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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
A review of patterns of change in luteal function. Puberty: For the gilt and filly, the first corpus luteum (CL) appears to have a normal lifespan. For both species, first CL usually is associated with estrus but can form in the absence of estrus. For the ewe and cow, a transient (1 to 4 d, ewe; 3 to 10 d, cow) rise and fall of ovarian derived progesterone (P4) is detected in peripheral blood (80% of ewes; 50% of heifers) prior to first "normal" CL. The first CL of apparent normal lifespan is not accompanied by estrus in the ewe. The first CL in the cow may or may not be accompanied by estrus; first estrus in the cow can be anovulatory. Data a...
Spontaneous expression of an endogenous retrovirus by the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. A retrovirus is spontaneously released into the culture medium of the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line. The MC-1 virus did not exhibit in vitro transforming activity or replication when tested on equine fibroblasts or a variety of other mammalian cell cultures. Complementary DNA, synthesized using detergent-activated MC-1 virus RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, detected homologous sequences in the DNA of an established equine dermal cell line and in the DNA of primary equine dermal fibroblasts. Iododeoxyuridine or azacytidine induced a replication-deficient endogenous retrovirus in the normal...
Relationship between nutrient intake, growth and body composition of the nursing foal. The milk and nutrient intakes of 21 nursing foals of heavy breeds (adult weight: 800 kg) were determined at 1, 4 and 8 weeks of age. Lactose intake increased (P is less than 0.01) from 1 300 g/day at 1 week of age to 1 800 g/d at 8 weeks; fat decreased (P is less than 0.01) from 400 g/d to 300 g/d and protein did not vary (600 g/d). Energy and nitrogen intakes did not depend on the source of energy in the mother's diet. Milk, energy and nitrogen intakes were well related (r = 0.74 to 0.81) with foal growth between 1 and 4 weeks, but not between 4 and 8 weeks. The composition of weight gain sho...
Identification of betamethasone and a major metabolite in equine urine. Betamethasone and its major unconjugated metabolite, 6-beta-hydroxybetamethasone, were detected in equine urine by thin-layer chromatography and characterized by micro-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (micro-LC/MS). Their structures were confirmed by a combination of infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Macroscopic organization and sensitive innervation of the tendinous intersection and the lacertus fibrosus of the biceps brachii muscle in the ass and horse. The most developed and organized lamina running trough the biceps brachii muscle belly forms a well-marked tendinous intersection connecting the proximal tendon with the distal one. Moreover, the lacertus fibrosus arises from this lamina close to the distal tendon and blends with the fascia of the forearm and joins the extensor carpi radialis muscle. The nerve supply for the biceps tendinous intersection arises from the intramuscular rami of the musculo-cutaneous nerve, whereas the lacertus fibrosus is provided with some cutaneous rami of the same nerve. The biceps brachii tendinous intersecti...
Isolation of meclofenamic acid and two metabolites from equine urine–a comparison between horse and man. Two metabolites of meclofenamic acid have been isolated from equine urine. Both metabolites are found to be monohydroxylated forms of meclofenamic acid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after extractive alkylation. The parent drug and the metabolites are separated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a Spherisorb ODS column, using methanol-phosphate buffer eluents and UV detection at 280 nm. The structure of the metabolites is discussed on the basis of LC, TLC and GC-MS data.
Neodymium (Nd):YAG laser surgery in the equine larynx: a pilot study. Laryngeal surgery in the equine is customarily and routinely performed by means of a ventral laryngotomy incision. Such procedures are usually performed under deep general anesthesia with the horse in dorsal recumbency. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of an endoscopic approach coupled to a Nd:YAG laser fiber in performing arytenoidectomy. Arytenoidectomy is commonly indicated in the treatment of arytenoid chondritis and in the failure of prosthetic implantation for left laryngeal hemiplegia. This preliminary study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of the endo...
Comparative scanning electron-microscopic study of the lingual papillae in two species of domestic mammals (Equus caballus and Bos taurus). 1. Gustatory Papillae. The morphological characteristics of bovine and equine gustatory lingual papillae are compared by scanning electron microscopy. The fungiform papillae in the cow have a shape that corresponds to their name, while in the horse, they almost do not emerge from the surface of the tongue. These papillae show taste pores in both species. The vallate papillae, four times larger in the horse than in the cow, show a complex organization of papillae and secondary grooves in the horse. In the cow, they occur single and are surrounded by a thick annular pad of lingual mucosa. Taste pores have been observe...
Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion. Vitamin E requirements of adult Standardbred horses were evaluated by tissue depletion and repletion. All the horses used in the study were given the same basal feed low in vitamin E during the eight months of the experiment. After an initial depletion period of two-and-a-half months the horses were divided into groups according to the amounts of DL alpha-tocopheryl acetate given (0 mg, control; 200, 600, 1800 and 5400 mg, respectively) as a daily oral supplement. The supplement study was followed by a second depletion period. Total vitamin E content and individual natural tocopherol isomers a...
Limits to exercise performance: some ideas from comparative studies. Examples of exercise performance and metabolic scope in non-human mammalian species are considered from the point of view of problems and questions which may provide insights into evolutionary processes influencing adaptations to muscular activity. Consideration of both aerobic and anaerobic performance is required. Some recent approaches, notably that concerned with the concept of symmorphosis, the integration of design for the accommodation of variations in activity, show promise of new ways for comparative investigations of the adjustments to exercise.
Analysis of pharmaceutical dosage forms for oxfendazole: II. Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of oxfendazole and trichlorfon in equine paste. A reverse phase liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of oxfendazole [2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-5-phenylsulfinylbenzimidazole] and trichlorfon [(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)phosphonic acid dimethyl ester] in equine paste. The sample is extracted by sonication in methanol. Insoluble excipients are removed by centrifugation and an aliquot plus internal standard are diluted with dilution solvent (water-acetonitrile-phosphoric acid, 80 + 20 + 1). The samples are filtered and injected onto a Partisil-5 ODS-3 column with acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphate buff...
Long-term results of desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (distal check ligament) in horses. After desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (distal check ligament) had been performed in 40 horses with flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal joint (contracture of the deep digital flexor tendon), the horses' records were evaluated retrospectively. Information concerning soundness, return to intended purpose, and cosmetic appearance of the limb and hoof was obtained. The condition had been diagnosed and treated in 26 horses before they were one year old (group A, acute) and in 14 horses greater than one year of age (group B, chronic). Nine months to ...
Extraction, radioiodination, and in vivo catabolism of equine fibrinogen. Equine fibrinogen was isolated and aliquots were stored frozen at -70 C before radiolabeling with 125I (half-life = 60.2 days; gamma = 35 keV, using monochloroiodine reagent. Radioiodination efficiencies were 49% to 53%, resulting in a labeled product with 98% protein-bound activity and 91% clottable radioactivity. In 6 equine in vivo investigations, plasma half-lives of 125I-labeled fibrinogen were from 4.1 to 5.2 days, corresponding to a mean daily plasma elimination rate of approximately 15%.
Hematologic responses to exercise and training. Hematology has been widely used in attempts to provide information about disease states, performance problems, and fitness in performance horses. However, owing to factors such as the temperament of the horse and time of collection and feeding, considerable variation in the hemograms can be found. This article reviews some of the hematologic responses to exercise and training.
Locomotion and gait analysis. Gait analysis can play an important role in exercise physiology, racetrack ergonomics, lameness prophylaxis, and assessment of performance potential in racehorses. This article concentrates on the methods used for gait analysis and considers some basic data on the different gaits of the horse.
Muscular adaptations to exercise and training. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of skeletal muscle, with an emphasis on equine skeletal muscle. A discussion of many of the adaptive processes that can occur in this tissue in response to altered states of physical activity is also included.
Exercise physiology. An overview. Through the study of equine exercise physiology, one can learn more about what happens to the body of the performance horse during all forms of exercise. Better understanding of skeletal, joint, tendon, and ligament adaptations to loading and stress may allow adjustments to be made in training techniques to reduce the incidence of injury. The information obtained from exercise research may also facilitate the investigation of questions such as the following: What makes one horse perform better than another? How can one bring out the optimal performance in each horse? How can one tell when a ho...
Identification of 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-androstadien-17-one as a secretory product of the fetal horse gonad in vivo and in vitro. Isolation of 3 beta-hydroxy-5,7-androstadien-17-one, as a major component of steroids extracted from vein blood of the fetal gonads of the horse, supports the proposed role for the compound as a precursor for equilin formation in the placenta of the mare. The 5,7-diene was extracted from blood collected from gonadal veins of fetal ovaries and testes in situ, and from a fetal testis connected to an artery in the neck region of the mare. Perfusion of fetal gonads in the laboratory was carried out to allow longer periods of collection. In addition, isolated cell preparations from a fetal testis w...
Training programs. A training program is designed with the aim of developing the specific physiologic capabilities required to perform a certain type of exercise. Such capabilities involve the psychologic familiarity with, and acceptance of, the required tasks, the development of the neuromuscular coordination to perform these tasks optimally, and the utilization of energy by the working muscles. This article presents some basic principles for the design of training programs and offers ideas on how these principles may be applied to the conditioning of horses.
The use of a single complement fixation test technique in bovine brucellosis, Johne’s disease, dourine, equine piroplasmosis and Q fever serology. The same techniques may be used in the complement fixation test (CFT) for the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis, Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), dourine, equine piroplasmosis and Q fever (caused by Coxiella burnetii). The reproducibility of results is excellent, falling for the most part within the twofold range and never exceeding the fourfold range. Agreement with other laboratories is excellent (i.e. within twofold) in the case of brucellosis and equine piroplasmosis antibody titres. A good correlation between the occurrence of the disease and serological reactions is found on...
Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise and training. The cardiovascular system provides the link between pulmonary ventilation and oxygen usage at the cellular level. During exercise, efficient delivery of oxygen to working skeletal and cardiac muscles is vital for maintenance of ATP production by aerobic mechanisms. The equine cardiovascular response to increased demand for oxygen delivery during exercise contributes largely to the over 35-fold increases in oxygen uptake that occur during submaximal exercise. Cardiac output during exercise increases greatly owing to the relatively high heart rates that are achieved during exercise. Heart rate i...
Respiratory adaptations to exercise. The primary function of the equine respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at a rate that is matched to metabolism. Gas exchange requires ventilation, distribution of gas within the lung, perfusion of blood through pulmonary capillaries, matching of ventilation and blood flow, diffusion of gases between air and blood, and transport of gases to and from the muscles. In this article, the author reviews what is known about each of these processes in the resting and exercising horse.
