"Horses" is a broad topic that encompasses various aspects of equine biology, behavior, and management. This category includes studies on the anatomy, physiology, and genetics of horses, as well as their behavior, nutrition, and care. Research in this area may also cover the historical and cultural significance of horses, their roles in agriculture, sport, and therapy, and the challenges associated with their conservation and welfare. The page aggregates peer-reviewed research articles and scholarly studies that explore the multifaceted relationships between humans and horses, examining both scientific and socio-economic perspectives.
KAPLAN MM, PAYNE AM.In 1957 the World Health Organization arranged a survey of horse and swine sera in a number of countries in order to gain information on the role and importance of animals in the epidemiology of influenza. The veterinary services of the countries concerned were requested to obtain blood specimens from these animals, if possible both before and after the human pandemic of Asian influenza. This paper reports on the results of haemagglutination-inhibition and complement-fixation tests performed on these sera in WHO Influenza Centres and other collaborating laboratories.It is apparent from these r...
VAN UDEN N, DO SOUSA LC, FARINHA M.From the caeca of 252 horses, 503 sheep, 250 goats and 250 swine, 486 yeast isolates belonging to 28 species and 1 variety were obtained. The distribution of the yeasts of any species and for Candida albicans respectively was: horses, 52·4%, 4·4%; sheep, 6·8%, 4·2%; goats, 6·4%, 08%; swine, 88·8%, 9·2%. The suitability of the sheep and goats as hosts for yeasts of any species seems very limited.
The most frequent occurrences for single species were: Candida slooffii in swine (48·4%), Trichosporon cutaneum in horses (21·8%) and Saccharomyces tellustris (Candida bovina) in swine (14%...
Bergman HJ, de Kruif A, van Dessel S.In this article different possible treatments for problem mares are discussed. The therapeutic possibilities vary and can be classified into anatomical correction, anti-infectious therapy, and treatment to enhance the uterine defence mechanisms. Anatomical correction and treatment with antibiotics are valuable therapies and have been used for many years. In recent years, stimulation of the mechanical defence mechanism of the uterus, by flushing it with physiological solution combined with parenteral oxytocin, has been shown to increase the chance of getting problem mares in foal.
Moore RM, Moulthrop JI, Sather GE, Holmes CL, Parker RL.Field studies were conducted in 1972 to determine the immunization status of equines along the Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico borders. Interviews with horse owners were conducted along roads selected at random in the counties of Santa Cruz and Yuma, Ariz., and in Dona Ana County, N. Mex. At least 450 horse owners in each county were asked about the vaccination status of their animals, and information was taken on 1,260 animals. Blood specimens were obtained from every third equine, regardless of stated vaccination status, and tested for the presence of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), we...
Tatarov G, Martinov S, Panova M.It was established that the complement binding reaction (CBR) is a suitable and very fast method for horse rhino-pneumonitis diagnostics. Cell cultural virus produced in cell cultures of pig kidneys was used as antigen. The antigen lots tested have no anticomplementary properties. Highest complement binding activity was evident in the non-diluted antigen, which discovered specific antibodies in immune serums. The CBR specificity was tested by the aid of homologous and heterologous serums and antigens. The titers of complement binding antibodies in the serums of 255 horses recovered from the di...
Ensink JM, Klein WR, Barneveld A, Vulto AG, Van Miert AS, Tukker JJ.The distribution of penicillins into a tissue chamber implanted subcutaneously in ponies was studied. Ampicillin sodium (equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin) was administered intravenously. Pivampicillin, a prodrug of ampicillin, was administered by nasogastric tube to fed ponies at a dose of 19.9 mg/kg (equivalent to 15 mg/kg ampicillin). Procaine penicillin G was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 12 mg/kg (equivalent to 12000 IU/kg). Six ponies were used for each medication. Antibiotic concentrations in plasma and tissue chamber fluid (TCF) were measured for 24 h after administration. ...
Echeverria KO, Lascola KM, Giguère S, Foreman JH, Austin SA.OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics and pulmonary disposition of minocycline in horses after IV and intragastric administration. ANIMALS 7 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES For experiment 1 of the study, minocycline was administered IV (2.2 mg/kg) or intragastrically (4 mg/kg) to 6 horses by use of a randomized crossover design. Plasma samples were obtained before and 16 times within 36 hours after minocycline administration. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 4 times within 24 hours after minocycline administration for collection of pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and BAL ...
Flisińska-Bojanowska A, Komosa M, Gill J.1. The diurnal changes in the glucose level and in activity of FDPA, A1AT and AspAT in four pregnant standard-bred mares were studied. 2. As a control four barren mares, were kept and examined in the same conditions. 3. Blood samples were taken every 4 hr for one day, each month, throughout pregnancy, or one year. 4. A diurnal rhythm in activity of A1AT and AspAT in barren mares was found. The pregnancy masked diurnal rhythm in activities of both transaminases. 5. No diurnal rhythm in glucose level and FDPA activity in both groups of mares was observed. 6. Seasonal cyclicity was found in all i...
Tanner RB.The equine first premolar is now considered a vestigial tooth that does not play a role in mastication. For centuries, this tooth has been blamed for a number of abnormalities. Given its anatomical location, the tooth is often implicated by riders to cause biting issues. Treatment of this tooth is considered controversial, with some clinicians extracting all equine first premolars prior to bit introduction and others choosing to remove only those shown to cause bite-related problems. In a private veterinary hospital in Lexington, Kentucky, dental charts of 306 Thoroughbred yearlings, average a...
Merkies K, Buhr MM.Spermatozoal function is affected by the ability to regulate intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i), and may be influenced by epididymal maturation as well as environmental components. Regulation of [Ca2+]i in ejaculated and epididymal stallion spermatozoa was monitored over time in various media. Spermatozoa from each of 5 pony stallions (3 ejaculate samples and 1 caput and cauda sample) were labeled with the fluorescent calcium indicator probe Indo-1 in a calcium-free modified Tyrode's buffer. Fluorescent emissions were monitored by a dual wavelength spectrofluorometer over 5 h. Calc...
Gerhards H, Klein HJ, Offeney F.Clinical examination of foals and small ponies with abdominal disorders is limited by the inability to perform rectal palpation. In these patients, radiographic evaluation of the abdomen may contribute to the clinical diagnosis and may help to localize the site of abdominal diseases. The technique for lateral standing survey and contrast radiography of the abdomen in foals and the normal radiographic anatomy are described.
Bertone AL, Stashak TS, Sullins KE, Ralston SL.Ten normal horses had approximately 95% of the length of the large colon resected with a side-to-side anastomosis between right ventral and right dorsal colon performed with surgical stapling equipment. Four horses died shortly after surgery of colitis (1 horse) or failure of the TA 90 transection staple line (3 horses). Another horse died 4 months after surgery from disseminated streptococcal infection but had recovered well from the colon resection. Five horses survived long term (18 months) with no clinical evidence of adverse effects of the resection. Surviving horses had weight loss and s...
Urasawa S, Urasawa T, Ishizawa F, Taniguchi K.Bovine and equine sera were screened for poliovirus-reactive immunoglobulins (PRIgs) by means of neutralization and precipitation reactions with type 1 poliovirus. Bovine serum B1826 and B36 were found to contain such PRIgs from their reactivity to various PRIgs-resistant mutants of type 1 poliovirus origin. Neutralization and precipitation reactions with six mono-specific antibodies obtained by absorbing antiserum with each of the six different PRIgs-resistant virus mutants revealed that three antibodies were active in precipitation reaction while the others were substantially ineffective. On...
Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Drudge JH, Swerczek TW, Crowe MW.From Mar 1, 1984, to Feb 28, 1985, both eyes from 189 one- to four-year-old Thoroughbreds (88 males, 90 females, and 11 geldings) in Kentucky were examined at necropsy for eyeworms. Thelazia lacrymalis was recovered from 45% of 1-year-old horses, 26% of 2-year-old horses, 45% of 3-year-old horses, and 50% of 4-year-old horses; overall, 43% of 1- to 4-year old horses were infected. Prevalence of eyeworms in horses in the present study was comparable with that in horses of similar ages examined at necropsy in Kentucky in 2 previous studies (1975 to 1976 and in 1979), except for the lower percent...
Liberatori J, Morisio Guidetti L, Conti A.By double diffusion in agarose gel, in well defined experimental conditions, cross reactions were observed between porcine beta-lactoglobulins and anti-bovine beta-lactoglobulin antisera. The immunological reactivity between these beta-lactoglobulins from a monogastric and the ruminant anti beta-lactoglobulin antiserum thus implies a certain degree of similarity between the monomeric beta-lactoglobulins examined and the dimeric of the ruminants. With the same antisera it also proved possible to demonstrate the presence of beta-lactoglobulins in the mammary secretions of another monogastric, na...
Barakzai SZ, Kane-Smyth J, Lowles J, Townsend N.To examine 2 rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) trephine sites for safety and efficacy using skulls of horses of varying age. Methods: Descriptive study. Methods: Cadaveric equine skulls (n=40). Methods: Two RMS trephination sites (rostral, caudal) were made in each skull. Radiographic projections using markers at each site were used to determine if sites were within the RMS and directly overlying a cheek tooth. Sinusotomy in 14 skulls was used to determine correlation between radiographic and anatomic location of trephine sites, and of the rostrolateral aspect of the maxillary septum. Age-related ...
McKinney AR, Suann CJ, Stenhouse AM.An investigation was conducted into the stereochemistry of the equine urinary metabolites of 17alpha-methyltestosterone observed after oral administration. Standards of the complete range of C3/C5/C16 stereoisomeric 17alpha-methylandrostane-3,17beta-diols, 17alpha-methylandrostane-3,16,17beta-triols and 17alpha-hydroxymethylandrostane-3,17beta-diols were purchased or synthesised, and were used to unequivocally identify the absolute structures of the metabolites. Phase I metabolism was found to involve combinations of Delta(4)-3-ketone reduction with both 5alpha,3beta- and 5beta,3alpha-stereoch...
