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Topic:Horses
"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
Pulmonary changes associated with flotation techniques in the treatment of skeletal injuries in the horse. Six adult horses with normal blood gas values, normal thoracic radiographs and free from overt signs of respiratory disease were confined in flotation tanks for periods from one to seven weeks. With one exception, they all coughed, had a variable amount of nasal discharge and, at autopsy, showed cranio-ventral alterations to their lungs which were characterised by patchy irregular areas of absorption atelectasis with or without an inflammatory reaction and an accompanying alveolar emphysema.
Cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum using animal serum (horse, calf and bovine) as human serum substitute. Horse, calf and bovine serum were successfully used as human serum substitutes in the in vitro cultivation of Plasmodium falciparum. Positive results were obtained only after gradually adapting the parasites to the substitute serum. Adapted lines were established within 4-5 weeks. 10% horse serum was observed to be the best substitute with growth rates comparable or even surprising that obtained in human serum. Pure calf or bovine serum supported stable growths of 20-30% less which was enhanced to comparable levels after addition of 1% glucose-peptone to the medium. Direct transfers of adapted...
Efficacy of human chorionic gonadotrophin and gonadotrophin releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in thoroughbred mares. Plasma progesterone levels were measured daily to determine the accuracy of diagnosing ovulation by rectal palpation carried out every other day; 81.5 per cent mares injected with human chorionic gonadotrophin showed increases of progesterone more than 1 ng/ml by 72 h after injection compared with 65 per cent of mares injected with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) or saline. Mating at ovulation achieved a 74 per cent pregnancy rate in mares given hCG compared with 50 per cent given GnRH and 45 per cent controls. Diagnosis of ovulation per rectum on the basis of a pit in the ovarian surfa...
Effect of meal schedules and fasting on selected plasma free amino acids in horses. The effects of meal frequency and fasting on selected plasma free amino acids (PFAA) was studied in horses. Six 22-mo-old Quarter Horses were used in a replicated 3 X 3 Latin-square design in which each horse received one meal per day (1M), two meals per day (2M) or six meals per day (6M) for 2 wk. A complete pelleted ration was fed at a rate of 1.75% of body weight daily. The consumption of a meal by the horses fed 1M and 2M daily was followed by an increase (P less than .05) in plasma methionine. The highest levels were observed at 5 h and 3 h in the 1M and 2M treatments, respectively. The h...
Cardiac arrest during anaesthesia in two horses. Unexpected cardiac arrest occurred in two horses during routine surgical anaesthesia. Both were successfully resuscitated. The aetiology of these occurrences and their possible relationship to second degree heart block is discussed.
Arterial vs. rectal temperature in ponies: rest, exercise, CO2 inhalation, and thermal stresses. We assessed in ponies the adequacy of using rectal (Tre) rather than arterial temperature (Tar) under conditions common to ventilatory control experiments, i.e., CO2 breathing, thermal stress, and particularly exercise. We were interested in whether, and to what extent, Tar-Tre differences could lead to errors in arterial blood gas corrections. At control environmental temperatures (Ta) of 5 degrees C in the winter and 21 degrees C in the summer, Tar and Tre (37.1 degrees C) did not differ (P greater than 0.05). Elevating winter or summer Ta by 10-18 degrees C for 2-days or lowering summer Ta ...
Transmissibility and abortogenic effect of equine viral arteritis in mares. A group of 14 pregnant mares was exposed via contact to 4 mares bred to stallions infected with equine viral arteritis virus. There was a demonstrable febrile response in each donor mare and in 12 of the pregnant mares. All 18 mares became seropositive after exposure. Equine viral arteritis virus was isolated from the nasopharynx of 5 pregnant mares, but not from the donor mares. Ten of the pregnant mares aborted, and virus was isolated from fetal specimens or placenta of 8.
Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic effects of isoxsuprine in the horse. Isoxsuprine (0.6 mg/kg) administered IV to 6 standing horses produced substantial, transient decreases in systemic blood pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume. It also produced substantial, transient increases in heart rate, cardiac output, and purposeful movement. Plasma concentrations of isoxsuprine peaked soon after the drug was administered IV and then decreased over a 12-hour period in a biexponential manner, with distribution and elimination half-lives of 14 minutes and 2.67 hours, respectively. Total body clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were calcula...
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part II. An electron microscopic study of peripheral nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerves were examined by electron microscopy in five control, four subclinical and four clinical laryngeal hemiplegic horses. In addition, the peroneal nerve was examined in two horses in the latter group. The distally distributed loss of large myelinated fibres in the left recurrent laryngeal nerve seen by light microscopy was confirmed. In addition, active axonal pathology was found to be more evident than indicated by light microscopic investigations. The onion bulb formations observed indicated the repetitive nature of the damaging influence to nerve fibres. Although...
Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. Serum gentamicin concentrations were measured and pharmacokinetic values were calculated for 12 equine patients receiving parenteral gentamicin therapy. Horses were selected for monitoring of gentamicin pharmacokinetics if they met several criteria of high risk for gentamicin-induced toxicosis. Two blood samples were obtained, one immediately before gentamicin dosing and one at 1 hour after dosing. Gentamicin serum concentrations were analyzed and dosage adjustments were made on the basis of calculated one-compartment pharmacokinetic values. Nine of the 12 horses required dosage adjustment to ...
Quantitative fecal culture for early diagnosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi enteritis in foals. Quantitative culture of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi from feces of 17 foals on a farm (A) with an endemic C. equi infection problem and 26 foals on a farm (B) without the disease in the past decade was done with a selective medium at weekly or monthly intervals from April to August of 1984. Corynebacterium equi was observed in the feces of 16 of 17 foals on farm A, and 19 of 26 foals on farm B. The mean viable count of C. equi in one gram of feces was 4.1 +/- 3.7 (log10) on farm A, and 3.9 +/- 3.4 (log10) on farm B. Corynebacterium equi was recovered from feces of foals as young as two w...
Cell types in the pineal gland of the horse: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. A combined ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study was performed on the pineal gland of the horse in order to identify the cell types present and describe their characteristics. Comparisons have been made with other mammals. Two main cell types are present: pinealocytes and glial cells. Pinealocytes display different degrees of electron density in the nucleus and the cytoplasm, yet no ultrastructural feature supports the idea of separate populations. Putative secretory materials are stored in vesicles related to the Golgi apparatus. A variety of electron-dense bodies are present in the cy...
Metabolism of some essential minerals in ponies fed high levels of aluminum. The effect of dietary aluminum on the absorption, retention and pathways of excretion of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron and copper was studied in balance trials in mature ponies in a three by three latin square experiment. A basal diet consisting of one third each of oats, beet pulp and a commercial pelleted, complete horse ration and containing 336 ppm aluminum was supplemented with AlC1(3) . 6H2O. The middle and high level aluminum diets contained 1370 and 4500 ppm aluminum respectively. There was little difference in effect between the middle level aluminum and basal diets. The ...
Estimation of urinary flow rate in weanling and yearling horses. In an attempt to validate the use of urinary creatinine concentration as an index of urinary flow rate, a series of timed quantitative urine collections were done on several groups of weanling and yearling ponies and Thoroughbreds. A total of 411 urine samples were generated by 19 ponies and 12 Thoroughbreds. Urinary flow rates and urinary creatinine concentrations were measured. When all the data were examined, urinary flow rates were independent of creatinine concentrations. However, for any given animal, daily urinary creatinine excretion was constant over several days, and urinary creatini...
Equine laryngeal hemiplegia. Part I. A light microscopic study of peripheral nerves. This light microscopic investigation of 15 Thoroughbred horses provided substantial evidence for the classification of equine laryngeal hemiplegia as a distal axonopathy. Morphologic and morphometric examinations were performed on resin embedded recurrent laryngeal nerves from control, subclinical and clinical laryngeal hemiplegic animals. In the latter group of animals some distal hindlimb nerves were also examined. A distally graded loss of myelinated fibres selectively affecting those of large diameter was demonstrated in both left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves. Morphologic evidence ...
Digestion in horses after resection or ischemic insult of the large colon. The effect of 60% resection of the large colon vs ischemic insult without resection on the ability of horses to digest grass hay was investigated. Digestion trials were performed on 9 horses before surgery (base line) and 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 6 months after surgery. The percentage of apparent digestion of crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extract, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, copper, and zinc was calculated. Horses that had resection (n = 5) had decreased apparent digestion of crude protein, crude fiber, and phosphorus 3 weeks after surgery, compared with those in horses...
Track condition and racing injuries in thoroughbred horses. The incidences of fractures and soft tissue injuries during 68397 starts of thoroughbred horses at New York Racing Association tracks were analyzed concerning track condition, dirt and turf tracks, environmental conditions, length of races, location of fractures on the track, and age of horses. It was concluded that the conditions evaluated are of no importance in the occurrence of racing injuries to thoroughbred horses.
Factors for prognostic use in equine obstructive small intestinal disease. Twenty horses with small intestinal obstructions requiring surgery were evaluated prospectively. Ten horses lived (group 1) and 10 died (group 2). Eight of the horses in group 1 had simple obstruction and 7 of the horses in group 2 had strangulation obstruction. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.001) between the mean intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in horses of groups 1 and 2 (6.3 cm H2O and 15 cm H2O, respectively). The mean peritoneal fluid protein concentration in horses of groups 1 and 2 (2.8 mg/dl and 5.4 mg/dl, respectively) also differed significantly between groups (P...
Career profile of the Canadian Standardbred. III. Influence of temporary absence from racing and season. The objective of the study was to examine the career profile of the average racehorse in order to establish normal values for performance. Records of race performance for a population of 762 horses randomly selected from the 1972 registrations of the Canadian Standardbred Horse Society were summarized and the pattern of racing by year and month from 1974 to 1983 inclusive recorded. Results were analyzed to determine the influence of sex, gait, age, and year of first race (starting year). The transformation log (1 + X) was used to achieve normality where necessary. Of the 762 horses, 507 raced,...
