Equine health encompasses the study and management of diseases, disorders, and overall well-being of horses. It involves understanding various physiological systems, preventive care, and treatment strategies to maintain optimal health in equine populations. Common areas of focus include nutrition, infectious diseases, orthopedic conditions, and reproductive health. Research in equine health aims to advance knowledge on diagnostic methods, therapeutic interventions, and management practices that improve horse welfare and performance. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine health, offering insights into current findings and advancements in the field.
Smith RK, Goodship AE.Horses as equine athletes must be conditioned and trained to optimize the whole animal for the particular type of athletic activity. An extremely high proportion of all injuries in the equine athlete in general, and in the racehorse in particular, are associated with the skeletal system, many of which are believed to arise from a mismatch between the prevailing exercise levels and adaptation. To maximize performance, yet minimize injury, it is important to understand and apply the principles of functional adaptation of the component tissues of the skeletal system (bone, cartilage, tendons, and...
Parsons KJ, Pfau T, Wilson AM.During locomotion up an incline, power is required to elevate the centre of mass. This is provided when the animal's limbs are in contact with the ground. Measurements of stride timing variables from multiple limbs during high speed, over-ground locomotion would enhance our understanding of locomotor powering during changes in terrain. This study measured foot-on and foot-off times from galloping horses using a previously validated system of limb-mounted accelerometers and a global positioning system data logger. A detailed track survey provided incline information from all areas of the track....
Parsons KJ, Pfau T, Ferrari M, Wilson AM.During locomotion on an incline, mechanical work is performed to move an animal up the slope and increase the potential energy (PE) of the trunk and hence the centre of mass (CoM). Thus, at a given speed the total net mechanical work increases with the PE of the animal. In this study we investigate the mechanical energy (ME) fluctuations and the mechanical cost of transport (MCT) in six horses galloping up a range of gradients. We captured trunk movement with a six degrees-of-freedom inertial sensor mounted over the dorsal spinous process of the fourth to sixth thoracic vertebrae of the horse....
Clark C, Greenwood S, Boison JO, Chirino-Trejo M, Dowling PM.All bacterial samples of equine origin submitted to the diagnostic laboratory at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine from January 1998 to December 2003 from either "in-clinic" or Field Service cases were accessed (1323 submissions). The most common bacterial isolates from specific presenting signs were identified, along with their in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The most common site from which significant bacterial isolates were recovered was the respiratory tract, followed by wounds. Streptococcus zooepidemicus was the most common isolate from most infections, followed ...
Santschi EM.Articular injuries to the fetlock joint can be categorized as injuries to the soft tissues (synovium, ligaments, cartilage) or bone (third metacarpus/metatarsus, first phalanx, proximal sesamoids). This article focuses on the traumatic injuries to the cartilage and bone from anatomic, functional, and pathophysiological perspectives. An understanding of fetlock motion and loading will assist clinicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and, most importantly, prevention of fetlock injury in working horses.
Richardson DW.To repair equine fractures successfully, surgeons traditionally have done aggressive open approaches with maximal internal fixation to achieve adequate stability and comfort. Although the need for stability is unquestionable, newer technologies and imaging modalities have allowed improvement in the biology of internal fixation in selected fractures and arthrodeses.
Patel JR, Heldens JG.This article has been withdrawn consistent with Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
Kruger EF, Puchalski SM, Pollard RE, Galuppo LD, Hornof WJ, Wisner ER.To define the reference range for laminar blood flow (BF) and vascular permeability (VPM) in horses without laminitis by use of dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Methods: 9 adult horses that were not lame and had no abnormalities of the laminae or phalanges detectable via radiographic examination. Methods: Each horse was anesthetized by use of a routine protocol. Horses were placed in right or left lateral recumbency with the dependent forelimb in the CT gantry; only 1 limb of each horse was scanned. Serial 10-mm collimated transverse CT images were acquired at the same locat...
Errico JA, Trumble TN, Bueno AC, Davis JL, Brown MP.To compare isolated limb retrograde venous injection (ILRVI) and isolated limb infusion (ILI) for delivery of amikacin to the synovial fluid of the distal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints and to evaluate the efficacy of use of an Esmarch tourniquet in standing horses. Methods: 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: Horses were randomly assigned in a crossover design. In ILRVI, the injection consisted of 1 g of amikacin diluted to a total volume of 60 mL administered during a 3-minute period. In ILI, the infusion consisted of 1 g of amikacin diluted to 40 mL administered during a 3-minu...
Mackay RJ, Tanhauser ST, Gillis KD, Mayhew IG, Kennedy TJ.To evaluate the effect of intermittent oral administration of ponazuril on immunoconversion against Sarcocystis neurona in horses inoculated intragastrically with S neurona sporocysts. Methods: 20 healthy horses that were seronegative for S neurona-specific IgG. Methods: 5 control horses were neither inoculated with sporocysts nor treated. Other horses (5 horses/group) each received 612,500 S neurona sporocysts via nasogastric tube (day 0) and were not treated or were administered ponazuril (20 mg/kg, PO) every 7 days (beginning on day 5) or every 14 days (beginning on day 12) for 12 weeks. Bl...
Fortier LA, Smith RK.After tendon injury, the scar tissue that replaces the damaged tendon results in a substantial risk for reinjury. The goal of regenerative therapies is to restore normal structural architecture and biomechanical function to an injured tissue. Successful restoration processes for any tissue are thought to recapitulate those of development, in which there are spatial and temporal interactions between scaffold, growth factors, and cell populations.
Weishaupt MA.The skill to diagnose lameness in horses is paramount for every equine practitioner. Early recognition of locomotor deficiencies plays a central role in sports medicine management, preventing deterioration of the disease or catastrophic injuries. Horses use characteristic compensatory movements of specific body parts to decrease loading of the affected limb. This article describes the underlying changes in intra- and interlimb coordination and the resulting load redistribution between the limbs. This enables the practitioner to better understand the changes in movement associated with lameness...
Toit ND, Bezensek B, Dixon PM.The microhardness of the enamel, primary dentine and regular secondary dentine of seven donkey and six horse incisors was determined with a Knoop indenter at the subocclusal and mid-tooth level. The mean microhardnesses of the donkey incisor enamel, primary dentine and secondary dentine were 264.6 63.00 and 53.6 Knoop Hardness Number, respectively. There was no significant difference between the microhardness of the enamel and primary dentine on the incisors of the donkeys and horses, but the microhardness of the regular secondary dentine of the donkeys' incisors at the mid-tooth level was sli...
Picavet T, Butler CM, Daha TJ, van Doom DC, van Duijkeren E, Goehring LS, Houwers DJ, Laan TT, van Maanen C, Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM.No abstract available
Cohen ND, Carter CN, Scott HM, Chaffin MK, Smith JL, Grimm MB, Kuskie KR, Takai S, Martens RJ.To determine whether soil concentrations of total or virulent Rhodococcus equi differed among breeding farms with and without foals with pneumonia caused by R equi. Methods: 37 farms in central Kentucky. Procedures-During January, March, and July 2006, the total concentration of R equi and concentration of virulent R equi were determined by use of quantitative bacteriologic culture and a colony immunoblot technique, respectively, in soil specimens obtained from farms. Differences in concentrations and proportion of virulent isolates within and among time points were compared among farms. Resul...
Matthews JB, Johnson DR, Lazari O, Craig R, Matthews KR.The Cyathostominae are a complex group of nematodes and are the primary parasitic pathogens of horses. Little is known of their basic biology. As part of an investigation into mechanisms involved in reactivation of mucosal larval stages, we identified a gene encoding a predicted LIM domain-containing protein (Cy-LIM-1). LIM domains are cysteine- and histidine-rich motifs that are thought to direct protein-protein interactions. Proteins that contain these domains have a wide range of functions including gene regulation, cell fate determination and cytoskeleton organization. The Cy-lim-1 mRNA wa...
Scott M.Quarter horses used for western performance competitions commonly sustain a variety of musculoskeletal injuries. It is important for the veterinarian to have an understanding of some of the breed characteristics and the nature of the competitions in which individual horses are being used so as to diagnose, treat, and prevent injury as effectively as possible.
van Weeren PR, Firth EC.This article provides an overview of two relatively new techniques that can be used for the early detection of musculoskeletal injury: biochemical markers and CT. The emphasis in the biomarker section is on the early detection of joint disorders because these are most important clinically and most of the research has been conducted in this area. In the section on CT, bone is the target tissue.
Mellish MA, Adreani CM.A 5-year-old, Quarter horse mare was treated for severe cellulitis secondary to a gunshot wound near the right humerus. The bullet was not retrieved due to the risk of damaging the radial nerve or elbow joint. Despite the presence of the bullet, the mare resumed athletic soundness once the infection had resolved. Traitement d’une blessure par balle chez une jument. Une jument Quarter horse âgée de 5 ans a été traitée pour une cellulite sévère à la suite d’une blessure par balle près de l’humérus droit. Le projectile n’a pas été retiré par crainte de léser le nerf radial o...
Thomason JJ, Peterson ML.The aim of this article is to review current knowledge of kinetic variables of the hoof-track interaction and track properties relevant to the objective of minimizing injuries to horses at racing tracks. In each phase of the stance--primary impact, secondary impact, support, and breakover, the hoof experiences different combinations of force and acceleration. The role of each combination, and of measured track properties, in causing catastrophic and chronic injuries to the limbs of racing horses is unknown. Limited data of this type have been provided in previous epidemiologic studies of risk ...
Fazio E, Medica P, Aronica V, Grasso L, Ferlazzo A.Since transport evokes physiological adjustments that include endocrine responses, the objective of this study was to examine the responses of circulating beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol levels to transport stress in stallions. Methods: Forty-two healthy Thoroughbred and crossbred stallions were studied before and after road transport over distances of 100, 200 and 300 km. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein: first in a single box immediately before loading (pre-samples), then immediately after transport and unloading on arrival at the breeding s...
Vickroy TW, Chang SK, Chou CC.The goals of this study were to elucidate the temporal and quantitative relationships between caffeine and its major bioactive metabolites in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to characterize the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship for caffeine-induced changes in spontaneous locomotor activity in the horse. We hypothesized that caffeine and its metabolites distribute efficiently into the CSF to antagonize adenosine A1 and A2a receptors and that spontaneous locomotor activity correlates well with caffeine and/or metabolite concentrations in CSF and blood. A microdialysis system w...
Delguste C, Amory H, Guyonnet J, Thibaud D, Garnero P, Detilleux J, Lepage OM, Doucet M.Bioavailability and pharmacological effects of tiludronate were compared when administered as an intravenous (i.v.) bolus at a dosage of 0.1 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) once daily for 10 consecutive days (group 1, n = 6) and as a single constant rate infusion (CRI) at a total dose of 1 mg/kg b.w. (group 2, n = 6) in healthy adult horses. Tiludronate and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-1) were measured in plasma and urine. There was no statistically significant difference in area under the curve (AUC) and clearance (Cl) between the two groups. Bioavailability of ...
Miraglia N, Costantini M, Polidori M, Meineri G, Peiretti PG.In the Molise region (Italy), some autochthonous populations are still bred and, between them, some wild horses named 'Pentro horses.' The breeding area is a natural pasture. It is 2200 ha extended including a broad plane surrounded by wooden hills. The aim of this research was to determine the nutritional characteristics of this area over a 2-year period to improve the management of the herd and to define the stocking rate in relation to the forage production in terms of production and quality. The forage samples were collected over two successive years during the grazing period (May to Octob...
Eriksson S, Grandinson K, Fikse WF, Lindberg L, Mikko S, Broström H, Frey R, Sundquist M, Lindgren G.There is a lack of knowledge about the genetic background of eczema due to insect bite hypersensitivity, also called summer eczema, in horses. The condition is known in several horse breeds and countries and it causes reduced welfare of the horse and economic losses to the owner. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for summer eczema in Swedish-born Icelandic horses. A questionnaire was sent to owners of horses sired by stallions with more than 50 offspring born in Sweden between 1991 and 2001. Variance components of summer eczema classified as healthy, mild, moderate or se...
Maischberger E, Irwin J, Carrington S, Duggan V.The deposition of semen, bacteria and debris in the uterus of the mare after breeding normally induces a self-limiting endometritis. The resultant fluid and inflammatory products are cleared by 48 hours post cover. Mares that are susceptible to persistent post-breeding endometritis (PPBEM) have impaired uterine defence and clearance mechanisms, making them unable to resolve this inflammation within the normal time. This persists beyond 48 hours post-breeding and causes persistent fluid accumulation within the uterus. Mares with PPBEM have an increased rate of embryonic loss and a lower overall...
Hamann H, Distl O.A data set constituting a total of 310,109 Hanoverian warmblood horses was analyzed to ascertain the genetic variability, coefficients of inbreeding, and gene contributions of foreign populations. The reference population contained all Hanoverian horses born from 1980 to 2000. In addition, Hanoverian stallions born from 1980 to 1995 and Hanoverian breeding mares from the birth years 1980 to 1995 with registered foals were analyzed for the same genetic parameters. The average complete generation equivalent was approximately 8.43 for the reference population. The mean coefficient of inbreeding w...
Iniesta J, Cooper HJ, Marshall AG, Heptinstall J, Walton DJ, Peterson IR.The iodination of proteins remains a useful tool in biochemistry for radiolabelling. However, chemical or enzymatic iodination is difficult to control and can give deleterious polyiodination. Previously, we have shown that electrooxidation with nitrite is a rapid method for the selective nitration of tyrosine residues in proteins. In principle, it should be possible to substitute a number of electrooxidisable anions into the tyrosine phenol ring. Electrochemical iodination is more difficult to control than nitration because the rapid anodic oxidation of I(-) leads to persistent formation of th...
Vallance SA, Spriet M, Stover SM.To enhance understanding of the nature and pathogenesis of scapular fractures in racehorses. Objective: Scapular fractures in racehorses have a consistent configuration related to sites of pre-existing stress modelling and remodelling. Methods: Fractured and intact scapulae collected post mortem were examined visually and with computed tomography (CT). Scapular fracture configuration, bone modelling changes and standardised CT morphometry and density measurements were recorded. Statistical comparisons were made between fractured, nonfractured contralateral and control scapulae. Results: Thirty...
Hanzawa K, Lear TL, Piumi F, Bailey E.Consensus DNA sequences from human, mouse and/or rat were used to design oligonucleotide primers for equine homologues of exons 16, 17 and 20-23 of potassium chloride co-transporter (SLC12A4) and exons 10, 11 and 3, 4, respectively, for two amino acid transporters (SLC7A10 and SLC7A9). DNA sequences of the PCR products showed high sequence identity to these regions. Equine BAC clones were obtained for SLC12A4 and SLC7A10 and mapped to equine chromosomes ECA3p13 and ECA10p15, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were found. Su...
Giantsis IA, Diakakis NE, Avdi M.Tendinopathies constitute a very common category of musculoskeletal disorders, causing economic losses in the equine industry and animal welfare issues in horse populations. Sport and racehorses are in general sensitive to tendinopathies, whereas local indigenous horse populations are often more tolerant to various disorders. Particularly, indigenous Greek horse breeds have evolved and adapted in the rough topographic features of mountainous and semimountainous Greek terrain and are less prone to develop tendinopathies. Susceptibility to tendinopathy has been proposed to be associated with thr...
Smyth GB, Young DW, Hammond LS.Gastrin is the only hormone known to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid. It also has trophic effects on specific parts of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations were measured in six adult horses to establish effects of different diets on gastrin concentrations. Insulin concentrations were measured to provide support to the patterns of gastrin secretion because patterns of insulin secretion were already known. The horses were fed coastal bermuda hay, or twice daily 5 kg of a complete pelleted ratio...
Higgins AJ, Lees P.The presence of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism in carrageenin-induced inflammatory exudate was investigated in ponies using two models. In the first model, an inflammatory response was stimulated by injecting carrageenin into subcutaneously implanted polypropylene tissue cages and exudates were collected at five predetermined times between 3 and 48 h. In the second model, exudates were harvested at 6, 12 and 24 h from carrageenin-impregnated polyester sponges which had also been inserted beneath the skin. Prostaglandin (PG) E2, thromboxane (TX) B2 and the stable breakdo...
Stomp M, Leroux M, Cellier M, Henry S, Hausberger M, Lemasson A.While the vocal coding of human and animal internal states has been widely studied, the possible acoustic expression of "positive" emotions remains poorly known. Recent studies suggest that snorts (non-vocal sounds produced by the air expiration through the nostrils) appear to be reliable indicators of positive internal states in several ungulate species. Here, we hypothesised in horses that the acoustic structure of the snort could vary with the subjects' current emotional state. Indeed, a preliminary sound analysis of snorts let us suggest structure variations related to the presence of puls...
Szeredi L, Molnár T, Glávits R, Takai S, Makrai L, Dénes B, Del Piero F.Rhodococcus equi was isolated from lung, liver, spleen, and stomach content of two aborted equine fetuses of 7 and 8 months gestation from two different farms. Lesions included diffuse pyogranulomatous pneumonia with numerous Gram-positive coccobacilli within the cytoplasm of macrophages, multinucleated Langhans giant cells and neutrophils, and enhanced extramedullary hematopoiesis with megakaryocytosis within the liver and spleen. Detection of R. equi was made by bacteriology and immunohistochemistry for R. equi and VapA, the virulence factor of R. equi. R. equi and VapA were identified withi...
Chan CC, Munroe GA.A keratoma was diagnosed in a six-year-old Clydesdale gelding with recurrent 'pus in the foot'. The keratoma was excised through an inverted 'V' dorsal wall hoof resection up to 2 cm distal to the coronary band, the foot was bandaged and shod, and the horse treated with antibiotics and phenylbutazone. The dorsal hoof wall regrew completely and the horse gradually returned to full work.
Lutzer A, Nagel C, Aurich J, Murphy BA, Aurich C.In horses, blue LED light directed at one eye of pregnant mares shortens gestation length and results in the birth of foals with lower wither heights, similar weight and reduced hair length compared to controls. In this study, we have therefore analysed postnatal development of foals born to either blue LED light-treated (n = 20) or control mares (n = 20). Size, weight and hair coat changes were determined for 1 year and heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and selected haematology parameters for 1 month. Haematocrit decreased (P < .001) and leukocyte and lymphocyte counts increased...
Stejskalova K, Janova E, Horecky C, Horecka E, Vaclavek P, Hubalek Z, Relling K, Cvanova M, D'Amico G, Mihalca AD, Modry D, Knoll A, Horin P.The West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus causing meningoencephalitis in humans and animals. Due to their particular susceptibility to WNV infection, horses serve as a sentinel species. In a population of Romanian semi-feral horses living in the Danube delta region, we have analyzed the distribution of candidate polymorphic genetic markers between anti WNV-IgG seropositive and seronegative horses. Thirty-six SNPs located in 28 immunity-related genes and 26 microsatellites located in the MHC and LY49 complex genomic regions were genotyped in 57 seropositive and 32 seronegative ho...
Schumacher J, Honnas CM.Anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the teeth are presented. Signs of dental disease and techniques for oral and radiographic examination of the teeth are discussed. Surgical procedures described include extraction, repulsion, and endodontic therapy.
Doherty TJ, Andrews FM, Abraha TW, Osborne D, Frazier DL.The effect of metoclopramide on gastric emptying of a liquid marker in horses was evaluated by measuring serum concentrations of acetaminophen. Gastric emptying was determined in normal, fasted horses (n = 7), horses given endotoxin intravenously (n = 7), and horses given intravenous metoclopramide plus endotoxin (n = 6). The mean time to reach maximum serum acetaminophen concentration (Tmax), the maximum serum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the serum acetaminophen concentration vs time curve (AUC) were compared among treatment groups. Endotoxin caused a profound delay in gastric emp...
Rieger J, Hopperdietzel C, Kaessmeyer S, Slosarek I, Diecke S, Richardson K, Plendl J.Human and equine patients are known to frequently develop vascular complications, particularly thrombosis both in veins and arteries as well as in the microvasculature. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the angiogenic response of human and equine endothelial cells to lesions in an in vitro scratch assay. Methods: Endothelial cells from human umbilical vein (HUVEC), abdominal aorta (HAAEC) and dermal microvasculature (HDMEC) as well as equine carotid artery (EACEC) and jugular vein (EVJEC) were cultured and an elongated defect was created (scratch or "wound"...
Jones S, Franklin S, Martin C, Steel C.There is limited knowledge of the breathing strategy and impact on the patency of the upper respiratory tract (URT) in swimming horses. Objective: To describe the respiratory responses and endoscopic appearance of the URT during tethered swimming in horses. Methods: Prospective descriptive study. Methods: Ten race-fit horses, with no history of URT obstruction, were examined during tethered swimming. Endoscopic examination, heart rate, sound recordings and above and below water video recordings were obtained. Plasma lactate concentration was measured before and 5 min after swimming and trache...
Ruple-Czerniak AA, Aceto HW, Bender JB, Paradis MR, Shaw SP, Van Metre DC, Weese JS, Wilson DA, Wilson J, Morley PS.Methods that can be used to estimate rates of healthcare-associated infections and other nosocomial events have not been well established for use in equine hospitals. Traditional laboratory-based surveillance is expensive and cannot be applied in all of these settings. Objective: To evaluate the use of a syndromic surveillance system for estimating rates of occurrence of healthcare-associated infections among hospitalised equine cases. Methods: Multicentre, prospective longitudinal study. Methods: This study included weaned equids (n = 297) that were admitted for gastrointestinal disorders at ...
Hole C, Murray R, Marlin D, Freeman P.Despite numerous studies investigating responses to visual perception, there is limited research into how horses respond to different auditory stimuli. Although 'noise-damping' ear covers are frequently used on sport horses to minimise distraction from external auditory stimuli, the effectiveness of ear covers has not been established. This study aimed to (i) investigate the responses of horses to different sounds commonly present in a competition environment, and (ii) compare these responses in the presence and absence of ear covers. A total of 18 horses were presented with 5 sounds commonly ...
Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Green BT, Brown DR.To study the in vitro effects of cecal contents incubated with corn starch on colonic permeability in horses. Methods: 4 healthy adult ponies. Methods: Mucosal specimens were obtained from the right ventral colon and mounted in Ussing chambers. Changes in short circuit current, conductance, and large-molecule permeability in response to addition of cecal contents and cecal contents incubated with corn starch were evaluated for 120 minutes. Results: Incubation of cecal contents with corn starch for 8 hours resulted in a decrease in cecal content pH and an increase in lactic acid concentration. ...
Patterson Rosa L, Campos FA, Martin K, Vierra M, Foster G, Lundquist E, Brooks SA, Lafayette C.Pedigrees and horse written ancestry contain numerous inconsistencies and divergence between farm histories, owner accounts and registration records. In particular, the origins of the Brazilian Mangalarga, or "Mangalarga Paulista'' horse breed is controversial, and the breed's popular history claims that one of its most famous individuals, Turbante J.O., may have been sired by an unknown Hanoverian stallion. Turbante J.O. sired over 1678 offspring and is present in about 71% of the male pedigrees. We genotyped Turbante J.O. and 29 registered Mangalarga individuals using a commercially availabl...
Jones AJ, Bee JA.The digital flexor tendons of the neonate and adult horse have been compared with respect to variation in extracellular matrix composition along their length. Two pepsin-sensitive, acetic acid soluble proteins, molecular weight (Mr) 52 kD (np 52) and Mr 54 kD (np 54), were prominent throughout the length of neonatal tendons. In adult tendon, np 52 and np 54 were less abundant and restricted to the cannon (metacarpal) region. In contrast, a single pepsin- and collagenase-resistant protein of Mr 55 kD (fp 55) was exclusive to the fetlock (metacarpophalangeal joint) region regardless of age, alth...
Henriksen ML, La Croix N, Wilkie DA, Lassaline-Utter M, Brantman KR, Beamer GL, Teixeira LBC, Dubielzig RR.To describe the clinical and histopathologic features of glaucoma associated with Descemet's membrane (DM) detachment in five horses without prior history of intraocular surgery. Methods: Three Appaloosa horses and two Thoroughbreds were included in this study. The affected horses ranged in age from 16 to 27 years and presented with severe diffuse corneal edema. Methods: Five eyes were enucleated due to intraocular hypertension and/or chronic corneal ulceration. The enucleated globes were evaluated by the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW). Each globe was routinely ...
Reyes AM, Jahr H, van Schie HT, Weinans H, Zadpoor AA.The elastic strain limit (ESL) of tendons is the point where maximum elastic modulus is reached, after which micro-damage starts. Study of damage progression in tendons under repetitive (fatigue) loading requires a priori knowledge about ESL. In this study, we propose three different approaches for predicting ESL. First, one single value is assumed to represent the ESL of all tendon specimens. Second, different extrapolation curves are used for extrapolating the initial part of the stress-strain curve. Third, a method based on comparing the shape of the initial part of the stress-strain curve ...
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMSFebruary 1, 1997
Volume 32, Issue 2 152-158 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199702)32:2<152::AID-JMS456>3.0.CO;2-W
Anderson MA, Wachs T, Henion JD.A method based on ionspray liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was developed for the determination of reserpine in equine plasma. A comparison was made of the isolation of reserpine from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and by solid-phase extraction. A structural analog, rescinnamine, was used as the internal standard. The reconstituted extracts were analyzed by ionspray LC/MS/MS in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The calibration graph for reserpine extracted from equine plasma obtained using liquid-liquid extraction was linear from 10 to 5000 pg ml-1 and t...
Wilsher S, Omar H, Ismer A, Allen T, Wernery U, Joseph M, Mawhinney I, Florea L, Thurston L, Duquesne F, Petry S.Three horse mares inadvertently inseminated with semen from a Tayorella asinigenitalis-positive Jack donkey developed severe, purulent endometritis whereas two Jenny donkeys mated naturally to the same Jack donkey did not develop clinical signs of infection. Objective: To isolate and identify the causative agent. Methods: Case report. Methods: Endometrial swabs from the infected mares were cultured on selective and non-selective media under aerobic and microaerophilic conditions. Isolates were subjected to Gram staining, oxidase and catalase tests, the Monotayl Latex Agglutination test and PCR...
MacLaren JA, McHorse BK.The absence of preserved soft tissues in the fossil record is frequently a hindrance for palaeontologists wishing to investigate morphological shifts in key skeletal systems, such as the limbs. Understanding the soft tissue composition of modern species can aid in understanding changes in musculoskeletal features through evolution, including those pertaining to locomotion. Establishing anatomical differences in soft tissues utilising an extant phylogenetic bracket can, in turn, assist in interpreting morphological changes in hard tissues and modelling musculoskeletal movements during evolution...
Hannant D, O'Neill T, Ostlund EN, Kydd JH, Hopkin PJ, Mumford JA.A paresis isolate of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV1, Ab4/8) and a plaque-purified virus derived from it (EHV1, Ab4/13), induced long-term suppression of both mitogenic and antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferations in adult outbred ponies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken from a pony after EHV1 infection suppressed the in vitro function of normal cells but serum did not. This showed that the observed immune suppression was associated with circulating PBMC and/or their products rather than circulating soluble factors such as antigen or immune complexes. The results suggested that prod...
Lu KG, Sprayberry KA.Selected conditions affecting broodmares are discussed, including arterial rupture, dystocia, foal support with ex utero intrapartum treatment, uterine prolapse, postpartum colic, the metritis/sepsis/systemic inflammatory response syndrome complex, and retained fetal membranes. Postpartum colic beyond third-stage labor contractions should prompt comprehensive evaluation for direct injuries to the reproductive tract or indirect injury of the intestinal tract. Mares with perforation or rupture of the uterus are typically recognized 1 to 3 days after foaling, with depression, fever, and leukopen...
DeLay J, Peregrine AS, Parsons DA.Strongylus vulgaris migration and cranial mesenteric arterial thrombus formation resulted in fatal colic in a 3-month-old Thoroughbred foal. Vascular damage associated with S. vulgaris occurs early in the course of infection and, despite widespread use of broad-spectrum anthelmintics, appropriate management is still essential to minimize exposure of young animals to this parasite.
Cheetham J, Nixon AJ.To identify sites for arthroscopic access to the palmar aspects of the antebrachiocarpal (AC) and middle carpal (MC) joints, and describe visible carpal bone surfaces for each approach. Methods: Prospective experimental study. Methods: Equine carpi: 16 cadavers, 8 live horses. Methods: A latex model was used to identify possible sites for arthroscopic access to the palmar aspects of the AC and MC joints. Carpi (n = 24) were examined arthroscopically and arthroscopic access sites and visible carpal bone surfaces were described. Results: Arthroscopic approaches and instrument portals were develo...
