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Topic:Horse Training

Horse training involves the systematic process of teaching horses specific behaviors and skills to enhance their performance and manageability. This process encompasses a variety of techniques and methods tailored to the individual horse's temperament, age, and intended use, such as riding, racing, or working. Training regimens aim to develop desired traits such as obedience, agility, and endurance while ensuring the horse's physical and mental well-being. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of horse training, including methodologies, behavioral outcomes, and the impact on equine welfare and performance.
Carriage driving for disabled people.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)    December 22, 1990   Volume 301, Issue 6766 1427-1428 doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6766.1427
Brown JR.No abstract available
[Force plate measurements for a quantitative assessment of the equine gait].
Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde    December 15, 1990   Volume 115, Issue 24 1182-1189 
Merkens HW.Forces occurring between the hoof and the ground during the stance phase (i.e. the ground reaction forces GRF) can be analysed using a force plate. The average of a number of five to stance time and body weight normalised GRF recordings (data) will provide 'representative' GRF patterns. These can be used for objective and quantitative evaluation of various forms of therapy in equine orthopaedics as well as for locomotion research during various forms of equestrian sports.
A review of horse-drawn buggy accidents.
Pennsylvania medicine    October 1, 1990   Volume 93, Issue 10 22-24 
Ives W, Brotman S.No abstract available
[Training-induced changes of reference vectors in the QRS complex of the EKG of young trotting horses].
Berliner und Munchener tierarztliche Wochenschrift    October 1, 1990   Volume 103, Issue 10 329-335 
Grauerholz H, Jaeschke G.After the onset of training ("breaking") in young standardbred horses within continuing investigations changes of vectors in the QRS-complex were considered. These changes accomplished in two stages. Mainly within the first three months of training the vector R (VR) in limb leads changed to the left and to caudal and dorsal. In a second interval between five and seven months after breaking the vector S (VS) changed to cranial. As main cause the different character of training in both phases is discussed. Additional indicators of age- or development-related causes were not found.
Diaphragm does not produce ammonia or lactate during high-intensity short-term exercise.
The American journal of physiology    October 1, 1990   Volume 259, Issue 4 Pt 2 H1185-H1189 doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1990.259.4.H1185
Manohar M, Hassan AS.To ascertain whether costal diaphragm engages in ammonia and lactate production (like limb muscles) during high-intensity short-term exercise, experiments were carried out on six healthy trained ponies in which phrenic venous catheters had been implanted 5-9 days earlier. Simultaneous anaerobically obtained blood samples from abdominal aorta and the phrenic vein at rest and during 4 min of exertion at 32 km/h and at a 7% grade were analyzed for blood-gas variables as well as lactate and ammonia concentrations using standard procedures. At rest, heart rate was 47 +/- 4 beats/min and the diaphra...
Clinical exercise testing in the normal thoroughbred racehorse.
Australian veterinary journal    October 1, 1990   Volume 67, Issue 10 345-348 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07394.x
Rose RJ, Hendrickson DK, Knight PK.To evaluate normal cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of Thoroughbred horses to a standardised treadmill exercise test, we examined 28 horses ranging in age from 1 to 4 years. The group consisted of eight yearlings, eight 2-year-olds and twelve 3 and 4-year-olds. All horses except the yearlings were in training, and either racing or ready to race, at the time of examination. None of the horses had histories of performance problems. On the first day the horses received a full physical examination, resting electrocardiogram, upper respiratory tract endoscopy and either one or two acclimat...
Safety of horseriding.
BMJ (Clinical research ed.)    September 8, 1990   Volume 301, Issue 6750 496 doi: 10.1136/bmj.301.6750.496-b
Nicholl JP.No abstract available
Questions experimental design in study on effects of furosemide on racing times of Thoroughbreds.
American journal of veterinary research    September 1, 1990   Volume 51, Issue 9 1505-1506 
Vulliet R.No abstract available
Ride and tie. A hybrid sport with synergistic potential for injury.
The Western journal of medicine    September 1, 1990   Volume 153, Issue 3 319-321 
Sayres WG.No abstract available
Fatigue fractures in thoroughbred racehorses: relationships with age, peak bone strain, and training.
Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society    July 1, 1990   Volume 8, Issue 4 604-611 doi: 10.1002/jor.1100080417
Nunamaker DM, Butterweck DM, Provost MT.The North American Thoroughbred racehorse was chosen as a model to study the pathogenesis of fatigue failure of bone. This species has a high incidence of spontaneous fatigue failure of bone (bucked shins) during its early training. In vivo strain gauge studies of the third metacarpal bone of four young racehorses running at racing speeds showed high principal compressive strains [-4,841 +/- 572 (SD) microstrain] while two older horses had lower principal compressive strains (-3,317 microstrain measured at racing speed, -3,250 microstrain extrapolated from a slower speed run). Previously repor...
Association between muscle acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine levels in the exercising horse.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)    July 1, 1990   Volume 69, Issue 1 42-45 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.1.42
Carlin JI, Harris RC, Cederblad G, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Snow DH, Hultman E.Treadmill exercise of 2-min duration and increasing intensity resulted in increased formation of acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine in working muscle of Thoroughbred horses. At high work intensities a plateau was reached for both acetyl-CoA (approximately 50 mumols/kg dry muscle) and acetylcarnitine (approximately 20 mmol/kg dry muscle). Postexercise concentrations were significantly (P less than 0.001) correlated; [acetylcarnitine] = 349.[acetyl-CoA] + 2.4. The results indicate that approximately 350 mumols acetylcarnitine were accumulated for every 1 mumol acetyl-CoA. Under the conditions of exe...
Biomechanics and the physiological costs of equine locomotion: a need for more research.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 6-7 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04726.x
Leach DH.No abstract available
Training horses–art or science?
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 2-4 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04724.x
Rose RJ, Evans DL.No abstract available
A comparative study of interval and conventional training in thoroughbred racehorses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 14-19 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04728.x
Harkins JD, Kamerling SG, Bagwell CA, Karns PA.Eight horses with previous racing experience were used in a comparative study of training methods for Thoroughbred racehorses. They were randomly assigned to two groups of four horses each. One group was trained using an interval training method (IT) and the other using conventional training (CT) methods. Peak heart rates, heart rate recovery curves, peak plasma lactate levels, plasma lactate clearance rates and run times were used to evaluate differences in the training methods. Peak heart rates, heart rate recovery curves, and run times were not significantly different between the groups. Ho...
Application of a standardised treadmill exercise test for clinical evaluation of fitness in 10 thoroughbred racehorses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 26-34 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04730.x
Seeherman HJ, Morris EA.Clinical exercise stress testing is an important diagnostic tool for evaluating exercise intolerance and degree of fitness in human athletes. The purpose of this paper was to describe the methodology necessary to perform a clinical exercise test and report the results of performance evaluations on 10 Thoroughbred racehorses using this test. The test utilised an open flow gas analysis system for ease of use with untrained horses and a fast time response lactate analyser for rapid data analysis. Exercise test measurements used to evaluate fitness included peak oxygen consumption (mean VO2peak = ...
Effect of show jumping on heart rate, blood lactate and other plasma biochemical values.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 78-82 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04740.x
Art T, Amory H, Desmecht D, Lekeux P.This study investigated some physiological responses to exercise performed by a horse during show jumping. The effects of jumping on heart rate (HR), blood lactate (LA) and some other blood values were studied in nine normal horses participating at the Belgian Junior Championship. Venous blood was sampled before and immediately after the show jumping and was analysed for packed cell volume, LA, blood glucose (GLU), total plasma protein, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium (K+), chloride, calcium and activities of plasma lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase (CK) aspartate amino transferase ...
Methodology and repeatability of a standardised treadmill exercise test for clinical evaluation of fitness in horses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 20-25 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04729.x
Seeherman HJ, Morris EA.This paper describes the methodology necessary to perform a clinical exercise test and the expected variability in an individual horse's exercise test measurements based on comparing the results of two repetitions of the test with six horses. The exercise test measurements were obtained with an open flow respiratory gas analysis system, fast time response lactate analyser and an on-board heart rate monitor during an incremental inclined treadmill exercise test. With the exception of peak venous lactate concentration (LACpeak), the results indicate that the mean variability in peak oxygen consu...
Some factors influencing plasma AST/CK activities in thoroughbred racehorses.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 66-71 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04738.x
Harris PA, Snow DH, Greet TR, Rossdale PD.Sixty-six Thoroughbred horses in training (2 or 3 years of age) were studied during one flat racing season, to investigate the relationship between age, sex, time of year, dietary electrolyte imbalances and plasma aspartate aminotransferase/creatine kinase (AST/CK) activities. Management and training variations were minimised. Between February to October, monthly 24 h post exercise samples were collected and analysed for AST and CK activities. Sex and/or age were shown to have a significant effect on the occurrence of high CK (> 100 iu/litre) and AST (> 300 iu/litre) activities. Fillies ...
Cardiorespiratory drift during exercise in the horse.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 61-65 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04737.x
Thomas DP, Fregin GF.The purpose of the present study was to measure the time-course and degree of cardiovascular and respiratory 'drift' during constant submaximal exercise in the horse. One Thoroughbred and four Morgan mares were instrumented for simultaneous measurement of respiratory and blood gases which also enabled cardiac output (Q) to be calculated. Data were collected at rest, and at 10, 20 and 30 mins during a constant workload which elicited an initial exercising heart rate (HR) of 150 beats/min, and an approximate 15-fold increase in oxygen consumption (VO2). Significant cardiac and respiratory drift ...
Standardized exercise test and daily heart rate responses of thoroughbreds undergoing conventional race training and detraining.
American journal of veterinary research    June 1, 1990   Volume 51, Issue 6 914-920 
Foreman JH, Bayly WM, Grant BD, Gollnick PD.Ten healthy sedentary male Thoroughbreds with previous race training experience were studied for 14 weeks. Horses were trained for 9 weeks, using a program designed after those used commonly in the United States. Horses were trained conventionally by slow trotting (250 m/min) for 2 weeks and galloping (390 to 450 m/min) for 4 weeks, followed by 3 weeks of galloping (440 to 480 m/min) and intermittent sprinting exercises (breezes) at distances between 600 and 1,000 m (900 to 950 m/min). The horses were then pasture rested for 5 weeks. A standardized exercise test (SET) involving an 800-m gallop...
The physiological basis of training the skeleton. The Sir Frederick Smith Memorial Lecture.
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement    June 1, 1990   Issue 9 8-13 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04727.x
Lanyon LE.The skeleton consists of a series of elements with a variety of functions. In locations such as the skull, where shape or protection are of prime importance, the bone's architecture is achieved during growth under predominant genetic control. In locations such as the limbs, where the ability to withstand repetitive loading is important, only the general form of the bone will be achieved as a result of growth alone, the remaining characteristics resulting from an adaptive response to functional load bearing. In the horse, this functional load-bearing will be provided by the animal's natural act...
The free amino acid profile in the middle gluteal before and after fatiguing exercise in the horse.
Equine veterinary journal    May 1, 1990   Volume 22, Issue 3 209-210 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04249.x
Miller-Graber PA, Lawrence LM, Kurcz E, Kane R, Bump K, Fisher M, Smith J.No abstract available
Effects of exercise on serum amino-transferase activity and pyridoxal phosphate saturation in Thoroughbred racehorses.
Equine veterinary journal    May 1, 1990   Volume 22, Issue 3 205-208 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04248.x
Rej R, Rudofsky U, Magro A, Prendergast J.Aminotransferase activities were measured in the serum of two- to three-year-old Thoroughbred fillies and colts during a four week period of peak training for flat racing. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT, EC 2.6.1.1), mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-AspAT) and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, EC 2.6.1.2) activities in serum were measured and the relative proportions of apoenzyme and holoenzyme were determined. The aminotransferase activities were increased only slightly immediately following exercise. This small and immediate post exercise increase in activity did not vary greatl...
Idiopathic atrial fibrillation in a champion Standardbred racehorse.
Australian veterinary journal    May 1, 1990   Volume 67, Issue 5 187-191 doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07752.x
Stewart GA, Fulton LJ, McKellar CD.Atrial fibrillation is described in a champion pacer which earlier had been named Australian Harness Horse of the Year as a 3-year-old in 1986-87. Prior to conversion atrial fibrillation had been present for at least 6 weeks, during which the horse had not raced. Successful treatment was achieved with two 10g doses of quinidine sulphate per oesophageal tube, after slow digitalisation with intravenous digoxin over 4d. Four hours after commencement of quinidine therapy the arrhythmia had regressed to atrial flutter and converted to sinus rhythm 10 min later. Considering his age, standard of raci...
Racetrack practice.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice    April 1, 1990   Volume 6, Issue 1 1-274 
No abstract available
Effect of age and training status on pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in thoroughbreds.
American journal of veterinary research    April 1, 1990   Volume 51, Issue 4 591-594 
Jensen RC, Fischer JH, Cwik MJ.The effect of age and training status on the pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine was evaluated in 16 Thoroughbreds. Horses were assigned to 1 of 3 groups on the basis of age and training status: group A (n = 6), horses in active training and less than or equal to 5 years old; group B (n = 5), horses out of training for a minimum of 6 weeks and less than or equal to 5 years old; and group C (n = 5), horses out of training for at least 2 years and greater than or equal to 9 years old. After administration of 500 mg of flunixin meglumine IV, multiple serum and urine samples were obtained over ...
Lameness diagnosis and treatment in the Standardbred racehorse.
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice    April 1, 1990   Volume 6, Issue 1 109-128 doi: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30559-x
Palmer SE.Lameness of the Standardbred racehorse is a function of rigorous training programs, year-round racing schedules, hard racetrack surfaces, and the draft load. In this article, principles of lameness diagnosis and treatment are reviewed, with emphasis upon common or unique problems of the trotter and pacer. The role of physical therapy as an adjunct to medical and surgical treatment of lameness is described. Options for management of chronic pain are discussed, and a limited glossary of descriptive terms that are unique to harness racing is provided.
Ancient origins of horsemanship.
Equine veterinary journal    March 1, 1990   Volume 22, Issue 2 73-78 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04214.x
McMiken DF.Archaeological evidence of horse domestication dates from 4000 BC in the Eurasian Steppes of the Ukraine. There, Indo-Europeans rode horses and herded them for meat. This had profound social and economic consequences which led to the development of nomadic equestrian cultures. The earliest direct evidence of riding is from Mesopotamian plaques, and correspondence of the Kings of Mari (2000 BC). Indo-Europeans brought the horse to the Near East and there, outside its natural habitat, used specialised knowledge to raise and train horses on a large scale for military use. Hittite instructions on ...
Altered sarcoplasmic reticulum function after high-intensity exercise.
Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)    November 1, 1989   Volume 67, Issue 5 2072-2077 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.67.5.2072
Byrd SK, McCutcheon LJ, Hodgson DR, Gollnick PD.This study examined the effects of acute high-intensity exercise on the rate and capacity of Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the reversibility of these effects. Thoroughbred horses were run at maximal O2 uptake on a high-speed treadmill until fatigued. Muscle temperatures and biopsy samples were collected at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30 and 60 min after exercise. Blood samples were collected at rest and 5 min after exercise. Muscle and blood (lactate concentration) were three- and fivefold greater than pre-...
The effect of exercise on bone growth and development in weanling horses.
Journal of animal science    October 1, 1989   Volume 67, Issue 10 2508-2514 doi: 10.2527/jas1989.67102508x
Raub RH, Jackson SG, Baker JP.Nineteen weanling horses (average age = 147 d) were divided into exercised (EX; n = 10) and nonexercised (NEX; n = 9) groups, with age, sex and breed represented as equally as possible. The EX group was exercised on an automatic walker at a medium trot for up to 20 min, 5 d each week. Both groups were fed to meet 100% of their protein and 110% of their energy requirements (NRC, 1978). The EX group's diet was supplemented, on exercise days, with corn starch to meet the additional energy requirements for exercise. The experiment was conducted over a 111-d period. Body weight was measured at 10-d...
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