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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Factors associated with the development of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy. A case-control study was done to identify factors associated with the development of equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy (EDM). Questionnaires were mailed to the owners of 146 horses admitted to the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine between November 1978 and June 1987 and diagnosed as having EDM by histologic examination. Questionnaires also were sent to owners of 402 clinically normal horses admitted to the college during the same period. Data were compared between the EDM-affected and control groups (56 and 179 questionnaires returned, respectively). Risk factors identified i...
Failure of pH to predict ionized calcium percentage in healthy horses. Blood, serum, and plasma total calcium concentrations and plasma and serum ionized calcium concentrations were anaerobically determined by use of a calcium-specific electrode for samples obtained from 39 healthy horses. Mean (+/- SD) serum ionized calcium concentration was 6.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dl (1.6 +/- 0.1 mmol/L) and the mean serum ionized calcium percentage was 58.2 +/- 3.4%. Serum ionized calcium percentage was not significantly correlated with serum pH. Plasma ionized calcium percentage was weakly correlated with plasma pH (r = -0.480; P less than or equal to 0.05). Ionized calcium concentrat...
Environmental effects on thermoregulation and nutrition of horses. Horses are reared in all types of weather. Temperatures as diverse as -40 degrees C to 40 degrees C are tolerated by horses. The nutrient requirement most influenced by cold weather is energy. In cold weather, feeding good quality hays free-choice is usually sufficient for mature horses in good body condition. Grain may have to be fed when poor quality hays are used. Hot weather (greater than 30 degrees C) necessitates heat loss to maintain body core temperature. Horses sweat to reduce body heat. Heat stress can be minimized by feeding diets that reduce the heat increment. Use of grain and fat...
[The applicability of a detection method independent of a laboratory for progesterone in the blood plasma of mares (Hygia progesterone test)]. A rapid progesterone assay for cow's milk was checked as to whether it was applicable to mares' blood plasma. The "Hygia Progesterone-Test" is an on-farm test which serves for qualitative analysis. It is generally unusable for mares' plasma but sufficiently precise only in cases of larger or smaller progesterone levels. In cases of moderate amounts of progesterone the test is imprecise. The test can be carried out quickly and easily, but the preparation of blood samples takes more time than preparation of milk samples. The test can be recommended for usage in veterinary practice only, but not ...
Absence of cadmium in the blood of horses fed oats grown on municipal sludge-amended soil. Effluents from a number of industries which are typically treated in municipal sewage plants result in cadmium-containing sludge. Disposal of such sewage sludge by application to agricultural land can result in uptake of cadmium by crops. In this study, oats were grown on soils which had been amended with sewage sludge from Syracuse, New York. The cadmium concentration in the sludge-grown oats was 1.79 ppm dry weight. Horses were fed the sludge-grown oats for 6 weeks during which time blood samples were taken for the determination of cadmium. No significant differences (p greater than 0.05) we...
A contact method for the assessment of ultrasonic velocity and broadband attenuation in cortical and cancellous bone. A portable system using a direct contact for the measurement of ultrasonic velocity and broadband attenuation in bone is described (contact ultrasonic bone analyser, CUBA). Soft-tissue compensation is performed using an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. CUBA has been successfully validated using reference materials, the precision of velocity and broadband attenuation measurements being typically 0.2% and 0.5% respectively. The clinical reproducibility has been assessed on the equine third metacarpal bone. The reproducibility of velocity measurement is typically 0.5% for cortical bone and 1% for...
Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by a greater than 30,000 molecular weight factor in horse conceptus-conditioned medium. In this experiment we have identified and partially characterized the immunosuppressive activity of preimplantation horse conceptus-conditioned medium (HCCM). Horse conceptuses were nonsurgically flushed from mares at Days 9-10 (n = 6), 15-16 (n = 3), and 25-26 (n = 3). After incubating the conceptuses for 24 h in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin, HCCM was obtained from cultures and tested for immunosuppressive activity in lymphocyte proliferation assays. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from randomly selected mares were stimulated with...
Gonadotropin response by postpartum mares to gonadotropin-releasing hormone. We hypothesized that the LH response to GnRH would be greater as the interval from foaling increases, whereas the FSH response would decrease, and that corpus luteum function after the first ovulation would be similar to that after the second ovulation. At parturition, mares were assigned to receive GnRH (2 micrograms/kg) intravenously on 1) d 3 postpartum (n = 6); 2) d 6 postpartum (n = 6); 3) d 1 of first postpartum estrus (foal estrus) and again on d 1 of second postpartum estrus (n = 8). Blood was collected through an indwelling cannula at -2, -1 and 0 h relative to GnRH stimulation (basal...
Effects of clustered drill holes on the breaking strength of the equine third metacarpal bone. The breaking strength (stress at failure) of equine third metacarpal bones, with and without clustered drill holes, was determined in vitro. Paired ossa metacarpalia II-IV of 39 horses (n = 39) between 2 and 7 years old were tested in palmarodorsal 3-point bending. Four treatments were compared. Clustered 2.7- or 3.5-mm drill holes, in a 4- or 7-hole pattern, were made in the dorsal cortex of the distal diaphysis of the left third metacarpal bone. Undrilled right third metacarpi were used as controls. Bones with clustered drill holes failed by an oblique fracture through 1 or more drill holes,...
Immunoturbidimetric quantification of serum immunoglobulin G concentration in foals. Immunoturbidimetric determination of serum IgG concentration in foals was compared with the reference methods of single radial immunodiffusion and serum protein electrophoresis. High positive correlations were discovered when the technique was compared with either of these reference methods. The zinc sulfate turbidity test for serum IgG estimation was also evaluated. Although a positive correlation was discovered when the latter method was compared with reference methods, it was not as strong as the correlation between reference methods and the immunoturbidimetric method. The immunoturbidimetr...
[Radiographic diagnosis of abdominal diseases in foals and ponys. II. Pathologic findings in 60 cases]. A diagnostic approach based on clinical and radiographic examinations for evaluation of young foals and small ponies with acute abdominal discomfort is presented. Standing right to left lateral abdominal radiographs were taken of 54 foals and 6 ponies using a previously described technique. Interpretation of the radiographs was in conjunction with all clinical and laboratory findings and patient management. Using this approach, the site and cause of acute abdominal discomfort could be diagnosed accurately in 55 of 60 (91%) patients as confirmed by clinical, surgical or necropsy findings. Typic...
Electrolytes: clinical applications. Many factors can influence electrolytes in the horse. With the major electrolytes (sodium and potassium), alterations in serum or plasma values do not reflect changes in total body status. However, estimates of electrolyte alterations may be made by combining assessments of body weight changes with plasma sodium values by using the formula of Edelman et al. In planning electrolyte therapy, it has to be remembered that access to green feed or hay is important in correcting any total body potassium depletion and that diets marginal in sodium may interfere with exercise capacity by limiting sweat...
Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987). Eight adult horses with obstructive nephrolithiasis and/or ureterolithiasis were examined between 1981 and 1987. One horse had bilateral ureteral obstruction at hospital admission; the others had unilateral ureteral obstruction. All horses had similar bilateral renal pathologic findings that were compatible with chronic intermittent or complete obstruction. Horses were referred for evaluation of weight loss, poor performance, and/or decreased appetite. Clinical findings, laboratory results, and/or postmortem findings in all horses supported the diagnosis of chronic renal failure. Age of the 8 ...
Cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase activity in horses with central nervous system disease: 69 cases (1984-1989). The CSF creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined in 70 CSF samples from 69 horses with CNS disease. Abnormal values (greater than or equal to 1 IU/L) were determined from 32 CSF samples, and normal values (less than 1 IU/L) were found in 38 samples. Increased CK activity was most frequently associated with a diagnosis of equine protozoal myelitis; CK activity was not increased in 11 horses with cervical compressive myelopathy. Other diagnoses, in which CSF CK activity was increased included trauma (n = 1), idiopathic epilepsy (n = 2), botulism (n = 2), articular facet fracture (n = 1), int...
Chronic proliferative synovitis of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. Chronic proliferative synovitis of 27 metacarpophalangeal joints in 16 horses is described. The diagnosis was based on a history of lameness and, or, poor performance, pain on flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the response to intra-articular anaesthesia, and plain and contrast radiography. Radiographic findings included concavity of the distal dorsal metacarpus proximal to the sagittal ridge, and an increase in size of the synovial tissue adjacent to the proximal, dorsal attachment of the joint capsule. Mineralisation of the synovial tissue was present in some joints, and chip fracture...
Seasonally inhibited development of cyathostomine nematodes in Shetland ponies in The Netherlands. Two groups of three yearling Shetland ponies were used in 1988 to study the epidemiological significance of inhibited development of the Cyathostomine nematodes. In Group 1, acquisition of infections was prevented throughout the grazing season whereas in Group 2 strongylid infections were acquired from the beginning of July until the end of September. Worm counts showed that the Cyathostomine nematode populations of Group 1 ponies mainly consisted of adult worms and those of Group 2 ponies of inhibited early third stage larvae (L3). These results indicate that a large proportion of Cyathostomi...
A survey of whole blood selenium concentrations of horses in Maryland. We surveyed the whole blood selenium status of a randomly sampled population of horses from 4 contiguous counties in northern Maryland. Two hundred and two horses from 74 farms were sampled. Whole blood selenium levels greater than or equal to 0.100 parts per million (ppm) were considered adequate; blood levels less than 0.100 ppm were considered marginal or deficient. The average blood selenium concentration of the horses sampled was 0.137 ppm, with a standard deviation of 0.041 ppm. Blood selenium concentrations ranged from 0.050-0.266 ppm. Thirty-eight of 202 horses (18.8%) had a selenium l...
Haemodynamic effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. A comparison of the haemodynamic benefits of small volume hypertonic saline (2,400 mOsm/litre) versus isotonic saline (300 mOsm/litre) was conducted in 12 adult horses using a haemorrhagic shock model. The horses were anaesthetised and intravascular catheters placed for the measurement of haemodynamic data. Mean systemic arterial pressure was then reduced to 50 to 60 mmHg by controlled haemorrhage and maintained at that level for 40 mins. Cardiac output, stroke volume, mean systemic arterial pressure, plasma volume and urine production decreased significantly following blood loss. Hypertonic o...
Vascular response of the equine radius to cerclage devices. The arterial blood supply to the diaphysis of the radius, and the vascular reaction when three cerclage devices (cerclage wire, Parham-Martin band, and a partially contacting band) were applied 2 cm apart, were studied in six adult ponies. The opposite radial diaphysis served as the control. Ponies were euthanatized at weeks 4 and 8. A centrifugal blood flow pattern was demonstrated by microangiography. Larger numbers of medullary arteries exist in equine than in canine and human long bones. Changes in centrifugal blood supply were not identified beneath any of the cerclage devices.
Isolation of Gardnerella vaginalis from the reproductive tract of four mares. A gram-variable pleomorphic bacillus was isolated from the reproductive tracts of 4 mares during routine prebreeding soundness examinations. Using a commercial bacterial identification system, these organisms were identified as Streptococcus acidominimus. However, colonial and Gram-staining characteristics did not support this identification. Subsequent testing indicated the organism was similar to Gardnerella vaginalis. Additional growth and biochemical analysis performed in our laboratory and at the Michigan Department of Public Health and by the Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia,...
