Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
BMC public healthFebruary 20, 2014
Volume 14 182 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-182
Sawford K, Dhand NK, Toribio JA, Taylor MR.After the 2011 cluster of Hendra virus cases in horses in Australia, public health targeted education initiatives at people in the equine industry to reduce human exposure to potentially infected horses. 'Horse owners and Hendra Virus: A Longitudinal cohort study To Evaluate Risk' aims to enhance public health measures through improved understanding of Hendra virus risk perception and risk mitigation strategies among horse owners and horse care providers. This paper describes the stakeholder consultation that was undertaken to ensure the cohort study outcomes were relevant to diverse groups wh...
Cramp PA, Prange T, Nickels FA.The purpose of this article is to review the literature and personal experiences of equine surgeons so as to describe procedures that can be performed in the standing sedated horse to alleviate conditions that result in upper respiratory tract obstruction. Upper respiratory tract surgery requires attention to detail, meticulous planning, and careful dissection and execution with little room for error. This article describes a selection of standing upper airway procedures, the indications for and possible complications of these surgeries, and advantages and disadvantages of a particular method....
Graham S, Freeman D.The widespread use of laparoscopy in equine surgery has increased interest in the standing approach to a wide range of procedures typically regarded as feasible only through a ventral midline incision. Although a commonly cited benefit of standing surgery relates to avoiding costs of general anesthesia and risks associated with it, some procedures and horses are not suitable candidates for standing abdominal procedures. Some procedures, such as nephrectomy, colostomy, and closure of the nephrosplenic space, are not only suitable for standing surgery but are performed more easily and more safel...
Dorado J, Acha D, Ortiz I, Gálvez MJ, Carrasco JJ, Gómez-Arrones V, Calero-Carretero R, Hidalgo M.The main aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available liquid stallion semen extenders for the preservation of Andalusian donkey semen at 5°C for up to 72h, and to evaluate the effect of amino acid addition on sperm quality of cooled donkey semen. In addition, this study investigated the effect of seasons on semen characteristics of Andalusian jackasses. Throughout a year, 50 ejaculates were collected from ten adult donkeys and a complete semen evaluation was performed immediately after collection. In Experiment 1, semen samples (n=32) were pooled, divided into ...
Naumann S, Meyer JP, Kiesow A, Mrestani Y, Wohlrab J, Neubert RH.The penetration behavior into human nails and animal hoof membranes of a novel antifungal agent (EV-086K) for the treatment of onychomycosis was investigated in this study. The new drug provides a high lipophilicity which is adverse for penetration into nails. Therefore, four different formulations were developed, with particular focus on a colloidal carrier system (CCS) due to its penetration enhancing properties. On the one hand, ex vivo penetration experiments on human nails were performed. Afterwards the human nail plates were cut by cryomicrotome in order to quantify the drug concentratio...
Naylor RJ, Taylor AH, Knowles EJ, Wilford S, Linnenkohl W, Mair TS, Johns IC.Ex vivo evidence suggests that cyclo-oxygenase (COX) 2-preferential inhibitor nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as meloxicam, have a less detrimental effect on intestinal healing than flunixin meglumine (FM). Whether this translates to a beneficial effect in horses with naturally occurring strangulating small intestinal (SSI) lesions is unknown. Objective: To compare the clinical outcome of horses with naturally occurring SSI lesions treated with meloxicam or FM. Methods: Randomised prospective study. Methods: Cases presenting to the Royal Veterinary College Equine Referral H...
Viljoen A, Page PC, Fosgate GT, Saulez MN.Clinical indications for hydroxyethyl starches (HES) in horses include rapid plasma volume expansion and oncotic support during periods of hypoproteinaemia. Side effects such as coagulopathies associated with HES administration pose limitations to their use in veterinary medicine. In man, tetrastarch (130/0.4) has demonstrated less profound effects on coagulation compared with first- and second-generation HES. Objective: To evaluate the haemostatic and oncotic effects of tetrastarch (130/0.4) administered at 10, 20 and 40 ml/kg bwt in healthy horses. Methods: Randomised crossover experiment....
de Linde Henriksen M, Brooks DE.Standing ophthalmic surgery without general anesthesia allows for several routine ophthalmic procedures including eyelid lacerations and enucleations to be performed in the horse, but does contain increased risk of causing tissue damage arising from the inability to eliminate eye and head movements. Heavy sedation and local nerve blocks of the involved motor and sensory nerves are essential in achieving a good outcome from ophthalmic surgery in the nonanesthetized horse. The inability to use an operating microscope in standing surgery in horses prevents performing precise corneal and intraocul...
Scholtz EL, Krishnan S, Ball BA, Corbin CJ, Moeller BC, Stanley SD, McDowell KJ, Hughes AL, McDonnell DP, Conley AJ.One of the most widely accepted axioms of mammalian reproductive biology is that pregnancy requires the (sole) support of progesterone, acting in large measure through nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs) in uterine and cervical tissues, without which pregnancy cannot be established or maintained. However, mares lack detectable progesterone in the latter half of pregnancy. Instead of progesterone, several (mainly 5α-reduced) pregnanes are elevated and have long been speculated to provide progestational support in lieu of progesterone itself. To the authors' knowledge, evidence for the bioacti...
Chen JW, Uboh CE, Soma LR, You Y, Jiang Z, Li X, Guan F, Liu Y.Animal sport such as horseracing is tainted with drug abuse as are human sports. Treatment of racehorses on race day with therapeutic medications in most cases is banned, and thus, it is essential to monitor the illicit use of drugs in the racing horse to maintain integrity of racing, ensure fair competition and protect the health, safety and welfare of the horse, jockeys and drivers. In the event of a dispute over the identity of the sample donor, if the regulator can provide evidence that the DNA genotype profile of the post-race sample matched that of the alleged donor, then the potential d...
Abedi V, Razmi G, Seifi H, Naghibi A.Equine piroplasmosis is a hemoprotozoan tick-borne disease with worldwide distribution that is caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi. However, the geographical distribution of equine piroplasmosis in Iran is unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine the causative agents and vector ticks of equine piroplasmosis in horses in the North Khorasan Province. In the year 2011, 100 horses were randomly selected from 14 villages. Blood samples and ixodid ticks were collected and examined using microscopical, molecular, and serological methods. Theileria equi infection was microscopic...
Matthews AG.The author reviews some aspects of vision and ophthalmic disease in the horse and considers how some recent developments in ocular immunobiology and molecular pathology in other species may give pointers toward an understanding of disease processes in the horse.
Bundgaard L, Jacobsen S, Sørensen MA, Sun Z, Deutsch EW, Moritz RL, Bendixen E.Progress in MS-based methods for veterinary research and diagnostics is lagging behind compared to the human research, and proteome data of domestic animals is still not well represented in open source data repositories. This is particularly true for the equine species. Here we present a first Equine PeptideAtlas encompassing high-resolution tandem MS analyses of 51 samples representing a selection of equine tissues and body fluids from healthy and diseased animals. The raw data were processed through the Trans-Proteomic Pipeline to yield high quality identification of proteins and peptides. T...
Lecis R, Tore G, Scagliarini A, Antuofermo E, Dedola C, Cacciotto C, Dore GM, Coradduzza E, Gallina L, Battilani M, Anfossi AG, Muzzeddu M, Chessa B....We detected a novel papillomavirus (EaPV1) from healthy skin and from sun associated cutaneous lesions of an Asinara (Sardinia, Italy) white donkey reared in captivity in a wildlife recovery centre. The entire genome of EaPV1 was cloned, sequenced, and characterised. Genome is 7467 bp long, and shows some characteristic elements of horse papillomaviruses, including a small untranslated region between the early and late regions and the lack of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor binding domain LXCXE in E7. Additionally, a typical E6 ORF is missing. EaPV1 DNA was detected in low copies in norma...
Pacheco AP, Paradis MR, Hoffman AM, Hermida P, Sanchez A, Nadeau JA, Tufts M, Mazan MR.Despite the increasing number of geriatric horses attended by veterinarians, there is a lack of understanding of aging-related changes on the respiratory system of horses. Objective: To identify aging-related changes on the respiratory function and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology of horses. Methods: Fifteen healthy young adult (2-11 years) and 16 healthy aged (≥20 years) horses. Methods: The respiratory system was examined by measurement of arterial blood gases (ABG), use of respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) for assessment of breathing pattern and ventilatory paramet...
Brink P.To (1) describe a safe, efficient surgical technique for subtotal ostectomy (SO) of diseased dorsal spinal processes (DSP) of the caudal thoracic vertebrae with the horse standing and (2) report outcome. Methods: Case series. Methods: Horses (n = 23) with reduced performance caused by impingement of the DSP of the caudal thoracic vertebrae. Methods: Affected DSP were resected through a dorsal median incision with the horse standing, sedated, and the surgical site desensitized with local anesthetic. Radiography was used to confirm removal of impinging bone before wound closure. Results: No seri...
Lanning BA, Baier ME, Ivey-Hatz J, Krenek N, Tubbs JD.Quality of life assessments were used in this study to determine the behavioral changes of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who participated in equine assisted activities. Behavioral changes of children with ASD participating in 9 weeks of equines assisted activities (EAA) (N = 10) were compared to behavioral changes of children who participated in a non-equine intervention (N = 8). Parents noted significant improvements in their child's physical, emotional and social functioning following the first 6 weeks of EAA. The children participating in the non-equine program also...
Rochais C, Henry S, Sankey C, Nassur F, Góracka-Bruzda A, Hausberger M.As visual attention is an intrinsic part of social relationships, and because relationships are built on a succession of interactions, their establishment involves learning and attention. The emotional, rewarding or punishing, content can modulate selective attention. In horses, the use of positive/negative reinforcement during training determines short and long-term human-horse relationships. In a recent study in horses, where either food or withers' grooming were used as a reward, it appeared that only the food-rewarded horses learned the task and show better relationship with humans. In the...
Thorson JF, Prezotto LD, Cardoso RC, Sharpton SM, Edwards JF, Welsh TH, Riggs PK, Caraty A, Amstalden M, Williams GL.RFamide-related peptide 3 (RFRP3), the mammalian homologue of avian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, has been shown to negatively regulate the secretion of LH and may contribute to reproductive seasonality in some species. Herein, we examined the presence and potential role of the RFRP3-signaling system in regulating LH secretion in the mare during the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Hypothalamic NPVF mRNA (the precursor mRNA for RFRP3) was detected at the level of the dorsomedial nucleus and paraventricular nucleus, but expression did not change with season. A greater number of RFRP3-expres...
Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Campos Z, Juliano R, Velez J, Nogueira RM, Komar N.A recent study reported neutralizing antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV) in horses from four ranches of southern Pantanal. To extend that study, a serosurvey for WNV and 11 Brazilian flaviviruses was conducted with 760 equines, 238 sheep and 61 caimans from 17 local cattle ranches. Among the tested equines, 32 were collected from a ranch where a neurologic disorder outbreak had been recently reported. The sera were initially screened by using a blocking ELISA and then titrated by 90% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90) for 12 flaviviruses. Employing the criterion of 4-fold greater ti...
Walders W, Gehlen H.This study evaluated a device for blood pressure measurement using high definition oscillometry (HDO) for its acceptability and practicability in the horse. Furthermore, we evaluated whether this device can determine differences in blood pressure between healthy horses and horses with heart diseases and between different measurement times. Methods: The study population consisted of 60 horses (aged 4-31 years). All horses underwent clinical examination, conventional echocardiography (including cardiac output measurement at the pulmonary artery), repeated noninvasive blood pressure measurement a...
Boham M, O'Connell K.To introduce the characteristics of a Chance fracture and increase awareness of the mechanism of injury that may occur during athletic activity. Background: A T12 Chance fracture was diagnosed in an 18-year-old male rodeo athlete. The rider was forced into extreme lumbothoracic hyperflexion when the horse bucked within the chute, pinning the rider's legs to his chest. Methods: Burst fracture, abdominal organ rupture, spinal dislocation, spinal cord injury, disk herniation, pars interarticularis fracture, spinal nerve injury, paralysis. Methods: The patient underwent an open reduction and fixat...
Mangal D, Uboh CE, Jiang Z, Soma LR.Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine. It induces the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catalyzed by cyclooxygenase (COX) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (m-PGES). Besides its pro-inflammatory properties, PGE2 also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting synthesis of 5-lipooxygenase (5-LO) products which are in themselves, pro-inflammatory mediators. Thus, inhibition of 5-LO products is beneficial in regulating immune-responses and pro-inflammatory processes. To investigate the hypothesis that IL-1β is responsible for the increase in the synthesis of P...
Hernlund E, Egenvall A, Peterson ML, Mahaffey CA, Roepstorff L.Increased knowledge of the influence of stride type on hoof impact accelerations for fore and hind limbs could lead to a more complete picture of hoof-ground interactions in equine athletes. Hoof accelerations were quantified for each hoof of five show jumping horses using two orthogonal single axis ± 250 g accelerometers. Accelerations were recorded when cantering horses jumped fences of varying types (upright and oxer) and heights (90-130 cm) on three different surface conditions. Strides were identified as normal canter strides, take-off strides and landing strides. Descriptive hoof impact...
Seo JP, Yamaga T, Tsuzuki N, Yamada K, Haneda S, Furuoka H, Sasaki N.To compare the biomechanical properties of a 5-hole 4.5 mm narrow locking compression plate (LCP) and 5-hole 4.5 mm narrow dynamic compression plate (DCP) for equine proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis. Methods: Experimental mechanical study. Methods: Cadaveric adult equine forelimbs (n = 6 pair). Methods: For each forelimb pair, 1 PIP joint was stabilized with LCP and the contralateral PIP joint with DCP. The 6 construct pairs were tested using a single-cycle, 3-point dorsopalmar bending system. PIP joints were evaluated with pre- and post-test radiography. Results: The L...
Hewetson M, Aaltonen K, Tulamo RM, Sankari S.A simple and accurate method for quantifying sucrose in equine serum that can be applied to sucrose permeability testing in the horse was developed and validated using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The assay provided an acceptable degree of linearity, accuracy, and precision at concentrations of sucrose as low as 2.34 μmol/l and as high as 20.45 μmol/l. Percentage recovery of sucrose from serum ranged from 89% to 102%; repeatability and intermediate precision (relative standard deviation) ranged from 3.6% to 6.7% and 4.1% to 9.3%, respectively. The limit of detection wa...
Tüfekci K, Kayacan R, Kurbanoğlu C.Gamma radiation has been widely used for sterilization of bone allograft. However, sterilization by gamma radiation damages the material properties of bone which is a major clinical concern since bone allograft is used in load bearing applications. While the degree of this damage is well investigated for quasi-static and cyclic loading conditions, there does not appear any information on mechanical behavior of gamma-irradiated cortical bone at high speed loading conditions. In this study, the effects of gamma irradiation on high strain rate compressive behavior of equine cortical bone were inv...
Okumura M, Fujinaga T, Yamashita K, Tsunoda N, Mizuno S.Ceruloplasmin (Cp) was isolated from fresh equine plasma by precipitation, cellulose chromatography, and improved ion-exchange chromatography. Purified equine Cp is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of approximately 115,000. In electrophoresis, equine Cp migrated to the alpha 1-globulin region, its isoelectric point was about 4.15 and consisted of about 890 amino acid residues. Serum Cp concentration was measured by use of the single radial immunodiffusion method. In clinically normal horses, the mean (+/- SD) serum Cp concentration of newborn foals was 2.87 +/- 0.40 mg/ml and that of 3...
McKenzie HC, Geor RJ.Nutritional support of the foal can be challenging because of the constant changes in nutritional requirements and dietary composition during the transition from neonate to weanling. Additional complexity arises because of dilemmas regarding the means and route of delivery of nutrition to the foal, and the possibility that metabolic dysfunction may impair the ability of the foal to use nutrients appropriately. This article provides practical information on enteral and parenteral nutritional support of sick neonatal foals. The potential benefits of a conservative, hypocaloric feeding strategy, ...
Caron JP, Tardif G, Martel-Pelletier J, DiBattista JA, Geng C, Pelletier JP.To determine whether matrix metalloprotease 13 (MMP-13; collagenase 3) is produced by equine chondrocytes and to investigate modulation of its expression by recombinant human interleukin 1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) and corticosteroids. Methods: Equine chondrocytes in monolayer culture were stimulated with rhIL-1 beta. Total RNA was extracted, purified, and reverse transcribed into DNA. Using appropriate primers, a putative MMP-13 fragment was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and cloned into a bacterial vector. The resultant fragment was purified and sequenced, then was used to prepare a digoxi...
Samuels K, Bettis A, Davenport DL, Bernard AC.Nineteen million people participate in horseback riding activities in the US, and the horse industry employs more than 460,000 full-time workers. Emergency department data suggest young female amateurs and male professionals are most at risk of death from horse-related injuries. However, there has been no investigation into factors that may increase severe injury and mortality risk in these populations. This study investigates demographics and injury pattern differences between occupational and non-occupational horse-related injuries in the US. Methods: The 2017 American College of Surgeons Na...
Neild DN, Gadella BM, Agüero A, Stout TA, Colenbrander B.In general, fertility in breeding stallions is lower and more variable than in the other farm animal species, primarily because selection is based on pedigree, looks and/or athletic performance, with little consideration of fertility or fertility potential. Moreover, because the average stallion breeds only a limited number of mares per year and in-field fertility is influenced significantly by non-stallion factors such as management and mare fertility, meaningful fertility data are hard to come-by. Unfortunately, generating usable figures would involve impractically high costs, time and numbe...
Science (New York, N.Y.)June 10, 1994
Volume 264, Issue 5165 1584-1587 doi: 10.1126/science.7515512
Willbold D, Rosin-Arbesfeld R, Sticht H, Frank R, Rösch P.Trans-activator (Tat) proteins regulate the transcription of lentiviral DNA in the host cell genome. These RNA binding proteins participate in the life cycle of all known lentiviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) or the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). The consensus RNA binding motifs [the trans-activation responsive element (TAR)] of HIV-1 as well as EIAV Tat proteins are well characterized. The structure of the 75-amino acid EIAV Tat protein in solution was determined by two- and three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance methods and molecular dynamics calculatio...
Lorch G, Hillier A, Kwochka KW, Saville WJ, Kohn CW, Jose-Cunilleras E.To compare results of intradermal tests (IDT), conducted using environmental allergens, in horses without atopy and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: 38 horses (22 horses without atopy and 16 horses with COPD). Methods: All horses were examined (physical examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemical analyses, examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). An IDT was conducted, using a full panel of 73 allergens consisting of grasses, weeds, trees, molds, and insects. Results of the IDT were evaluated 30 minutes and 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection of...
Harris PA, Snow DH, Greet TR, Rossdale PD.Sixty-six Thoroughbred horses in training (2 or 3 years of age) were studied during one flat racing season, to investigate the relationship between age, sex, time of year, dietary electrolyte imbalances and plasma aspartate aminotransferase/creatine kinase (AST/CK) activities. Management and training variations were minimised. Between February to October, monthly 24 h post exercise samples were collected and analysed for AST and CK activities. Sex and/or age were shown to have a significant effect on the occurrence of high CK (> 100 iu/litre) and AST (> 300 iu/litre) activities. Fillies ...
Cao X, Qiu X, Shi N, Ha Z, Zhang H, Xie Y, Wang P, Zhu X, Zhao W, Zhao G, Jin N, Lu H.Getah virus (GETV) is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus of the family . Natural infections of GETV have been identified in a variety of vertebrate species, with pathogenicity mainly in swine, horses, bovines, and foxes. The increasing spectrum of infection and the characteristic causing abortions in pregnant animals pose a serious threat to public health and the livestock economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a method that can be used for epidemiological investigation in multiple animals. In this study, a real-time reverse tr...
Smith TA, Davis E, Carpenter S.Lentiviruses replicate in cells of the immune system, and activation of immune cells has been shown to modulate virus replication. To determine the effects of macrophage activation on replication of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), primary horse macrophage cultures (HMCs) were established from 20 different horses, infected with an avirulent strain of EIAV, and stimulated with 5 microg/ml of bacterial endotoxin. Supernatants collected from HMCs were assayed for the presence of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and for production of infectious virus. Results indicated that EIAV replicati...
Lam K, Parkin T, Riggs C, Morgan K.The analysis of data in clinical records could be useful to epidemiologists in planning analytical studies and identifying new research initiatives. This paper describes the method used to develop a systematic, replicable technique for compressing many words of text into fewer content categories on the basis of explicit rules of user-defined coding, and systematically sorting a large volume of records accurately and reliably. The method was used to categorise the reasons for retirement from racing in Hong Kong of 3727 thoroughbred racehorses between the 1992/93 and 2003/04 racing seasons into ...
Ploeg M, Saey V, van Loon G, Delesalle C.The aorta can rupture at the aortic root or aortic arch. In most breeds, the aortic root is the likely site and rupture leads to aortocardiac fistula with communication between the aorta and the right atrium, right ventricle and/or the interventricular septum. There is a high prevalence of aortic rupture in young Friesian horses and rupture occurs at the aortic arch with pseudoaneurysm and potentially aortopulmonary fistulation. Echocardiographic and post-mortem techniques must be adapted to identify aortic arch rupture that is not generally identified with standard approaches. Given the narro...
Sharman P, Wilson AJ.Several studies over recent decades have reported a lack of contemporary improvement in thoroughbred racehorse speed, despite apparent additive genetic variance and putatively strong selection. More recently, it has been shown that some phenotypic improvement is ongoing, but rates are low in general and particularly so over longer distances. Here we used pedigree-based analysis of 692,534 records from 76,960 animals to determine whether these phenotypic trends are underpinned by genetic selection responses, and to evaluate the potential for more rapid improvement. We show that thoroughbred spe...
St George LB, Spoormakers TJP, Smit IH, Hobbs SJ, Clayton HM, Roy SH, van Weeren PR, Richards J, Serra Bragança FM.The relationship between lameness-related adaptations in equine appendicular motion and muscle activation is poorly understood and has not been studied objectively. The aim of this study was to compare muscle activity of selected fore- and hindlimb muscles, and movement of the joints they act on, between baseline and induced forelimb (iFL) and hindlimb (iHL) lameness. Three-dimensional kinematic data and surface electromyography (sEMG) data from the fore- (triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi) and hindlimbs (superficial gluteal, biceps femoris, semitendinosus) were bilaterally and synchronously c...
Hurtgen JP, Johnson LA.During a 2-year period, 7 stallions were identified as having ejaculated spermatozoa characterized by a high incidence (27-74%) of acrosomal abnormalities. The most frequent abnormality of the acrosome was the 'knobbed sperm' defect which was observed in nigrosin--eosin, Giemsa, and haematoxylin and eosin stained semen smears under light microscopy, in buffered formal--saline and in glutaraldehyde-fixed wet mounts under phase contrast and differential interference microscopy, and in glutaraldehyde-fixed spermatozoa with electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The defect was visib...
Galuppo LD, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR.Laparoscopy was performed on 6 horses (2 mares, 2 geldings, 2 stallions) to determine the normal laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen. After withholding feed for 36 hours, horses were examined from the left and right paralumbar fossae, and the visceral anatomic structures were recorded by videotape and photography. One mare developed emphysema located subcutaneously at the primary laparoscopic portal; otherwise, there were no complications. The anatomic structures of diagnostic importance that were observed in the left half of the abdomen were the hepatic duct; left lateral and quadrate ...
Dickey EJ, McKenzie HC, Brown KA, de Solis CN.Continuous-rate infusions (CRI) of lidocaine are often used for prolonged duration but, to date, only limited time/concentration relationships administered as a short term (24 h) CRI have been reported. Objective: To determine the time/concentration profile of lidocaine and its active metabolites glycinexylidide (GX) and monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) during a 96 h lidocaine infusion. Methods: Lidocaine was administered to 8 mature healthy horses as a continuous rate infusion (0.05 mg/kg bwt/min) for 96 h. Blood concentrations of lidocaine, GX and MEGX were determined using high performance l...
Ginther OJ.During an ovulatory follicular wave in the monovulatory species of heifers, mares, and women, the two largest follicles deviate in diameter at the end of a common follicle growth phase. The largest follicle before deviation becomes the future ovulatory follicle in most ovulatory waves. In 10-30% of the ovulatory waves, the destiny of the two follicles switches just before or at deviation so that the second-largest follicle becomes the future ovulatory follicle, and the largest follicle becomes a subordinate. In FSH-driven switching in heifers, mares, and women, the wave-stimulating FSH surge d...
Seltenhammer MH, Sundström E, Meisslitzer-Ruppitsch C, Cejka P, Kosiuk J, Neumüller J, Almeder M, Majdic O, Steinberger P, Losert UM, Stöckl J....The Grey horse phenotype, caused by a 4.6 kb duplication in Syntaxin 17, is strongly associated with high incidence of melanoma. In contrast to most human melanomas with an early onset of metastasis, the Grey horse melanomas have an extended period of benign growth, after which 50% or more eventually undergo progression and may metastasize. In efforts to define changes occurring during Grey horse melanoma progression, we established an in vitro model comprised of two cell lines, HoMel-L1 and HoMel-A1, representing a primary and a metastatic stage of the melanoma, respectively. The cell lines ...
Mousa WM, Abdel-Wahab AM, El-Gameel Sohila M, Mahdy OA.Cystic echinococcosis is an important cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis that causes public health and economic problems in Egypt. The present study was undertaken to identify genotypes of hydatid cyst (HC) DNA isolated from different animal isolates and to identify the genotype of secondary hydatid cysts (HCs) developed in rabbits experimentally infected with camel HC for detection of any genetic mutation. In the present study, we extracted DNA from the germinal layers of 8 HCs collected from 3 camels, 1 cattle, 1 sheep and 3 donkeys in addition to 3 secondary HCs collected from rabbits experime...
Engell-Sørensen K, Pall A, Damgaard C, Holmstrup M.We investigated the prevalence of equine tapeworms, Anoplocephala spp., in Danish horses during a seven-year period assessed by coprological analysis. The data material included >11,000 observations distributed over the period 2009-2015, and four major geographic regions in Denmark representing sandy soils and clayey moraine soils, respectively. This allowed us to test for possible differences between regions (or soil types) and seasons. For a sub-set of the data (about 1200 observations) age of horses was also known, and it was shown that prevalence was highest in the age group 1-5years and t...
Veronesi MC, Battocchio M, Faustini M, Gandini M, Cairoli F.The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship of pharmacological induction of estrous and/or ovulation with the occurrence of twin pregnancies in Thoroughbred mares. Out of 680 mares, 356 received one of the following treatments during the estrous cycle in which they became pregnant: injection of 0.5mg of cloprostenol at the ultrasonographic detection of a CL (n=86); injection of 5000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) immediately before mating (n=221); injection of 0.5mg of cloprostenol at the ultrasonographic detection of a CL plus injection of 5000 IU hCG immediately be...
Maes A, Garré B, Desmet N, van der Meulen K, Nauwynck H, De Backer P, Croubels S.Two methods are presented for the determination of 'respectively' the plasma protein unbound and total concentration of acyclovir in horse plasma and body fluids: first, a liquid-liquid extraction was performed on plasma, combined with HPLC-fluorescence detection for the total plasma concentration; second a more sensitive method using high-performance liquid chromatography combined with heated electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HESI-MS/MS) was described for plasma and for body fluids analysis. To obtain the unbound concentration of acyclovir in plasma, a simple deproteinizati...
Bertin FR, Pader KS, Lescun TB, Sojka-Kritchevsky JE.To evaluate the effect of ovariectomy on insulin sensitivity in horses and determine whether the effects of suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis differ before and after ovariectomy. Methods: 6 healthy mares. Methods: The horses underwent an IV glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), an insulin sensitivity test, and a dexamethasone suppression test before and 5 weeks after ovariectomy. Body weight, serum cortisol and plasma ACTH concentrations, serum insulin-to-blood glucose concentration ratios, and changes in blood glucose concentration with time after injection of glucose or insulin...
Silver M, Fowden AL, Knox J, Ousey J, Cash R, Rossdale PD.Pre- and post partum changes in plasma T3 have been examined in relation to plasma cortisol in 23 newborn foals (12 full term, 6 premature and 5 'twilight'), and in 5 fetuses catheterized in late gestation. Blood samples were collected daily from the fetuses and from the neonates at 30-min intervals for 2 h after birth; the plasma was assayed for T3 and cortisol by standard radioimmunoassay methods. In the full-term foals, plasma cortisol and T3 concentrations were high at birth (67.4 +/- 6.1 and 4.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml respectively) and rose to a maximum during the following 2-h period to 141.0 +/-...
