFR, Carvalho AM, Faleiros RR, Xavier ABDS.The analgesic specificity of navicular bursa (NB) anesthetic infiltration is still questionable. The study aimed to determine the mechanical nociceptive threshold of non-specific analgesia in the dorsal lamellar stratum, as well as in the sole, coronary band, and heel bulbs of the hoof, after navicular bursa anesthetic infiltration. Six healthy horses with no clinical or radiographic changes of the digits and no communication between the NB and the distal interphalangeal joint, were used. After random selection, the NB of one of the forelimbs was infiltrated with 2% lidocaine and the contralat...
Ginther OJ, Meira C, Beg MA, Bergfelt DR.Deviation during a follicular wave in mares begins when the largest follicle (F1) reaches a mean diameter of 22.5 mm and is characterized by continued growth of F1 to become the dominant follicle and regression of F2 to become the largest subordinate follicle. In the present study, F1 was ablated at the expected beginning of deviation (Hour 0) to provide a reference point for characterizing the intrafollicular changes preceding experimental deviation between F2 and F3. Diameters and concentrations of follicular fluid factors in F2 and F3 were determined in F1-ablated mares at Hours 0, 12, 24, ...
Gabal MA, Mohammed KA.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was evaluated for the detection of antibody in sera of equine naturally infected with Histoplasma farciminosum 'epizootic lymphangitis'. Ten sera from naturally infected horses were tested. A hydrogen peroxide ABTS mixture constituted the substrate. The reactions were read as the absorbance values measured at 405 nm using a spectrophotometer. The standard deviation and the average percentage of the absorbance values of the different serum samples were considered in the interpretation of the results. All sera were proved positive with variations in the diffe...
Lloyd KC.Despite clinical signs compatible with obstruction or ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract, the clinician occasionally is unable to identify a gastrointestinal cause for colic. In this article, disorders not originating from obstruction or ischemia of the gastrointestinal tract but causing real or apparent abdominal pain are presented as alternative causes of colic. In addition, colic of gastrointestinal origin may be the primary inciting factor or a secondary complication of an alternative disorder, causing colic-like signs. Recognition of alternative diagnoses relies on a thorough and cons...
Khazaeel K, Pesarakli H, Mashhadi AG, Borujeni MP.Accurate estimation of a horse's age based on the condition of the tooth status is necessary as a scientific and artistic technique, which has not been performed so far in pure Arabian horses of Khuzestan (southern west of Iran). This study aimed to investigate the age-dependent changes in the morphology and morphometry of the incisors in Arabian mares of Khuzestan to estimate age and to compare the estimated dental age and actual age. In this study, 78 Arabian mares of Khuzestan were examined in several equestrian clubs. Then, images were taken with a digital camera from the vestibular and oc...
Arighi M, Ducharme NG, Horney FD, Livesey MA.Extensive resection (50-75%) of the large colon was performed in 12 horses. Indications for resection were: loss of viability due to large colon volvulus (seven), thromboembolic episode (three), impairment of flow of ingesta due to adhesions (one), or congenital abnormalities (one). The time required to correct the primary cause of abdominal pain and complete the resection ranged from 2.5 to 4.75 hours. Three horses had severe musculoskeletal problems postoperatively and were euthanized in the recovery stall. Four other horses were euthanized early in the postoperative period because of: furth...
Hofstee W.Vet and owner of Unicorn Trails Wendy Hofstee explains how she developed a horse-riding holiday business alongside a successful career in emergency veterinary work.
Snyder JR, Tyler WS, Pascoe JR, Olander HJ, Bleifer DR, Hinds DM, Neves JW.Microvascular circulation of the ascending colon in healthy horses was studied using microangiography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The pelvic flexure with 30 cm of ventral and dorsal colon attached was removed from 14 adult horses immediately after horses were euthanatized. The lumen was flushed with warm water, and this section of the ascending colon was placed in a 37-C bath of isotonic NaCl. In sections from 8 horses, colic vessels were perfused with a radio-opaque medium for microangiography. After angiographic evaluation, tissue sections were prepared for light mic...
Davis SD, Sharp DC.This experiment investigated steroid production by ovarian tissues, in vitro, of pony mares during vernal transition from anoestrus to the breeding season. Follicular dynamics were monitored to detect the first, second, third or fourth transition follicle, greater than or equal to 30 mm diameter or the first large post luteal follicle of the breeding season. Twenty-four hours after a large follicle was detected, theca (T) and granulosa (G) tissues were harvested. Separate and co-incubations of these tissues were conducted to determine steroid production in early transition (ET), late transitio...
Riggs C, Whitley RD.Intraocular silicone prostheses were implanted in the eyes of a horse and a dog with traumatic corneal lacerations and protrusion of intraocular contents. Several months after surgery, the horse and dog were tolerating the intraocular prostheses, and the appearance was cosmetically acceptable. This contradicts earlier reports that have cited corneal disease as a contraindication for implantation of intraocular silicone prostheses.
Lepage OM, Eicher R, Uebelhart B, Tschudi P.To evaluate applicability of a human osteocalcin (OC) immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) for use with equine serum and compare it with a bovine radioimmunoassay (RIA) previously proven valid for such samples, and to describe the effect of type and breed of horses on serum OC concentration. Methods: 100 healthy horses of either sex, classified as type I or II (draught or warmblood, respectively). Each type was represented by 2 breed groups, each comprising 25 horses. Methods: Blood samples were collected in the morning, and the serum was separated. Osteocalcin was measured, using commercially avail...
Engelking LR, Paradis MR.This article addresses clinical problems that present in equine liver disease. It also discusses the variety of laboratory tests available to the clinician that can differentiate the type and degree of liver dysfunction. This is followed by a more specific discussion regarding unique features of equine bilirubin and bile acid metabolism.
Silva GF, Cunha R, Carvalho F, Ribeiro M, Rocha A, Amorim I, Guimarães T.A 30-year-old Lusitano stallion presented with an enlarged right epididymis. The ultrasound scan revealed a cyst-like formation and the histopathological examination was compatible with epididymal cyst located at the body/tail transition, epididymal spermatocele and sperm granuloma and epididymitis. However, these conditions did not seem to affect the animal's reproductive performance, nor did the semen parameters analyzed over the 8 years after the diagnosis show significant changes. Nevertheless, since the ejaculate contains mostly sperm cells from the tail of the epididymis, where fertile s...
Corradini I, Georges K, Jose-Cunilleras E.To determine the effects of time after sampling on CO-oximetry measurements of equine blood samples and the effects of adding ascorbic acid (AscAc) and methylene blue (MetBlue) to samples with methemoglobinemia. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: University teaching hospital. Methods: Thirty healthy adult horses assigned to 5 groups. Methods: Repeated CO-oximetry determinations were performed on venous (n = 6) and arterial blood samples (n = 7) stored at 0°C for 48 hours. Methemoglobinemia was induced in vitro in 17 additional blood samples. Six were used as untreated controls, 6 had ...
