"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
van den Ingh TS, Binkhorst GJ, Kimman TG, Vreeswijk J, Pol JM, van Oirschot JT.A horse with neurological signs and severe meningoencephalitis caused by Aujeszky's disease is described. The diagnosis was established by immunohistochemistry, DNA-in situ hybridization and serological tests. Aujeszky's disease virus antigen and Aujeszky's disease viral DNA were detected in neurons of the cerebrum. In the serum of the horse antibodies against Aujeszky's disease virus were detected in a virus neutralization test, in a blocking ELISA which specifically detects antibodies against the glycoprotein I (Ig) of the virus, in an indirect double sandwich ELISA and with colloidal gold i...
Smith PJ, Gum GG, Whitley RD, Samuelson DA, Brooks DE, Garcia-Sanchez GA.Tonometric and tonographic techniques were evaluated in the normal pony and compared to other species. Applanation tonometry was utilised to calculate the ocular ridigity of the normal equine eye. The mean intraocular pressure for the pony eye was established as 23.5 mm Hg (sd +/- 4.5). Comparing the non-anaesthetised and anaesthetised pony eye (xylazine-ketamine and glycerol guaiacolate) no significant change in intraocular pressure occurred (P < 0.49). Mean aqueous outflow facility was 0.88 microliter/min/mm Hg (sd +/- 0.65) which is significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the canine and ...
Bertone AL, Cockerell GL, Lee RE, Stashak TS.Light microscopy, morphometry, and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the mucosal morphologic features of 7 intestinal specimens (3 from the small intestine; 4 from the large intestine) from each of 8 horses 1 year after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or extensive large-colon resection (group 2; n = 5). Qualitative light microscopic examination did not reveal differences between groups, but morphometry revealed significantly (P less than 0.05) greater intercrypt area and distance in horses with colon resection and this was most pronounced in the cecum and remaining right ventra...
Richey MT, Holland MS, McGrath CJ, Dodman NH, Marshall DB, Court MH, Norman WM, Seeler DC.The incidence of post-anesthetic lameness in 655 horses undergoing 733 anesthetic episodes over a 3 year period was 6.4%. Nineteen factors previously reported or proposed to play a role in the development of post-anesthetic lameness were evaluated statistically. Only hypotension and the duration of the anesthetic period were significant factors.
Pirie M, Pirie HM, Wright NG.The surface features of the upper respiratory tract of 20 clinically normal horses of various ages and types were studied with scanning electron microscopy. In the rostral part of the nasal cavity, there was a wide zone of non-ciliated epithelium whereas, caudally, the surface was well ciliated. This latter type of epithelium extended into the nasopharynx and guttural pouches although scattered areas of non-ciliated microvillous cells were also found.
Desjardins MR, Vachon AM.A chronic Rhodococcus equi metaphysitis involving the distal growth plate of the left third metatarsal bone had induced a longstanding lameness in a young foal. Abnormal hematologic values included mild anemia, hyperfibrinogemia, mild leukocytosis, and neutrophilia. Radiography of the distal portion of MT3 revealed a radiolucent zone on the medial aspect of the growth plate, and small pieces of bone suggestive of sequestra. Treatment with erythromycin estolate and rifampin, aggressive surgical debridement, and cancellous bone grafting helped resolve the bone infection.
Baird AN, Scruggs DW, Watkins JP, Taylor TS.Sixteen horses were allotted to 4 groups of 4 horses each to evaluate the effect of tendon sheath lavage with 4 solutions (balanced electrolyte solution, 0.1% povidone-iodine, 0.5% povidone-iodine, and 0.5% chlorhexidine). The synovitis caused by 0.1% povidone-iodine lavage was not appreciably worse than that caused by balanced electrolyte solution lavage, but the 0.5% povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine lavages caused severe synovitis, and, therefore, should not be used for tendon sheath lavage.
Joyce JR, Martin JE, Storts RW, Skow L.The clinical, gross and microscopic ophthalmic lesions of iridial hypoplasia, limbic dermoids and cataracts in a Quarterhorse stallion and a group of its offspring are described. It is proposed that the lesions in the stallion were the result of an independent mutation and that the defects were transmitted to its offspring by an autosomal dominant gene.
Belknap JK, Derksen FJ, Nickels FA, Stick JA, Robinson NE.Upper airway flow mechanics and arterial blood gas measurements were used to assess the efficacy of subtotal arytenoidectomy for treatment of induced left laryngeal hemiplegia in horses. Measurements were collected with the horses at rest, and trotting or pacing on a treadmill (6.38 degrees incline) at speeds of 4.2 and 7.0 m/s. Experimental protocols were performed after right common carotid artery exteriorization (baseline), after left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (LRLN), and after left subtotal arytenoidectomy. At baseline, increasing treadmill speed progressively increased peak inspirato...
Dean PW, Cohen ND.A noncurrent prospective study of nonworking horses with arytenoid chondropathy was conducted to confirm a clinical impression that horses with unilateral chondropathy and accompanying lesions had a poorer prognosis after arytenoidectomy than horses with bilateral or uncomplicated unilateral chondropathy. Surgical failure was defined as death, euthanasia, permanent tracheostomy, or reoperation. Survival to surgical failure and clinical improvement data were compared between horses with and without accompanying lesions treated by arytenoidectomy. The probability of surgical failure was signific...
Prieto D, Benedito S, Rivera L, Hernández M, García-Sacristan A.The distribution and density of intrinsic autonomic nerve fibers and cells were studied in the equine urinary bladder by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method to localize tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), and by means of a histochemical technique to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. The results suggest that the equine urinary bladder, like that of other mammalian species, possesses a rich autonomic innervation which includes catecholaminergic and acetylcholinesterase positive nerves. At least a part of these nerve fibers have an intrinsic origin from ganglion ce...
Burg JG, Roberts AW, Williams NM, Powell DG, Knapp FW.Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the causal agent of Potomac horse fever, was attempted with adult stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans, (L.) using two feeding schedules. In schedule A, a set of 140 flies was allowed to feed once on an experimentally infected donor pony and once 24 h later on a recipient pony. A different set of flies was used each day for a 12-d period. In schedule B, 240 flies were allowed to feed once daily for 12 consecutive d on the donor pony followed by five consecutive daily feedings on the recipient pony. E. risticii was isolated from the blood of the exp...
Matthews NS, Lindsay SL.Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for halothane was measured before and after administration of intravenous butorphanol (0.022 and 0.044 mg/kg in bodyweight in nine yearling Shetland ponies. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, expired CO2 and rectal temperature was also measured. Even though mean MAC values decreased 10 and 9 per cent after the low and high doses respectively, they were not statistically different from those measured prior to butorphanol. Halothane MAC values increased after butorphanol in two ponies, both animals increasing locomotor activity and demonst...
Dvoĭnos GM, Kharchenko VA.Parasitic larvae of 30 strongylid species of horses out of 53 species known for the fauna of the USSR are identified. The paper presents descriptions of 7 earlier unknown phenons of parasitic late 4th-stage larvae, the specific belonging of which in not yet ascertained. The possibility of their identification is discussed.
Held JP, Adair S, McGavin MD, Adams WH, Toal R, Henton J.Two stallions had unilateral bacterial epididymitis attributable to S zooepidemicus infection. Diagnosis was based on bacterial isolation, WBC in the semen, higher than normal blood fibrinogen concentration, and leukocytosis with regenerative left shift. One horse had high seminal pH. Ultrasonography of the involved epididymides revealed changes consistent with the appearance of abnormal accumulation of exudate in the tail of the epididymis. Treatment included unilateral orchiectomy and antibiotic administration. In stallion 1, the infection persisted despite treatment. Treatment result was no...
Simoens P, Lauwers H, De Muelenare C, Muylle E, Steenhaut M.A clinical case of Horner's syndrome is described in a Standardbred horse, and the various symptoms of cranial sympathetic denervation are studied in two ponies after experimental transection of the left cervical sympathetic trunk and vagosympathetic trunk, respectively. The most prominent symptoms of equine Horner's syndrome were ptosis, local sweating and increased cutaneous temperature in the denervated area. Enophthalmos, miosis and increased lacrimation were also observed but these symptoms were mild, variable and difficult to ascertain. Prolapse of the third eyelid was not noticed. Conco...
Nequin LG, King SS, Matt KS, Jurak RC.The transition from anoestrus to oestrus in mares is controlled by photoperiod. The present study examined whether additional daylength would accelerate the mares' response to gonadotrophin-releasing-hormone (GnRH). Nine anoestrous mares were placed under ambient or artificial long lighting on 7th January. The four month experimental period was divided into a three-day sequence which was repeated at 21 day intervals. Ovaries were palpated rectally on Day 1; saline was injected (1 ml intravenously [iv]) on Day 2; GnRH was administered (0.59 microgram/kg bodyweight iv) on Day 3. Blood was taken ...
Floris B, Bini PP, Nuvole P, Di Meglio FG.The changes of some parameters in the blood serum of six Giara horses (3 males and 3 females) were checked weekly, in relation to the environmental temperature throughout a one winter and summer. T3, total lipids, triglycerides, urea nitrogen, creatinine, total protein, albumin, beta and gamma globulin showed significant difference between winter and summer and, with the exception of triglycerides, urea nitrogen and total protein were correlated to the environmental temperature. T4, glucose, uric acid and alpha globulin showed no difference between the two seasons and no correlation with the t...
Tate LP, Sweeney CL, Bowman KF, Newman HC, Duckett WM.Transendoscopic neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser was used to treat 12 standing horses with epiglottic entrapment (EE) or dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP), or both. In four horses, transendoscopic laser staphylectomy was performed. The most common presenting complaints were respiratory stridor, cough, and exercise intolerance. Ten horses with EE healed without epiglottic complications; in one horse, partial adhesion of the aryepiglottic fold to one side of the epiglottis was corrected surgically through a laryngotomy incision. One horse with DDSP had no further sign...
Svensson EM, Telldahl Y, Sjöling E, Sundkvist A, Hulth H, Sjøvold T, Götherström A.Domestication of animals and plants marked a turning point in human prehistory. To date archaeology, archaeozoology and genetics have shed light on when and where all of our major livestock species were domesticated. Phenotypic changes associated with domestication have occurred in all farm animals. Coat colour is one of the traits that have been subjected to the strongest human selection throughout history. Here we use genotyping of coat colour SNPs in horses to investigate whether there were any regional differences or preferences for specific colours associated with specific cultural tradit...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Schnebli HP, Koj A.Highly purified horse leucocyte proteinases 1, 2A and 2B hydrolyze synthetic substrates which are decomposed also by human leucocyte elastase but they are unable to hydrolyze typical substrates of cathepsin G. Thus in distinction to other mammalian species horse leucocytes are devoid of cathepsin G and contain only elastases.
Young DR, Richardson DW, Markel MD.A randomised, blind prospective study was performed to evaluate effects of low dose heparin therapy on complication and survival rates in 33 horses following exploratory celiotomy. Four horses had non-strangulating lesions and seven had strangulating lesions of the small intestine, 19 had non-strangulating lesions of the large intestine, and three had duodenitis-proximal jejunitis. Eighteen required an enterotomy or intestinal resection and anastomosis. Sixteen received heparin subcutaneously (66 iu/kg every 12 h) post operatively and 17 received a saline placebo for a mean of 3.7 days. There ...
Hall RF, Pursell AR, Cole JR, Youmans BC.An epizootic of equine infectious anemia (EIA) involved 35 horses on a farm in south Georgia. During a 126-day period, 21 of these horses became seropositive for EIA. After the initial diagnosis in July, the horses were tested every 7 to 10 days. At least one additional horse was found to be seropositive on each testing day. As soon as they were determined to be seropositive, the horses were removed from the herd and sent to slaughter. The removal of the seropositive horses, however, did not stop the epizootic. We believe the initial infection was from a 7-year-old stallion that recently had b...
Kadir FH, al-Massad FK, Fatemi SJ, Singh HK, Wilson MT, Moore GR.Reactions of reduced horse spleen ferritin with horse and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferricytochromes c, cow ferricytochrome b5, sperm-whale metmyoglobin and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ferricytochrome c-551 were investigated by u.v.-visible spectrophotometry. In all cases the reduced ferritin reduced the ferrihaemoproteins. The rate of reduction varied from less than 0.2 M-1.s-1 for metmyoglobin to 1.1 x 10(3) M-1.s-1 for horse ferricytochrome c (0.1 M-phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, at 25 degrees C). We conclude that the mechanism of ferrihaemoprotein reduction involves long-range electron transfer throu...
Dorr TE, Higgins RJ, Dangler CA, Madigan JE, Witham CL.Three cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis were diagnosed over a 12-month period in horses that had never left the state of California. These cases suggest that the disease is enzootic in California.
Funkquist P, Nyman G, Persson SG.In order to evaluate the haemodynamic response to exercise in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia (RCHV), 12 trotters with RCHV were compared with 9 normovolaemic (NV) trotters. Haemodynamic data were recorded during exercise at 4 different speeds on a treadmill. Oxygen uptake was determined with an open bias flow system. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), systemic artery pressure (SAP), heart rate, packed cell volume (PCV) and plasma lactate and haemoglobin ([Hb]) concentrations were measured. Arteriovenous O2 content difference, cardiac output, stroke volume, pulmonary vascular r...
Portier K, Guichardant M, Debouzy JC, Crouzier D, Geraud I, Kirschvink N, Lekeux P, Fellmann N, Coudert J.Whether direct exposure to different concentrations (0%, 13%, 100%) of oxygen may affect horse erythrocyte membrane fluidity (EMF) and fatty acid (FA) composition was studied during 1 (T60) and 2h (T120) exposure. EMF was investigated at the head group level and hydrophobic core thanks to phosphorus nucleus 31 ((31)P) nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) using two spin probes: 5-nitroxydestearic acid and 16-doxylstearic acid. Lipid structure of the membranes was studied by gas liquid chromatography. 4-Hydroxy-2E-nonenal was also analyzed as a marke...
Chang Y, Maylin GM, Matsumoto G, Neades SM, Catlin DH.Methods have been developed to screen for and confirm darbepoetin alfa, recombinant human EPO, and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin β (PEG-epoetin β) in horse plasma. All three methods screen samples with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirm by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This report focuses on PEG-epoetin β. The ELISA assay was able to detect PEG-epoetin β at 0.02 ng/mL in 50 µL of horse plasma. Many samples had high background levels of immunoreactivity; however, introducing polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) into the samples before...
Giorgi M, Mengozzi G, Raffaelli A, Saba A.Tepoxalin is a veterinary drug registered for use in the dog as a dual inhibitor (cyclooxygenase-5 lipoxygenase). In the horse, it predominantly triggers a strong cyclooxygenase inhibition; this bias seems to be due to the action of its metabolite(s). Among these, only the RWJ-20142 is well known, while to the best of our knowledge no information is available on the other metabolites produced in vivo. Hence, the identification of its main metabolic pathway is pivotal to better understand its clinical activity. A suitable high performance liquid chromatography method has been applied to liquid ...
Young JB.An epizootic of anthrax in Eastern Falls County, Texas, killed at least 238 animals during a 6-week period ending July 31, 1974. Infection appeared to be caused by the ingestion of contaminated soil and grass in the drought-stricken central Texas area. The participation of the Texas Department of Agriculture, the Texas National Guard, and other state agencies was of great assistance to the Texas Animal Health Commission in handling the epizootic and panic stricken public. Use of the unencapsulated Sterne strain spore vaccine was credited with preventing many livestock losses in the area. Conta...
Jansen WL, van der Kuilen J, Geelen SN, Beynen AC.An attempt was made to quantify the effect of extra fat intake on fibre utilization in horses. In a 4 x 4 cross-over trial with feeding periods of 24 days each, eight mature trotting horses (age 4 to 12 years, 407 to 531 kg BW) were given four diets. The concentrates were formulated to contain either soybean oil or an iso-energetic amount of glucose or combinations of the two ingredients. The concentrates were fed in combination with the same amount of hay so that the whole diets contained 30, 50, 77 or 108 g EE/kg DM. Apart from the amounts of fat and glucose the four diets were identical. Wi...
Francis JM, Neander CR, Roeder MJ, Perry EB.Palatants may be added to equine feed and medication either during or after manufacturing to enhance product acceptance. Prior studies have examined a variety of palatants but results have been limited and inconsistent. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate topically applied oil-based palatants on feeding preferences in horses. Stock-type horses (n = 10) were used in this paired preference test across a two-phase study. Phase one compared six palatants (banana, anise, peppermint, apple, spearmint, and orange) to a control (corn oil), whereas phase two compared preference a...
Quinn GC, Tremaine WH, Lane JG.There are few reports of case series of horses with supernumerary cheek teeth (SCT) that document clinical findings, treatment and long-term outcome. Objective: To review the clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings and responses to different treatments in horses with SCT. Methods: The case records of 15 horses were reviewed and long-term outcomes obtained by telephone interview. Results: Fifteen horses with a total of 24 SCT were identified. Two SCT were incidental findings and were not treated. Clinical signs were improved or resolved in 11 of 13 of the teeth treated conservatively and all...
Reimann HA.It is conceivable that a change from the virulent, non-phagocytable S form of Pneumococcus to the avirulent phagocytable R form may take place in pneumococcus disease, but the experiments here reported do not settle the question whether or not this is an important factor in determining the outcome in natural infection. It has been shown experimentally that the degradation from the S form to the R form actually does take place in cultures of Pneumococcus growing in agar subcutaneously embedded in guinea pigs, in agar enclosed in vials subcutaneously embedded in rabbits, and spontaneously in the...
Jemmerson R, Margoliash E.Of the antigenic determinants so far identified for cytochrome c, only one involves more than a single amino acid substitution between the immunogen and host proteins. Both a threonine at position 89 and a glutamic acid at position 92 control one of the three antigenic sites identified in horse cytochrome c, as expressed in rabbits. Three antibody subpopulations, all directed against this region of the molecule, were isolated from the serum of a single rabbit by adsorption on a series of insolubilized cytochromes c. Antibody fluorescence quenching titrations with a variety of cytochromes c wer...
Wang Z, Robinson NE, Yu M.This study was conducted to determine the effects of stimulation parameters and muscle preload on acetylcholine (ACh) release induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of horse airway cholinergic nerves. Trachealis strip bundles were prepared and suspended in 2-ml tissue baths. The tissues were stimulated three to five times for 30 min each. Increasing frequency (0.5-16 Hz) and voltage (5-20 V) increased ACh release; increasing pulse duration (0.5-3 ms) had only a minor effect. Alterations in muscle preload (2-20 g) had no effect on ACh release. ACh release was fairly constant for up to fi...
Betton JM, Desmadril M, Mitraki A, Yon JM.The unfolding-refolding transition of horse muscle phosphoglycerate kinase induced by guanidine hydrochloride was studied under equilibrium conditions using four different signals: fluorescence intensity at 336 nm, UV difference absorbance at 286 and 292 nm, ellipticity at 220 nm, and enzyme activity. From the following arguments, we found that the process deviates from a two-state model and intermediates are significantly populated even at equilibrium: (1) the noncoincidence of the transition curves and (2) the asymmetry of the transition curve obtained from CD measurements. From these differ...
Gerber H, Ueltschi G, Diehl M, Schatzmann U, Straub R.For various anamnestic reasons the cervical vertebral column of 78 horses was examined radiologically. Statistical comparisons showed that male "warmbloods" were more frequently affected than was expected. Our horses were older than comparable animals in the international literature. Independently of their history the radiologic diagnosis of "cervical spondylarthrosis" was established in 56 horses. Arthrosis and other conditions were clinically manifested by spinal ataxia (44 horses) or mechanical impairment of the neck's mobility (21 horses). 10 of the arthrotic patients had synovial cysts ca...
Laing JA, Hutchins DR.Progressive ethmoidal haematoma was diagnosed in 12 Thoroughbreds, 1 part- Arab and 1 stock horse. Ages ranged from 3 to 18 years and both males and females were affected. Diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs, endoscopic and radiographic findings, and was confirmed histologically in 10 cases. Eleven (78%) of the lesions were unilateral and 3 (22%) were bilateral. Two horses were euthanased on diagnosis, 4 were treated conservatively. Of the latter, 3 were euthanased 6 to 24 months after diagnosis, due to progression of the lesions, while 1 case resolved completely within 13 months. E...
Padilla SL, Prieto K, Dohm DJ, Turell MJ, Klein TA, Fernández R, Watts DM, Lowen RG, Palacios GF, Pitt ML, Wiley MR, Nasar F.Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an important pathogen of medical and veterinary importance in the Americas. In this report, we present the complete genome sequences of five VEEV isolates obtained from pools of Culex (Melanoconion) gnomatos (4) or Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi (1) from Iquitos, Peru. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses showed that all five isolates grouped within the VEEV complex sister to VEEV IIIC and are members of subtype IIID. This is the first report of full-length genomic sequences of VEEV IIID.
Westendorf J, Wobeser B, Epp T.Inter- and intra-rater variability negatively affects the reliability of various histopathology grading scales used as prognostic aids in human and veterinary medicine. The Kenney-Doig categorization (grading) scale, which is used to associate equine endometrial histologic lesions with prognostic estimation of a broodmare's reproductive potential, has not been evaluated for inter- or intra-rater variability, to our knowledge. To assess whether the Kenney-Doig system produces reliable results among observers, 8 pathologists, all with American College of Veterinary Pathologists certification, we...
Awasthi G, Srivastava G, Das A.Comparative genomics and evolutionary analyses of conserved genes have enabled us to understand the complexity of genomes of closely related species. For example: β-globin gene present in human hemoglobin is one such gene that has experienced many genetic changes in many related taxa and produced more than 600 variants. One of the variant, HBS causes sickle-cell anemia in humans but offers protection against severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. In the present study, we characterized and performed evolutionary comparative analyses of the ?-globin gene in different related and unrelated...
Heerkens TM.Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) causes rhinopneumonitis, abortion, and rarely, myeloencephalopathy. The neurovirulence of this virus is due to a point mutation in the DNA polymerase gene. Diagnosis by virus isolation has been replaced by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays that can detect strains, viral loads, and states; this may aid in control and management of the disease. L’herpèsvirus équin de type-1 (EHV-1) cause la rhinopneumonie, l’avortement et rarement la myéloencéphalopathie. La neurovirulence de ce virus est attribuable à une mutation ponctuelle à l’intér...
Evans DL, Silverman EB, Hodgson DR, Eaton MD, Rose RJ.The relationship between gait and the respiratory response to exercise was examined in five standardbred racehorses which exercised on a treadmill at a pace and a gallop. After an initial warm-up, respiratory rate and stride frequency were measured after one and two minutes of treadmill exercise at 80 per cent of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), after one minute at 100 per cent VO2max and after two minutes at 100 per cent VO2max (galloping horses only). Exercise at 100 per cent VO2max continued until the horses showed signs of fatigue. Arterial blood was collected during exercise and when ...
Teijeiro JM, Marini PE.The oviduct is a dynamic organ in which final gamete maturation, fertilization and early embryo development take place. It is considered to be a sterile site; however the mechanism for sterility maintenance is still unknown. S100A7 is an anti-microbial peptide that has been reported in human reproductive tissues such as prostate, testicle, ovary, normal cervical epithelium and sperm. The current work reports the presence of S100A7 in the Fallopian tube and its localization at the apical surface of epithelial cells. For comparison, porcine S100A7 was used for antibody development and search for...
