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Topic:Equine Science
Equine Science encompasses the study of horses and their management, health, and performance. This field integrates various scientific disciplines such as biology, genetics, nutrition, physiology, and veterinary medicine to understand and improve the well-being and capabilities of horses. Areas of focus include equine anatomy, reproduction, behavior, and disease prevention. Research in equine science aims to enhance horse care, optimize training and performance, and address health challenges. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine science, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in the field.
Ultrastructure of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors in the retina of the horse. An electron microscopic description was given of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors of the horse retina. Duplicity (rods-cones) of the horse retina was proven histologically; the retina was classified as an "E" retina, which indicates predominance of the rod system.
Isocapnic hyperpnea in awake ponies during inspiration of 4% CO2. Unanesthetized ponies were given 4% CO2 (inspired CO2 pressure = 28 Torr) to breathe at two levels of arterial O2 pressure (PaO2): 1) near 75 Torr and 2) near 200 Torr. During 4% CO2 breathing, at either level of PaO2, the mean arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) was unchanged from control measurements (control measurements were made at the same PaO2, but with no CO2 in inspired air), suggesting that awake ponies can "clear" 4% CO2. The ability of individual ponies to clear 4% CO2 was quite variable: some ponies did not clear 4% CO2 and others cleared 4% CO2 on one day but not on the following day. ...
Evolutionary conservation of equine gc alleles and of Mammalian gc/albumin linkage. Ancient origin of the equine vitamin D binding protein (Gc) polymorphism is suggested by the finding of two alleles, Gc(F) and Gc(S), in each of three equine subgenera, Equus, Asinus and Hippotigris. The equine Gc and albumin loci are closely linked (lod score = 6). Although no recombinants were observed, the data are not inconsistent with a map distance similar to the 2 centimorgans reported for the human albumin/Gc linkage relationship. Gametic association between the Gc(F) and Alb(F) alleles appears probable in the American Standardbred horse, perhaps as a result of population structure. Si...
Cannulation of the equine oviduct and chemical analysis of oviduct fluid. Siliconized rubber tubes were used to cannulate one oviduct in 7 mares, and secretions were collected in a polycarbonate container located externally, in the region of the left paralumbar fossa. Secretion rates were recorded daily during the estrous cycle. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, inorganic phosphorus and glucose were determined in the oviduct fluids secreted throughout the estrous cycle. Secretion rates were greatest during estrus (days 1-9), with a significant decrease (P<.01) noted during nonestrus (days 10-21). Concentrations of all constitutents measured...
The pH/log PCO2 buffer curve of horse blood. Samples of jugular venous blood from six horses were equilibrated with six oxygen and carbon dioxide gas mixtures of PCO2 between 28 and 54 mm Hg. In all six samples the correlations between the pH and the log PCO2 values were linear and highly significant, with r in all six samples greater than 0.985.
It was concluded that the Astrup method for the determination of the acid-base status of the blood of horses is valid.
Sound spectography in the diagnosis of equine respiratory disorders: a preliminary report. One problem in the diagnosis of subclinical roarers is that abnormal auditory signals occur only during a fast gait, and these fade quickly. This paper offers a novel technique to assist this problem. Sound recordings were obtained from five horses following exercise; two roarers, two non-roarers, and one suspected roarer. These signals were converted into spectrograms by Rayspan processing. All frequencies in the 0 to 2.25 kHz range during both inspiration and expiration, as well as occasional noises in the 2–4 kHz band, characterised roarers. Signals from non-roarers consisted of frequenci...
Fluoroscopic investigation of pharyngeal function in the horse. Videofluoroscopy was used to study the deglutition reflexin 2 horses believed, on the basis of endoscopic and clinical examination, to have normal pharyngeal and laryngeal function. The reflex was found to be the same as that described in man and in the rabbit. A feature of deglutition in the horse was the temporary increase in size of the auditory tube diverticuli (gluttural pouches) as a result of contraction of the pharyngeal muscles.
Phonocardiography in the horse: 2. The relationship of the external phonocardiogram to intracardiac pressure and sound. The paper describes observations during individual cardiac cycles on the changing pressures and sounds recorded from the various chambers of the heart and aorta, related to phonocardiograms from an external microphone hand-held over the cardiac area. The majority of the first sound appears to arise from the left side of the heart after the AV valves have closed and the second sound is a consequence of sudden deceleration of blood against already closed semilunar valves. Systolic murmurs at the aortic root may be benign from increased flow and turbulence at the peak of ejection but these may no...
Differential release of LH and FSH in cyclic mares in response to synthetic Gn-RH. Mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle were given a single intravenous injection of 0.5 mg synthetic Gn-RH. The mean area of the induced LH peak was significantly less at mid-cycle (Day 10-11) than at any other time. The mean height of the LH peak above preinjection concentration was greater at late oestrus and early cycle (Day 5-6) than at mid-cycle and early oestrus. There were no significant different in mean FSH responses. The LH:FSH ratio for both height and area of induced peaks was significantly less at mid-cycle than at other times of injection. These results suggest that one ...
The Fourth Sir Frederick Hobday Memorial Lecture. Back problems in the horse–a look at past, present and future progress. The horse is predisposed to back injury by virtue of the type of work and intensity of competition
to which it is subjected nowadays. This paper reviews some of the inherent difficulties in establishing meaningful criteria for the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries. It highlights some
of the large gaps in knowledge, particularly in relation to the causative factors involved and the
biomechanics of the equine spine. One controversial area in diagnosis and treatment concerns
the possible subluxation of vertebral dorsal spinous processes and their subsequent reposition by
means of man...
Endoscopic observations on the deglutition reflex in the horse. Cine-endoscopy was used to study the deglutition reflex in 2 apparently normal horses. Closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter was brought about by a lowering of the pharyngeal roof and an elevation of the soft palate caudal to the pharyngeal ostia of the auditory tubes. The medial cartilages of the ostia were not directly involved in bringing about closure of the sphincter. It is postulated that the opening of the ostia of the auditory tubes is brought about during deglutition by the combined action of the palatopharyngeus, pterygopharyngeus and tensor veli palatini muscles.
In-vivo myometrial electrical activity in the cyclic mare. Uterine electromyography was performed by means of chronically implanted surface electrodes in 3 Pony mares during spontaneous oestrous cycles and following luteolysis induced by a prostaglandin analogue (fluprostenol). Three distinct patterns were recognized during the oestrous cycle. (1) During oestrus well defined phases of activity with closely grouped high-amplitude spikes were separated by long periods (10-45 min) of complete inactivity. (2) During dioestrus more diffuse phases of activity with low-amplitude spikes were separated by variable periods of relative inactivity. (3) During lut...
Purification of the subunit Clq from the first component of equine complement. Initial separation and concentration of Clq from fresh, normal equine serum was accomplished by precipitation in 0.02 M acetate buffer, pH 5.5, at 4 degrees for 24 h. The re-dissolved precipitate was clarified by centrifugation at 80,000 g for 1 h and then dialysed against Tris-HCl buffer (0.05 M, pH 8.0) containing 10-3 M EDTA. The clarified dialysate remained biologically active at 5 degrees for at least 4 weeks. Biological activity of equine Clq was determined by assay of its ability to agglutinate sensitized sheep erythrocytes (EA). Following ammonium sulphate fractionation, Sepharose 4B g...
Autologous, split skin transplantation on the lower limbs of horses. The skin grafting experiments were carried out on the cannon regions of horses to throw light on four matters relating to split skin transplantation. They were: The thickness of donor split skin that would provide good wound cover and still leave adequate tissue to permit uneventful healing at the donor site; whether split skin grafts were more readily accepted on fresh than on granulating wounds; the size of wounds that would benefit from grafting; and the maximum size of graft that would be readily accepted. The findings were: Split skin grafts 0.76 mm thickness gave the best results althoug...
Linkage of loci controlling alloantigens on red blood cells and lymphocytes in the horse. A system of equine lymphocyte alloantigens designated ELA, is identified, and it is shown that the locus or loci controlling these markers must be closely linked to the locus controlling markers in the A system of horse blood groups. Among 29 offspring in two stallion families there was evidence for one recombinant. Lod scores for linkage between the A and ELA loci in the two families were 3.61 and 3.33, respectively, for theta equal to 0.
