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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Effects of ketoprofen and phenylbutazone on chronic hoof pain and lameness in the horse. The analgesic effects of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ketoprofen (2.2 and 3.63 mg/kg bwt) and phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg bwt) were compared in 7 horses with chronic laminitis. Hoof pain was quantified objectively by means of an electronic hoof tester and lameness was subjectively graded on a modified Obel scale. Ketoprofen at a dose of 3.63 mg/kg bwt (phenylbutazone equimolar dose) reduced hoof pain and lameness to a greater extent than the 2.2 mg/kg dose and phenylbutazone. These effects were still present at 24 h in 3 of the 4 pain tests, including lameness grade. These data sugg...
Medical management of right dorsal colitis in 5 horses: a retrospective study (1987-1993). Right dorsal colitis in horses has been associated with administration of phenylbutazone. Although reports of right dorsal colitis in this species have described surgical treatment associated with a poor prognosis, we have had success treating this condition medically. This report describes 5 horses with right dorsal colitis confirmed during celiotomy that were initially managed medically. All horses had a history of intermittent abdominal pain; weight loss was noted in only 1 horse. The doses (2.0 to 4.6 mg/kg PO bid) and duration (5 to 30 days) of administration of phenylbutazone were not un...
Effects of furosemide, exercise, and atropine on tracheal mucus transport rate in horses. Effects of furosemide, exercise, and atropine on tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) in horses were investigated. Atropine (0.02 mg/kg of body weight) administered IV or by aerosolization significantly (P < 0.05) decreased TMTR at 60, but not at 30 minutes after its administration in standing horses. Furosemide (1.10 mg/kg, IV) did not have any significant effect on TMTR when measured at 2 or 4 hours after its administration in standing horses. Exercise alone or furosemide (1.10 mg/kg, IV) administration followed 4 hours later by exercise did not alter TMTR, compared with values for standi...
Acid-base variables during incremental exercise in sprint-trained horses fed a high-fat diet. Seven Arabian horses performed a standard incremental exercise test on a high-speed treadmill at 6% slope then were randomly assigned to two diets, a control diet of ground hay and concentrates and a similar diet with 10% added fat (by weight). Horses were sprint-trained 4 d/wk, and two additional exercise tests were performed at 5-wk intervals. Heart rates and rectal temperatures were monitored and venous blood samples were collected at rest and at each speed increment. Whole blood was analyzed for glucose, lactate, and hemoglobin concentrations, and plasma was analyzed for pH, pCO2, albumin,...
Detection of tetanus toxoid-specific memory T cells in equine lymph nodes but not in peripheral blood. The use of tetanus toxoid as a recall antigen to investigate equine immune responses would be, in theory, a useful and cost-effective model in vitro. However, by using various regimens for culturing peripheral blood mononuclear cells from horses previously immunised with toxoid no proliferative response to the antigen was obtained in vitro, whereas lymph node mononuclear cells from the same animals proliferated significantly in response to it. The lack of response by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was not due to the presence of a suppressive factor but to a lack of recognition of the a...
Cardiopulmonary effects of hypercapnia during controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the horse. The cardiopulmonary effects of eucapnia (arterial CO2 tension [PaCO2] 40.4 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, mean +/- SD), mild hypercapnia (PaCO2, 59.1 +/- 3.5 mm Hg), moderate hypercapnia (PaCO2, 82.6 +/- 4.9 mm Hg), and severe hypercapnia (PaCO2, 110.3 +/- 12.2 mm Hg) were studied in 8 horses during isoflurane anesthesia with volume controlled intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) and neuromuscular blockade. The sequence of changes in PaCO2 was randomized. Mild hypercapnia produced bradycardia resulting in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in cardiac index (CI) and oxygen delivery (DO2), while ...
Presence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and expression of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen in horses with Borna disease virus-induced encephalitis. Tissues from 9 horses and 1 donkey suffering from natural Borna disease were investigated immunomorphologically. Lymphocytic inflammatory reactions and increased expressions of MHC class I and class II antigen were found in the brain as well as in the trigeminal and olfactory system. Perivascular inflammatory infiltrates were dominated by CD4+ T cells, whereas the majority of CD8+ T cells were disseminated intraparenchymally. No evidence of inflammation was found in the retina. Borna disease virus proteins and nucleic acids were present in the hippocampus, thalamus and medulla oblongata in all...
Photic headshaking in the horse: 7 cases. Seven horses with headshaking are described. No physical abnormalities were detected in any of the cases. Six of these horses had onset of clinical signs in the spring. The role of light was assessed by application of a blindfold or dark grey lens to the eyes, covering the eyes with a face mask and observing the horse in total darkness outdoors. Cessation of headshaking was observed with blindfolding (5/5 horses), night darkness outdoors (4/4 horses) and use of grey lenses (2/3 horses). Outdoor behaviour suggested efforts to avoid light in 4/4 cases. The photic sneeze in man is suggested as a ...
Clinical features of the 1992 outbreak of equine viral arteritis in Spain. During 1992, a widespread outbreak of Equine viral arteritis (EVA) occurred at a riding establishment near Barcelona, Spain. A total of 31 out of 186 horses on the premises displayed clinical signs, most frequently, fever, depression, mild ventral and limb oedema and a vesicular-erosive stomatitis, with hypersalivation, petechiations and small ulcerations. Affected horses developed illness of varying severity with only a few exhibiting a severe form of the disease and no mortality was recorded. Haematological and blood biochemical examination the most severely affected horses revealed a thromb...
Disposition of penicillin G sodium following intravenous and oral administration to Equidae. The present study was designed to determine and compare the plasma disposition and pharmacokinetics of penicillin G sodium following intravenous (i.v.) administration to horses, ponies and donkeys. The plasma disposition and pharmacokinetics of penicillin G was similar in horses, ponies and donkeys (elimination half-lives--39.0, 27.3 and 31.5 min, respectively) and a dosage interval of 6-8 h would be suitable to treat infections caused by susceptible bacteria. Although penicillin G was absorbed rapidly following nasogastric administration, the systemic availability was low (0.12-0.34%), theref...
XX male pseudohermaphroditism in a horse. A pseudohermaphrodite horse with aggressive stallion-like behavior and ambiguous external genitalia was gonadectomized. The hypoplastic gonads removed from the abdomen were confirmed by histologic examination to be testes. Examination of blood and fibroblasts revealed a 64,XX karyotype.
Assessment of glycosaminoglycan concentration in equine synovial fluid as a marker of joint disease. A modification of a colorimetric assay was used to determine synovial fluid total and individual sulphated-glycosaminoglycan concentration in various clinical presentations of joint disease in horses. Concentrations of synovial fluid and serum sulphated-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were measured by the 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) dye assay in normal horses (n = 49), horses with acute (n = 26) or chronic (n = 27) joint disease (defined by clinical, radiographic, and clinicopathological parameters), and horses with cartilaginous lesions at diagnostic arthroscopy, but with normal radiographs and...
Evaluation of tissue adhesive to contain axonal regeneration in horses. Bilateral palmar and plantar digital neurectomies were completed in 10 horses (a total of 80 neurectomies) using one of three methods: (1) simple transection (guillotine method); (2) epineural capping; (3) n-butyl cyanoacrylate injected into the epineural sheath to act as a nerve sealant. Horses were regularly evaluated clinically for tenderness in and around the surgical site, as well as skin sensation at the coronary band in the heel region, during the 12-week course of the study. None of the surgical sites exhibited any signs of drainage or infection. Horses were then euthanatized, the nerv...
A mouse model for testing the pathogenicity of equine herpes virus-1 strains. A mouse model was developed for testing the pathogenicity of equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1) strains. The model was validated with EHV-1 strains that are known to be of a low or high pathogenicity in horses. From all parameters tested, the safety index, which was calculated from the body weights of the mice after infection, proved to be the best predictive parameter. When this parameter was used, good and reliable correlations were found with the pathogenicity of the EHV-1 strains in horses. This method enabled the differentiation between the two experimental EHV-1 strains whose genetic backgrou...
Ventilatory and timing parameters in normal horses at rest up to age one year. The purpose of the study was to document the developmental changes in the ventilatory and timing parameters associated with quiet breathing at rest in awake, standing horses during the first year post partum. Tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency, airflow, mechanical timing intervals and minute ventilation (VE) were measured serially in foals age 24 h-1 year. In the growing foal, VE increased due to a progressive rise in VT, in spite of a pronounced decrease in respiratory frequency. When normalised to body weight (bwt), VE/kg declined with maturation in a curvilinear fashion, from mean +/- s...
The morphology and pathology of Besnoitia sp. in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). Four of five reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) obtained from a Besnoitia sp.- infected herd at the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, in October 1989, had evidence of mild dermatitis over the articular surfaces of carpal and tarsal joints. Cysts of Besnoitia sp., either surrounded by inflammatory reactions or without evident host response, were present within the dermis, submucosa of the nasal turbinates, periosteum, tendons, testes and hooves. The light microscopic and histochemical features of Besnoitia sp. from reindeer were indistinguishable from those of other Besnoit...
Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. To describe the clinical and epidemiological features of an outbreak of a viral infection affecting humans and horses. Methods: Stables in Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane. Methods: Affected horses and humans, and at-risk human contacts. Results: A pregnant mare died two days after arrival from a paddock elsewhere in Brisbane. Eight to 11 days later, illness (depression, anorexia, fever, dyspnoea, ataxia, tachycardia, tachypnoea and nasal discharge) was reported among 17 other horses from the same or an adjoining stable. Fourteen horses died or were put down. Five and six days after the index mare...
Alar fold resection in horses: 24 cases (1979-1992). Between 1979 and 1992, the alar folds were resected bilaterally in 22 horses and unilaterally in 2 horses. Abnormal respiratory tract noise and exercise intolerance were the primary complaints prior to surgery. Significantly (P = 0.01) more Standardbreds underwent resection of the alar folds, compared with the number of Standardbreds in the hospital population during the same period. The alar folds palpated abnormally thick in 13 horses and normal in 11 horses. Temporary dilatation of the nares with mattress sutures or clips lessened the respiratory tract noise and improved exercise tolerance ...
Sternothyrohyoideus myectomy or staphylectomy for treatment of intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in racehorses: 209 cases (1986-1991). The efficacy of sternothyrohyoideus myectomy (SM) and staphylectomy as treatments for intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate was evaluated in 209 racehorses (126 Thoroughbreds, 83 Standardbreds). The 2 most common complaints were respiratory tract noise (75% of horses) and exercise intolerance (51% of horses). Stopping, defined as the inability to finish the race at racing speed, was reported in 40% of the horses. Endoscopy at rest revealed evidence of abnormal epiglottic anatomy (hypoplasia or flaccidity) in 51% of the horses and abnormal soft palate function in 36% of the horses...
Use of pharmacologically induced ejaculation to obtain semen from a stallion with a fractured radius. Ejaculation was pharmacologically induced in a 13-year-old Quarter Horse stallion with a spiral fracture of the radius. The owners desired to have semen from the stallion frozen prior to euthanatizing the horse, but because of the debilitating injury, standard methods of semen collection could not be used. With the stallion standing quietly in a stall, a plastic collection bag was positioned over the stallion's penis, and clomipramine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IV) was administered. Fifty-five minutes later, xylazine hydrochloride (0.5 mg/kg, IV) was administered. The stallion ej...
[Off-label use of lincomycin hydrochloride in 2 horses. Dysbacteriosis and fatal complications due to inadequate symptomatic therapy]. A lawyer inquired about the possible harmful effects of 'off-label use' of lincomycin in two trotting horses. From information in the relevant dossier it could be concluded that there was no direct indication to use antibiotics. In addition, mistakes were made in the medicinal treatment of horses, namely, the off-label use of lincomycin without prior consultation with the manufacturer, fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy not continued for long enough, and incorrect use of antipyretic analgesics. The intravenous administration of gentamicin to dehydrated patients is permissible only in co...
Application of an equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) type-specific ELISA to the management of an outbreak of EHV1 abortion. Sera from 33 Australian thoroughbred mares were tested during an outbreak of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) abortion with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) for the presence of EHV1-specific antibodies. The ELISA used a recombinant EHV1 antigen derived from glycoprotein G (gG) and distinguished antibodies to EHV1 from those of the antigenically related and widespread herpesvirus EHV4. Sera were obtained from most of the mares on three occasions, three, 13 and 67 days after the first abortion. Mares which were negative in the ELISA were kept separate from mares which were positive. A sec...
Electrocardiographic values in Spanish-bred horses of different ages. The duration of electrocardiograph wave forms and intervals were determined in 179 Spanish-bred (Andalusian) horses aged from 1 month to 17 years. The values were compared with those of other breeds, and the relationship between electrocardiographic data and age was examined. High correlation coefficients were found between PR, ST and QT intervals and the age of the horses, and an inverted relation between heart rate and age was found. A multiple range analysis was made and the results suggest that significant changes in duration values and heart rate occurred at the age of 6 months and in the...
[Suture material and suturing of the laparotomy wound in horses and cattle]. Wound healing is discussed in the introduction. Subsequently in a review of the suture materials used in large animal laparotomies is presented. In the discussion examples are given of the suture materials that are used at the Department of General and Large Animal Surgery.
