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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Effect of hoof trimming on the occurrence of distal phalangeal palmar process fractures in foals. This study sought to determine if extensive trimming of the front hooves of foals results in a higher incidence of palmar process fractures compared to untrimmed foals, and to characterise the clinical course of foals with palmar process fractures with physical findings, hoof measurements and radiography. Twenty foals age 4-8 weeks of multiple breeds were examined every 2 weeks over a 12 week period. Ten foals had both front hooves extensively trimmed every 4 weeks, while 10 foals remained untrimmed. Palmar process fractures occurred in 4 trimmed and 3 untrimmed foals. Four foals with fracture...
In vitro attenuation of impact shock in equine digits. This study was designed to test the impact characteristics of the equine digit in vitro with the objective of providing a better understanding of the role of the digital structures in the attenuation of impact shock. Uni-axial accelerometers were mounted on cadaver digits on the distolateral hoof wall, the proximolateral hoof wall, the dorsal surface of the second phalanx, and the mid-lateral first phalanx. The hoof-mounted accelerometers were aligned with the hoof tubules while the bone-mounted accelerometers were oriented along the longitudinal axis of the bone. Each digit was mounted in a t...
Exploring the possible functions of equine hoof wall tubules. Possible functions of equine hoof wall tubules were investigated in this study. Hydration tests were conducted on blocks of hoof wall tissue in order to test the hypothesis that hollow tubules facilitate the conduction of water vapour distally. Although water loss or gain was inhibited through the outer wall surface, the increase in surface area provided by medullary spaces was ineffective in facilitating hydration through the face with exposed tubule ends. Rather, hollow tubules appear to allow for a higher dehydration rate through their exposed ends. Analysis of medullary space indicates tha...
Effects of season and diet on tensile strength and mineral content of the equine hoof wall. Studies evaluating nutritional and seasonal influences on hoof strength and composition in horses, as well as the scientific justification for feeding supplements to improve hoof quality, are lacking. The horseman and veterinarian need controlled studies in this area to make informed decisions. This project quantified, in 2 trials, relative elasticity, tensile strength, % moisture, and mineral composition of hooves of 48 mature Thoroughbred mares maintained on different nutritional/management regimens, sampled quarterly over 12 month periods. Tensile strength was positively associated with sul...
Sarcoplasmic reticulum responses to repeated sprints are affected by conditioning of horses. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) responses to repeated sprints and to physical conditioning were studied in 10 Quarter Horses. Exercise tests (four repeated sprints on a treadmill) were conducted before and after 12 wk of sprint conditioning. Muscle samples from the middle gluteal muscle were taken before and after each exercise test, and SR vesicles were isolated. Calcium uptake was determined spectrophotometrically using antipyrylazo III, and Ca2+-ATPase activity was determined using an enzyme-linked optical assay. Conditioning increased calcium uptake rate and Ca2+-ATPase activity by 14 and 38%,...
Human chorionic gonadotropin induces an inverse regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein messenger ribonucleic acid in theca interna and granulosa cells of equine preovulatory follicles. The time- and gonadotropin-dependent regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) has not been characterized in vivo in preovulatory follicles of large monoovulatory species or sexually mature animals. The objectives of this study were to clone equine StAR and describe the regulation of its messenger RNA (mRNA) in equine follicles after the administration of an ovulatory dose of hCG. The screening of an equine follicle complementary DNA (cDNA) library with a mouse StAR cDNA probe revealed two forms of equine StAR that differ only in the length of their 3'-untranslated region (3'...
Morphology of the oocyte-follicular connection in the mare. The present study characterised the oocyte-follicular connection (i.e., oocyte fixation site) in Graafian follicles of the mare morphologically. Antral follicles were dissected in toto from ovaries obtained from oestrous, dioestrous and transitional mares after slaughter. The location of the cumulus oophorus complex in relation to the ovulation fossa, the width and density of the blood vessels surrounding the cumulus oophorus complex, the relative dimensions and histological aspects of the cumulus oophorus were investigated. For ultrastructural analysis of the junctional regions, cumulus-oocyt...
Two SINE families associated with equine microsatellite loci. BLAST searches of 61 equine microsatellite sequences revealed two related families of retroposons. The first family included seven markers, all of which showed significant homology to the Equine Repetitive Element-1 (ERE-1) Short Interspersed Nucleotide Element (SINE) sequence. Length of homology ranged from 76 to 171 bases with identities to the ERE-1 consensus sequence ranging from 71% to 83%. The second family referred to as Equine Repetitive Element-2 (ERE-2) has a consensus sequence that showed homology to ERE-1 over approximately 60 bases. These 60 bases comprised subunit I. Sequence com...
Purification of two equine pepsinogens by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. To purify and characterize pepsinogens in equine gastric mucosa. Methods: Stomachs collected from 2 healthy horses at necropsy. Methods: After collection, stomachs were placed immediately in ice before storage at -48 C. After slow thawing, the mucosa was scraped off while the tissue was immersed in 0.1M potassium phosphate (pH 7.4) at 4 C, then was homogenized. The filtered extract was subjected to anion-exchange chromatography. Fractions that were found to contain pepsin or pepsinogen were further chromatographed. Individual fractions were tested for pepsinogen or pepsin content by monitoring...
Culture and characterization of equine terminal arch endothelial cells and hoof keratinocytes. To develop methods to isolate, culture, and characterize equine hoof endothelial cells (EC) and keratinocytes. Methods: Cells harvested from the forelimbs of 8 horses. Methods: EC were obtained via catheters placed in the palmar digital arteries of the disarticulated lower portion of the forelimbs from 4 horses that had been heparinized prior to euthanasia. Phosphate-buffered saline solution was used to remove and discard RBC from blood vessels, and collagenase was used to loosen and flush EC from the vasculature. Hoof keratinocytes were obtained from 4 recently euthanatized horses by use of d...
Micromechanics of the equine hoof wall: optimizing crack control and material stiffness through modulation of the properties of keratin. Small-scale components of the equine hoof wall were tested to determine their mechanical roles in the morphological hierarchy. Macroscale tensile tests conducted on samples of the inner wall tubules and intertubular material showed a sixfold difference in mean initial stiffnesses (0.47 and 0.08 GPa, respectively), indicating that the inner wall tubules stiffen the wall along its longitudinal axis. The similarity in material properties of tubule and intertubular samples from the mid-wall suggests that tubules in this region offer only minor reinforcement along the longitudinal axis. Microscale ...
Paraneoplastic syndromes. The importance of paraneoplastic syndromes is often underestimated in the horse. Clinically, paraneoplastic syndromes can cause greater morbidity than the actual physical presence of the malignant tumor. The appearance may be the first sign of a malignancy and may be so severe that appropriate therapy for the underlying cancer is not initiated. This article reviews some of the most common paraneoplastic syndromes that are likely to occur in the horse.
Urinary tract neoplasia. This article is a review of reports on neoplasia of the equine urinary tract. Clinical signs associated with equine patients with urinary tract neoplasia are summarized along with a description of diagnostic methods used in such patients. The prognosis for treatment of urinary tract neoplasia is guarded. A review of the limited treatments that have been reported to date are also provided in this article.
A comparison of porosity, fabric and fractal dimension as predictors of the Young’s modulus of equine cancellous bone. The purpose of this study was to compare the structural parameters of fabric and fractal dimension as predictors of the Young's modulus of equine cancellous bone. Eight 15 mm cubes of cancellous bone were obtained from three equine third metacarpal bones. Young's modulus was determined for the three orthogonal directions. The fabric and fractal dimension were calculated for each of the six exposed faces of each cube. Fractal dimension plus porosity provided a higher explanatory power for Young's modulus (R2 = 78.7%. P < 0.0001) than fabric plus porosity (R2 = 69.2%, P < 0.0001). Fractal ...
Mitochondrial control region and 12S rRNA variation in Przewalski’s horse (Equus przewalskii). Variation in the control region and the 12S rRNA gene of all surviving mitochondrial lineages of Przewalski's horse was investigated. Variation is low despite the present day population being descended from 13 individuals probably representing animals from three different regions of its range. Phylogenetic comparison of these sequences, with sequences for the domestic horse, does not resolve the ancestral status of either horse.
Performance and management of draught animals in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Use of animal power generally enables farmers in sub-Saharan Africa to increase agricultural production and improve the quality of life. Effective use of working animals depends on an understanding of the capabilities of the animals for work, their husbandry requirements and the factors which can influence their performance. These issues are reviewed in this paper in the context of the use of animal power in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. The type of animal used for work determines power available to the farmer. The performance of donkeys, horses and cattle have been compared in work tests...
[The components of the phenotypic dispersion of the basic typological traits and of work capacity in horses of the Ukrainian saddle breed]. The indexes of standardized deviations by the measured characters (probits) are expedient to be used for distribution of horses according to classes M-, M0 and M+, under these conditions one can select individuals M0 for to rise their capacity for work and expressivity of the type of breed.
[The intraspecific differentiation of Przhewalski’s horse and the domestic horse by 5 molecular genetic markers]. Analysis of albumin, transferrin, receptor to vitamin D, esterase, alpha 1-beta glycoprotein polymorphisms in Przhewalski's horse, Orlov's and Russian trotters, Guzul and Yakutian domestic horse breeds was carried out. The data about similarity of intraspecies differentiation of Przewalski's horse's populations and interbreed distinctions were obtained. Locus-specific particularities of genetic structures of investigated animal groups were revealed.
Organisation of the equine immunoglobulin constant heavy chain genes. II. Equine cgamma genes. The number of immunoglobulin G constant heavy chain genes (cgamma genes) varies broadly among mammalian species, reflecting structural and functional differences between expressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotypes and allotypes. Up to now equine IgG isotypes have been defined only at the biochemical and serological level. It is still not clear how many IgG isotypes exist in horses and whether there are any allotypes. Here, we describe the isolation and characterisation of equine cgamma genes. An equine genomic lambda phage library was screened with a human cgamma4 probe. Cross-hybridising equine...
Effect of regular training on the myocardial and plasma concentrations of taurine and alpha-amino acids in thoroughbred horses. Exercise induces significant changes in the free intracellular amino acid pool in skeletal muscle but little is known of whether such changes also occur in cardiac muscle. In this study the effect of regular exercise on the size and the constituents of the free amino acid pool in the hearts and in the plasma of thoroughbred horses was investigated. The total free intracellular amino acid pool in the hearts of control horses was 30.9 +/- 1.2 mumol/g wet weight (n = 6). Glutamine but not taurine was present at the highest concentration (13.5 +/- 0.9 and 7.7 +/- 0.69 mumol/g wet weight for glutam...
Developments in equine nutrition: comparing the beginning and end of this century. In the first part of this century, there was little advancement in horse nutrition and little research was undertaken. However, in the last few years, there has been a great increase in interest in this whole area. This review surveys some of the more recent developments and how they have influenced feeding practices and also compares these with those feeding practices found at the start of this century. The review concentrates on the nutrition of the adult horse in work, exploring in particular what they are fed and how the nutrient value of these feeds is evaluated.
Exercise affects digestibility and rate of passage of all-forage and mixed diets in thoroughbred horses. Most digestibility studies in horses have been conducted with idle horses confined to metabolism stalls. The values obtained from such studies are used for all classes of horses, including the performance horse. It has not been clearly established whether exercise affects digestibility. Olsson and Ruudvere (1955), summarizing a number of earlier studies, suggested that digestion may be affected in horses by work or exercise in such a way that it is improved by light exercise and inhibited by heavy work.
Orton et al. (1985) reported reduced retention time of a particulate marker in yearling ...
