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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Evaluation of the repair process of cartilage defects of the equine third carpal bone with and without subchondral bone perforation. To determine the effect of subchondral bone drilling (forage) on the cartilage repair process after injury has occurred, a cartilage defect (1 cm in diameter) was created on the radial facet of the proximal surface of each third carpal bone in 6 adult horses. In one of the third carpal bones (right or left thoracic limb) of each horse, a 1-cm cartilage defect was created, and 5 holes (1 mm in diameter and 10 mm deep) were drilled through the subchondral bone into the cancellous bone. In the other thoracic limb, an identical defect was created, but not drilled. Analyses of cell numbers and type...
A short, reliable, highly reproducible complement fixation test for the serological diagnosis of contagious equine metritis. A complement fixation test, using round-bottomed microtitration plates and an 8 channel microdiluter, based on that used for brucellosis by Herr, Huchzermeyer, Te Brugge, Williamson, Roos & Schiele, 1985, has been developed for use on the sera of horses to detect antibodies to the contagious equine metritis organism. The results with 2 known positive sera tested 116 times in 27 separate tests were reproducible for the most part within a twofold range. They seldom exceeded these limits and never exceeded a fourfold range. The test itself is capable of being carried out within 90 min. The test w...
The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic uterine infection: a sequential migration analysis. The functional competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) from 28 mares was measured for migration responsiveness by use of a chamber (filter) assay. Uterine infection was induced with Streptococcus zooepidemicus in mares considered resistant to chronic uterine infection (Grade I). In sequential analysis of uterine flushings obtained from these mares 5, 12, 15, 20, and 25 h after infection was induced, PMNs showed an initial rise at 12 h (from 5), then a general decline in migration response and in concentration of cells per ml from 12 through 25 h post-inoculation. In ...
Software for analysis of equine ground reaction force data. Software for analysis of force plate recordings of the horse at normal walk is described. The data of a number of stance phases are averaged to obtain a representative tracing of that horse. The amplitudes of a number of characteristic peaks in the force-time curves are used to compare left and right front limbs and left and right hind limbs. The averaged tracings are plotted, default on the line printer or, via separate program, on a high quality pen plotter. A version of the program applicable for analysis of human force plate recordings, is available.
Nocardia epididymo-orchitis in an immunosuppressed patient. The immunocompromised patient after organ transplantation is susceptible to unusual and life-threatening infections. We report a case of epididymitis that evolved into testicular nocardiosis after cardiac transplantation. An awareness of the potential for these infections and early diagnosis may prevent extensive morbidity in the post-transplantation patient.
Developmental behavior. Examination of the developmental changes that occur in the behavior of foals reveals three major periods that can be characterized by certain types of behavior. Although the beginnings and endings of these periods are not definitive, these periods may be conceptually useful in evaluating a foal's behavior. Period of Dependence. During the first 4 weeks of life, a foal is maximally dependent on its mother for sustenance, remains near her, and has little contact with other horses or ponies of any age. Period of Socialization. During the second and third months of life, foals have rapidly increas...
Pulsatile administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone advances ovulation in cycling mares. Cycling standardbred mares were infused with saline or 20 micrograms gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a pulsatile pattern (one 5-sec pulse/h, 2 h or 4 h) beginning on Day 16 of the estrous cycle. Although serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) increased significantly earlier in all three GnRH-treated groups (within one day of the initiation of infusion) compared to saline-infused controls, there were no differences in peak periovulatory LH concentrations among treatments (overall mean +/- SEM, 8.98 +/- 0.55 ng/ml). The number of days from the start of treatment to ovulation w...
Erythrocyte agglutination associated with heparin treatment in three horses. In vitro erythrocyte agglutination developed in 3 hospitalized horses receiving heparin treatment. The agglutination caused artifactual decreases in erythrocyte counts and increases in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values. Treatment of cell suspensions with trypsin eliminated the agglutination and the changes in erythrocyte count and MCV. Similar abnormalities in erythrocyte counts and MCV have been reported in healthy horses treated with heparin and have been cited as evidence of hemolysis and regenerative anemia.
Surface oximetry of healthy and ischemic equine intestine. Measurements of jejunal, ileal, and large colon (pelvic flexure) surface O2 tension (PSO2) were made in halothane-anesthetized horses with a nonheated miniature oxygen polarographic electrode. Assisted ventilation with 100% O2 was used to maintain PaCO2 tension at 50 +/- 8 mm of Hg while mean arterial blood pressure was maintained greater than or equal to 70 mm of Hg. Mean +/- SD PSO2 for the intestinal segments were: jejunum (horses 1 to 4), 71 +/- 20 mm of Hg; ileum (horses 1 to 4), 61 +/- 8 mm of Hg; and pelvic flexure of the large colon (horses 1 to 10), 55 +/- 13 mm of Hg. The response of...
The lack of effect of inoculation with equine influenza vaccine on theophylline pharmacokinetics in the horse. Several studies conducted during the past few years have shown that the pharmacokinetics of a variety of drugs may be altered following viral infection or vaccination. The elimination of drugs which are extensively metabolized, such as theophylline, may be prolonged, especially following exposure to RNA viruses such as Type A influenza or similar orthomyxoviruses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vaccination of horses with equine influenza virus affected pharmacokinetic parameters describing the distribution and elimination of intravenously administered theophylline. Three th...
Principles of learning. This article discusses some general principles of learning as well as possible constraints and how such principles can apply to horses. A brief review is presented of experiments that were designed to assess learning in horses. The use of behavior modification techniques to treat behavior problems in horses is discussed and several examples of the use of these techniques are provided.
Clinical survey of antibodies against red blood cells in horses after homologous blood transfusion. Serum samples of 20 horses were evaluated for antibodies against RBC after homologous blood transfusion. Transfusion-associated antibodies against RBC were detected in 10 horses. Antibodies recognizing horse blood group antigens Aa, Ae, Db, and Dc were identified. Antibodies against Aa were found in all samples from Aa-negative horses that were transfused with Aa-positive RBC. Antibodies against Aa persisted for at least 1 year after transfusion. Antibodies against Ae were detected in 7 of 8 horses transfused with Ae-positive RBC. Initial appearance and persistence of antibodies against Ae dif...
Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue concentrations of ticarcillin given to the horse by intravenous and intrauterine routes. Plasma and endometrial tissue concentrations of ticarcillin were measured in healthy mares. In the first of the 3 separate phases comprising the study, ticarcillin disodium (30 mg/kg) was administered IV. The mean peak concentration in endometrial tissue, 12.9 micrograms/g, was attained at 30 minutes. The plasma half-life of the drug in the 6 mares was 0.83 +/- 0.22 hour. Six grams of the drug was diluted in 250 ml of sodium chloride injection USP (2nd phase) and in 60 ml of sodium chloride injection USP (3rd phase). These dilutions were administered by intrauterine infusion. In phase 2, the m...
Studies on the nutritional physiology of zoophilic dermatophytes isolated from horses in Ibadan, Nigeria. The effects of the various growth factors with regard to the nutritional physiology of zoophilic dermatophytes isolated from horses are reported. The optimum temperature, pH and growth period for the fungal isolates were found to be 30 degrees-35 degrees C, 5-6 and 7-12 days respectively while the carbon and nitrogen sources utilised by the organisms were sucrose, fructose, maltose, L-arginine and calcium nitrate. The use of these factors in preparation of efficacious fungicides used in the treatment of ringworm infections in man and animals is discussed.
Feeding behavior. Problems related to feeding behavior in horses fall into three main categories: underconsumption, overconsumption, and abnormal consumption. Anorexia may be caused by a variety of diseases and overcome by removing the underlying causes (pain, fever), and physical or chemical stimulation of appetite. "Hypophagia" may be caused by poor dentition, disease, or stress. Again, removal of the cause or stimulation by physical or chemical means may improve intakes. Acute and chronic overconsumption of feeds are reflections of the normal controls (or lack thereof) of feeding in the horse. The only relia...
Follow-up evaluation of horses after neonatal intensive care. A follow-up study was conducted on 131 foals that were less than 7 days old when admitted to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between 1981 and 1983. Of the 71 foals (54%) that survived to be discharged, 39 (55%) were alive at follow-up evaluation, 19 (27%) could not be located, and 13 (18%) had died. The owners of surviving foals were sent questionnaires and 72% responded. The horses were visited and examined, if geographically possible, and an age-matched stablemate or a sibling also was evaluated and used as a control. Thirteen foals (10% of total admitted) died...
Lentivirus genomic organization: the complete nucleotide sequence of the env gene region of equine infectious anemia virus. The nucleotide sequence of the envelope (env) gene region of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), a member of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses, has been determined from a clone of integrated proviral DNA for which the gag and pol sequences have been reported previously. The env gene is 859 codons in length and the sequence reported here is consistent with the published biochemical properties of EIAV glycoproteins. The env gene region of EIAV shares considerable structural similarities but negligible sequence homologies with the env genes of other members of the lentivirus subfamily, ...
Restraint. The object of restraint is to limit, restrict, and keep under control the animal's movement while performing different procedures. The author discusses the importance of evaluating the horse and its owner prior to employing any type of restraint, various concepts of restraint, and examples of situations in which restraint may be required.
Social structure. Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
A survey in Louisiana of intestinal helminths of ponies with little exposure to anthelmintics. Ponies reared with minimal or no exposure to anthelmintics were surveyed for intestinal helminths in order to estimate prevalence and intensity of parasite populations unaltered by frequent exposure to anthelmintics. Thirty-seven mixed breed ponies of varying ages were examined. Thirty-four species of nematodes and 2 species of cestodes were found. Twenty-four of the nematode species (including 1 new species) were in the subfamily Cyathostominae (small strongyles). Eighty-seven percent of the total burden of adult small strongyles in the large intestine was composed of 10 species. By comparing...
Laryngotracheal injury associated with nasotracheal intubation in the horse. Laryngotracheal damage following short-term nasotracheal intubation was studied in 7 healthy horses. A flexible fiberoptic endoscope was used to examine the upper respiratory tract of each horse before nasal intubation with a cuffed silicone endotracheal tube and again at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after extubation. Any abnormalities still evident at 48 hours were evaluated at 7 days after extubation. Mucosal damage involved the nasal meatus (5 of 7 horses), the arytenoid cartilages (5 of 7 horses), the trachea (5 of 7 horses), the dorsal pharyngeal recess (4 of 7 horses), the vocal folds ...
Stable vices and trailer problems. Stable vices include oral vices such as cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia, as well as stall walking, weaving, pawing, and stall kicking. Some of these behaviors are escape behaviors; others are forms of self-stimulation. Most can be eliminated by pasturing rather than stall confinement. Trailering problems include failure to load, scrambling in the moving trailer, struggling in the stationary trailer, and refusal to unload. Gradual habituation to entering the trailer, the presence of another horse, or a change in trailer type can be used to treat these problems.
An evaluation of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution for the treatment of experimentally induced dehydration in the horse. Five standardbred geldings were given 1 mg/kg bodyweight of frusemide by intramuscular injection to induce mild dehydration. After food and water deprivation overnight, the mean weight loss was 24.4 +/- 1.8 kg (5.5 per cent of bodyweight). The horses were then given an equivalent volume of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution by stomach tube. No more than 10 litres was given every 30 minutes until the calculated bodyweight loss had been replaced. Measurements made before, during and after the fluid administration included bodyweight, arterial blood haematocrit, PCO2, pH, standard bicar...
Resistance of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor to perchloric acid denaturation and a simplified purification procedure resulting therefrom. Addition of perchloric acid (6.4% w/v final concentration) to horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor or to horse plasma neither precipitated nor inactivated alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor. None of the isoinhibitors of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor was altered by dilute perchloric acid. This unexpected behavior led to a simplified procedure for the purification of horse alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, consisting of removal of the bulk of plasma proteins, by perchloric acid precipitation and by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 and G-200. The resulting preparations of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor were immu...
