Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a laboratory technique used to visualize specific antigens in tissue sections of horses through the application of antibodies. This method allows for the detailed examination of the distribution and localization of proteins within equine tissues, providing insights into various physiological and pathological processes. IHC is employed in equine research to study a range of conditions, including infectious diseases, inflammatory responses, and neoplastic disorders. By utilizing specific antibodies that bind to target antigens, researchers can identify cellular and tissue changes, contributing to a better understanding of equine health and disease mechanisms. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of immunohistochemistry in the field of equine research.
Cotovio M, Monreal L, Armengou L, Prada J, Almeida JM, Segura D.Septicemia in human neonates frequently is complicated by activation of the coagulation system, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiple organ failure syndrome, which may contribute to high mortality. In adult horses with DIC, the lung has been the organ most frequently affected by fibrin deposits. In addition, in vivo studies suggest that hemostatic mechanisms may be immature in foals < 1-day old. Objective: Newborn foals with severe septicemia have fibrin deposits in their tissues independently of their age, and these fibrin deposits are associated with organ failure. Met...
Di Stefano DA, Artese L, Iezzi G, Piattelli A, Pagnutti S, Piccirilli M, Perrotti V.In the case of localized ridge atrophy, a ridge augmentation procedure, with the use of bone substitutes and barrier membranes, may then be necessary. Objective: The aim of the present study was a clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical evaluation of an equine spongy bone in alveolar ridge augmentation procedures. Methods: Five patients showing horizontal mandibular ridge defects participated in this study. A ridge augmentation was performed through an onlay apposition of equine bone covered by a titanium-reinforced membrane. After 6 months of healing, five bone cores from nonaugmented...
Kirsch MI, Hülseweh B, Nacke C, Rülker T, Schirrmann T, Marschall HJ, Hust M, Dübel S.Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) belongs to the Alphavirus group. Several species of this family are also pathogenic to humans and are recognized as potential agents of biological warfare and terrorism. The objective of this work was the generation of recombinant antibodies for the detection of VEEV after a potential bioterrorism assault or an natural outbreak of VEEV. Results: In this work, human anti-VEEV single chain Fragments variable (scFv) were isolated for the first time from a human naïve antibody gene library using optimized selection processes. In total eleven different s...
Hoffmann C, Bazer FW, Klug J, Aupperle H, Ellenberger C, Schoon HA.Although alterations in patterns of protein secretion revealed in uterine flushings from mares suffering from endometrosis have been described, little is known about alterations at the cellular level. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterize deviations in patterns of uterine gland secretion patterns using endometrial biopsies, histochemical and newly established immunohistochemical methods. Forty-eight endometrial biopsies were obtained from mares suffering from various types of endometrosis (active and inactive, destructive and non-destructive) and degree (mild to severe) were analyze...
Dall'aglio C, Pascucci L, Mercati F, Giontella A, Pedini V, Ceccarelli P.The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence and the distribution of cells containing orexin A and orexin type 2 receptor in the horse stomach and gut, by means of immunohistochemical techniques. Orexin A was identified in the stomach fundic and pyloric regions and in the duodenum. In the same stomach regions, a large subset of orexin A-positive cells also showed orexin type 2 receptor-like immunoreactivity. Moreover, in the duodenum, many of them, seemed to store serotonin. Characteristically, enteric neurons or ganglia also displayed orexin A and, sometimes, orexin type 2 rec...
Lacitignola L, Crovace A, Rossi G, Francioso E.To compare cultured bone marrow mesenchymal cells (cBMSC), bone marrow mononucleated cells (BMMNCs), and placebo to repair collagenase-induced tissue damage in an equine model of experimental tendonitis, 6 Standardbred horses with no signs of previous SDF tendon injury have been recruited. Three weeks after collagenase treatment an average of either 5.5 x 10(6) cBMSCs or 122.3 x 10(6) BMMNCs, saline solution (placebo) or fibrin glue were injected intralesionally in random order. Horses were stall rested for 21 weeks, and tendon ultrasound scans performed before and during this period. Horses w...
White SD, Ghoddusi M, Grooters AM, Jones K.An 18-year-old Arabian mare was examined with a large mass on the left hind pastern and fetlock. The mare was located in the Central Valley of northern California, and had never been out of the state. Routine histopathological processing and examination of biopsy samples from the mass showed several hyphal organisms that were delineated with a silver stain. Using immunohistochemistry the organism was diagnosed as Pythium insidiosum. The owner declined debulking surgery, and despite treatment with an immunotherapeutic vaccine, the horse's condition deteriorated leading to euthanasia.
Flaminio MJ, Tallmadge RL, Salles-Gomes CO, Matychak MB.Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in horse patients is characterized by late-onset B cell lymphopenia or depletion, hypo- or agammaglobulinemia, impaired humoral response to tetanus toxoid vaccination, and recurrent fevers and bacterial infections. Conclusions: This study describes the clinical and immunologic findings of 14 affected horses (average age 10.7 +/- 4.4 years) of both genders (six females, eight males) and different breeds (eight Thoroughbreds, four Quarter Horses, one Warmblood, one Pony). Serial immunological testing in peripheral blood revealed persistent, severe B cell l...
Koblischke P, Kindahl H, Budik S, Aurich J, Palm F, Walter I, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Hoppen HO, Aurich C.We tested the hypothesis that subclinical endometritis occurs after embryo transfer (ET) in the horse. Recipient mares were treated with meclofenamic acid (M) or flunixin meglumin (F) after ET or were left untreated (n=9 per group). Embryos were re-collected 4 days after transfer. Endometrial biopsies were taken for histology and analysis of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by immunohistochemistry and for PCR. Bacteriological swabs were collected from the uterus and lavage fluid of donor and recipient mares. Progesterone and prostaglandin F(2alpha) release was analysed in recipient mares after ET. Fou...
Bush JM, Powers BE.In horses, giant-cell tumors of soft parts are rare neoplasms, with the majority of reported cases occurring within the hind limb muscles and soft tissues in older horses. The following article documents 21 cases of equine giant-cell tumors of soft parts clinically examined within the state of Colorado from 2000 to 2007. The majority of cases occurred in male horses aged 10 years or older. Nine (43%) arose within the hind limbs. Key histologic features included numerous multinucleated giant cells and hemosiderin-laden macrophages admixed with a spindle-cell proliferation. The majority demonstr...
Ball BA, Conley AJ, MacLaughlin DT, Grundy SA, Sabeur K, Liu IK.Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known as Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), is expressed by granulosa cells in females of many mammalian species, and circulating AMH concentrations have been used to monitor granulosa-cell tumors (GCT) in women. The objective was to characterize expression of AMH in equine GCT, and in normal equine ovaries, based upon immunohistochemistry (IHC), using a polyclonal primary antibody directed against human AMH. Equine GCT (n=27) and normal equine ovaries (n=10) were examined by IHC. In addition, sera from four mares with GCT were characterized for AMH bioa...
Ellenberger C, Wilsher S, Allen WR, Hoffmann C, Kölling M, Bazer FW, Klug J, Schoon D, Schoon HA.Previous studies have shown that the equine uterus produces many progesterone-dependent proteins throughout gestation. In particular, uterocalin and uteroferrin are detectable using electrophoresis or blot analyses but information regarding the immunohistochemical placental distribution of these two proteins is rare and information regarding uteroglobin is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to co-immunolocalise these three secretory proteins in the mare's uterus throughout gestation in an effort to understand their functional role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Therefore, endome...
Williams KJ, Derksen FJ, de Feijter-Rupp H, Pannirselvam RR, Steel CM, Robinson NE.Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is common in horses following intense exertion, occurring in up to 75% of racing Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. In spite of this, the pathogenesis of EIPH is poorly understood. In 7 racing Thoroughbred horses with EIPH, 6 sections were collected from the left and right lung, representing the cranial, middle, and caudal region of the dorsal and ventral lung (84 sites total). Grossly, both right and left lungs had numerous dark brown to blue-black foci along the caudodorsal visceral pleura. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Masson...
Mäkinen PE, Archer DC, Baptiste KE, Malbon A, Proudman CJ, Kipar A.Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis (IFEE) and diffuse eosinophilic enteritis (DEE) are primary eosinophilic intestinal conditions without a known cause that are associated with an increasing number of surgical colic cases. Histology may be helpful in defining disease aetiology and pathogenesis. Objective: To characterise further the inflammatory infiltrate in equine IFEE and to compare the condition with DEE. Methods: Twenty-three IFEE cases and 5 DEE cases were examined by light microscopy including immunohistology to identify infiltrating leucocytes. Inflammatory infiltrates in mucosa a...
Grosche A, Morton AJ, Polyak MM, Matyjaszek S, Freeman DE.The cytosolic protein complex, calprotectin, is abundant in neutrophils and could be used to improve the ability to localise and assess neutrophil infiltration in the equine intestine during ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R), but further study is required. Objective: To assess the number of calprotectin-containing cells by immunohistochemistry in correlation with direct counting and scoring of neutrophils in the equine colon during I/R. Methods: One and 2 h ischaemia of the left dorsal colon were induced, followed by 30 min reperfusion under general anaesthesia or by 18 h reperfusion after anaes...
Hejmej A, Bilińska B.Evidence collected over the years has demonstrated that cryptorchidism is associated with a defect in spermatogenesis and, as a consequence, with either reduced fertility or infertility. However, the effect of cryptorchidism on Leydig cell function is less clear. The aim of our study therefore was to investigate the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis and, additionally, intercellular communication in the cryptorchid equine testes. Methods: Testes of mature bilaterally cryptorchid horse and healthy stallions were used for this study. The expression of luteinising hormone receptor (LHR), ...
Miragliotta V, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Lussier JG, Theoret CL.Wounds on horse limbs can develop exuberant granulation tissue which resembles the human keloid. Clues gained from the study of over-scarring in horses might help control fibro-proliferative disorders. Objective: The aim of the present study was to clone full-length equine ANXA2 cDNA then to study spatio-temporal expression of ANXA2 and MMP1 mRNA and protein, potential contributors to remodeling, during repair of body (normal) and limb (fibro-proliferative) wounds in an established horse wound model. Methods: Cloning of ANXA2 was achieved by screening size-selected cDNA libraries. Expression w...
Lemos KR, Marques LC, Deaquino LP, Alessi AC, Machado RZ.An histochemical and immunohistochemical study was carried out to evaluate the mechanisms of immune response of horses experimentally infected by Trypanosoma evansi. For this purpose the HE histochemical stain and the avidin biotin peroxidase method were used. To determine the presence and immunoreactivity of immune cells we used anti-major histocompatibility complex II antibodies. Cellular infiltration phenotype was characterized with the aid of anti-CD3 antibody for T lymphocytes and by anti-BLA 36 antibodies for B lymphocytes. Macrophages were marked with an antibody against myeloid/histyoc...
Hoffmann C, Ellenberger C, Mattos RC, Aupperle H, Dhein S, Stief B, Schoon HA.This paper describes the histomorphological and immunohistochemical characterisation of phenotypic variations of endometrosis as well as potential etiological factors which may influence disease progression. In total, 779 endometrial biopsies were examined. These biopsies were taken in the breeding and non-breeding season (n=509), on defined days during the estrous cycle (n=70) and before and after experimentally induced bacterial endometritis (n=200). In addition to conventional histopathology, selected biopsies were investigated using alcianblue staining as well as immunohistochemical method...
Budik S, Walter I, Tschulenk W, Helmreich M, Deichsel K, Pittner F, Aurich C.Expansion of the equine conceptus can be divided into blastocoel and yolk sac phases. The endodermal layer transforming the blastocoel into the yolk sac is completed around day 8 of pregnancy. From that time, the size of the spherical conceptus increases tremendously due mainly to the accumulation of fluid rather than cell multiplication. In this study, we have investigated the abundance and localisation of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPases and aquaporins (AQP) in the equine conceptus on days 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 by multiplex reverse transcriptase PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. During conceptus ...
Riihimäki M, Raine A, Pourazar J, Sandström T, Art T, Lekeux P, Couëtil L, Pringle J.The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of bronchial epithelium to airway inflammation, with focus on mRNA and protein expression of cytokines of innate immunity IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha, in horses with Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) during exacerbation and in remission. Results: Despite marked clinical and physiologic alterations between exacerbation and after remission in the RAO horses no differences were detected in either cytokine mRNA or protein levels. Moreover, the expression of investigated cytokines in RAO horses on pasture did not differ from controls. In compari...
Desantis S, Albrizio M, Ventriglia G, Deflorio M, Guaricci AC, Minoia R, De Metrio G.The presence of the mu-opioid receptor and the type of glycosylation in the third extra-cellular loop of this receptor was investigated in the isthmus of mare oviduct during oestrus by means of immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry combined with enzymatic (N-glycosidase F and O-glycosidase) and chemical (beta-elimination) treatments. Immunoblotting analysis showed that the mu-opioid receptor consists of two peptides with molecular weights of around 65 and 50 kDa. After N-deglycosylation with N-glycosidase F an additional immunoreactive peptide was observed at around 30 KDa. The cleavage of O...
Szeredi L, Pospischil A, Dencsö L, Mathis A, Dobos-Kovács M.A Lippizan mare aborted a male fetus a few days before the expected foaling date without showing any clinical sings. Focal lympho-histiocytic hepatitis in the foal and multiplex focal lympho-histiocytic villitis accompanied by villus necroses and marked hypertrophy of chorionic epithelial cells in the arcades were observed. Elongated nucleated organisms were seen in groups in vacuoles or solitarily located in the cytoplasm of the chorionic epithelial cells. The organisms were in large numbers and often extracellularly in areas of villitis and villus necroses. They were Gram-positive, stained w...
Delesalle C, van Acker N, Claes P, Deprez P, de Smet I, Dewulf J, Lefebvre RA.Prokinetic drugs used to treat gastrointestinal ileus in man have equivocal results in horses. In man, prokinetic drugs have 5-hydroxytryptamine4(5-HT4) receptors as their target, but little is known about the 5-HT-receptor subtypes in the equine small intestine. Objective: Functional and immunohistochemical identification of the serotonin receptor subtype(s) responsible for the 5-HT induced contractile response in the equine circular jejunum. Methods: Isometric organ-bath recordings were carried out to assess spontaneous and drug-evoked contractile activity of equine circular jejunum. Histolo...
Ball BA, Conley AJ, Grundy SA, Sabeur K, Liu IK.Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) induces regression of Müllerian ducts during male fetal development; in the human male, it is expressed in Sertoli cells during fetal development (and through puberty). The objective was to characterize expression of AMH in the fetal, neonatal, prepubertal, and adult equine testis, as well as in equine cryptorchid testes, in select testicular neoplasms, and in intersex gonads, based upon immunohistochemistry (IHC). Testes were removed from equine fetuses at 5.5, 10, and 11 months of gestation, at 12 months of age, and from adult stallions. In addition, cryptorchi...
Theegarten D, Sachse K, Mentrup B, Fey K, Hotzel H, Anhenn O.Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is a naturally occurring dust-induced disease mainly characterized by bronchiolitis which shows histological and pathophysiological similarities to human chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In human COPD previous investigations indicated an association with Chlamydophila psittaci infection. The present study was designed (1) to clarify a possible role of this infectious agent in RAO and (2) to investigate the suitability of this equine disorder as a model for human COPD. Methods: Clinico-pathological parameters of a total of 45 horses (25 ...
Sturgeon BP, Milne EM, Smith KC.A 20 x 10 cm, lobulated mass was present in the perianal region of a 4-year-old Dales pony. Histopathology revealed an unencapsulated, loose arrangement of sheets and whorls of narrow mesenchymal cells, situated in the deep dermis. Intervening areas had a myxomatous appearance. The whorls were often arranged around a central structure resembling an axon or a vascular structure. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the elongated mesenchymal cells and central axon-like structures expressed vimentin, S-100, and neuron-specific enolase, but not pancytokeratin, glial fibrillary acid protein, and the ...
Puff C, Herder V, Philipp A, Baumgärtner W.A 15-year-old Haflinger gelding presented with a mass in the left nictitating membrane. Two biopsies and the excised nictitating membrane were taken at different time points as a result of reoccurrence of the mass and submitted for histopathologic evaluation. The horse was euthanized as a result of poor prognosis following the reoccurrence of the mass after surgical removal. Histologically, the mass consisted of dilated, thin-walled vascular clefts and channels, lined by flattened to cuboidal endothelial cells with moderate cellular pleomorphism. There was up to 1 mitotic figure per high power...
Kyaw-Tanner MT, Wattle O, van Eps AW, Pollitt CC.Enzymatic separation at the hoof lamellar dermal-epidermal interface may play a role in the development of laminitis and characterising and locating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMPs or TIMPs) in lamellar tissues may further understanding of pathogenesis. Objective: To clone and sequence the cDNA encoding lamellar MMP-14 and TIMP-2, and quantify their transcription in normal and laminitic tissue; and to develop antibody to locate MMP-14 in lamellar tissues. Methods: Tissue samples were obtained from an oligofructose induced model of laminitis. Tot...
Walter I.Uterine tubes from cow, sheep, horse, pig, dog, cat, rabbit, and guinea pig were examined immunohistochemically for presence and distribution of contractile cells in the mucosal lamina propria. We tested for the presence of alpha-smooth muscle actin, tropomyosin, desmin, smooth muscle myosin (heavy chain) and cytoskeletal proteins vimentin and cytokeratin. Immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin showed two distribution patterns: either positive cells were freely dispersed in the mucosal lamina propria or a distinct subepithelial layer of positive cells was seen. The first distribution pat...
Mansour GD, Henry M, Ferreira AM.This study was designed to identify the distribution of type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin with an avidin-biotin method in sections of equine endometrial samples, fixed in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin wax. Thirty endometrial biopsies were collected at three different stages of the oestrous cycle. The basement membrane of luminal epithelium reacted positively with antibody against type IV collagen. Both type IV collagen and laminin were found in the basement membranes of endometrial glands, and fibronectin occurred diffusely in the interstitial tissue. Blood vessels express...
Dahm AM, de Bruin A, Linat A, von Tscharner C, Wyder M, Suter MM.We describe the establishment and characterisation of equine keratinocyte cultures with maintenance of a high proliferative capacity up to the second passage. Improved attachment and growth were obtained by seeding primary cells on equine feeder layers. Subcultured keratinocytes showed optimal growth when seeded on collagen type I. The proliferation rate of cells on this substrate exceeded that seen for cells seeded on equine feeder layers. By immunohistochemistry, epithelial origin and state of differentiation of the equine keratinocytes were determined. They expressed keratin and desmoplakin...
Budik S, Palm F, Walter I, Helmreich M, Aurich C.Oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) have been detected in the yolk sac of the pre-attachment equine conceptus. Therefore, we have assessed the presence of OT and AVP receptors in equine conceptuses between Days 10 and 16 of pregnancy by qualitative PCR, quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. Expression of OT receptor and of the AVP receptors V1aR and V2R could be verified after sequencing the RT-PCR products of the expected length. The size of conceptuses used for quantitative PCR significantly increased with day of pregnancy (P<0.01) as did their quantitative expression of OTR...
Sampieri F, Allen AL, Alcorn J, Clark CR, Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Ball KR, Dowling PM, Thompson J, Bernstein LR, Gebhart CJ, Hamilton DL.Antimicrobial efficacy against Lawsonia intracellularis is difficult to evaluate in vitro, thus, the effects of gallium maltolate's (GaM) were investigated in a rabbit model for equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE). Juvenile (5-6-week-old) does were infected with 3.0 × 10(8) L. intracellularis/rabbit and allocated into three groups (n = 8). One week postinfection, one group was treated with GaM, 50 mg/kg; one, with doxycycline, 5 mg/kg; and one with a sham-treatment (control). Feces and blood were collected daily and weekly, respectively, to verify presence of L. intracellularis fec...
Sellon DC, Knowles DP, Greiner EC, Long MT, Hines MT, Hochstatter T, Tibary A, Dame JB.Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is a progressive neurologic disease of horses most commonly caused by infection with the apicomplexan parasite Sarcocystis neurona. Factors affecting neuroinvasion and neurovirulence have not been determined. We investigated the pathogenesis of infection with S. neurona in horses with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). Two immunocompetent (IC) Arabian horses and two Arabian horses with SCID were infected orally with 5 x 10(5) sporocysts of S. neurona. Four IC horses and one SCID horse were infected intravenously (i.v.) with 5 x 10(8) merozoites of the ...
Stoica G, Cohen N, Mendes O, Kim HT.Mesotheliomas are rarely reported in animal species. In this report, the occurrence of a diffuse, metastatic mesothelioma in a 6-year-old gray Arabian mare is described. The mare was presented on clinical examination with ascites, bilateral pleural effusion, and pleural roughening. Necropsy revealed abundant fluid in the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The surface of all organs was thick and fibrosed with multiple raised nodules and hemorrhages. Histology was characteristic of a generalized, biphasic mesothelioma with vascular and lymph nodes metastases. It is believed that the primary tumor ...
Wohlsein P, Pohlenz JF, Salt JS, Hamblin C.African horse sickness virus (AHSV) antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of tissues collected from three ponies suffering from the peracute form of the disease and from one pony affected by the fever form. The pattern of the antigen distribution indicated a particular organ tropism characterised by an accumulation of AHSV antigen in cardio-pulmonary tissues of the animals with the peracute disease and in the spleen of the pony with the fever form. AHSV antigen was identified in endothelial cells of small blood vessels, particularly capill...
Roels S, Tilmant K, Van Daele A, Van Marck E, Ducatelle R.Melanocytic tumours are a well-known clinical and pathological entity in horses, but further phenotypic characterization of these tumours is lacking. Six melanocytic tumours from five horses (two metastatic and four benign) were examined by Ki67, PCNA and p53 immunostaining, DNA nick end labelling (Tunel) and Feulgen staining. The stainings were evaluated using quantitative image analysis. The resulting parameters of growth fraction (Ki67), S-phase index (PCNA), p53 index, apoptotic index, DNA index, nuclear diameter, ploidy balance, proliferation index (Feulgen) and hyperploidy were analysed....
Liu C, Cook FR, Cook SJ, Craigo JK, Even DL, Issel CJ, Montelaro RC, Horohov DW.Distinct from human lentivirus infection, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-infected horses will eventually enter an inapparent carrier state in which virus replication is apparently controlled by adaptive immune responses. Although recrudescence of disease can occur after immune suppression, the actual immune correlate associated with protection has yet to be determined. Therefore, EIAV provides a model for investigating immune-mediated protective mechanisms against lentivirus infection. Here, we have developed a method to monitor EIAV-envelope specific cellular immunity in vivo. An EIA c...
Hamir AN, Moser G, Galligan DT, Davis SW, Granstrom DE, Dubey JP.A 5-year (1985-1989) retrospective immunohistochemical study was conducted using an avidin-biotin complex (ABC) immunoperoxidase method to demonstrate Sarcocystis neurona in histologically suspect cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Primary antibodies against S. neurona and S. cruzi were utilized for the ABC technique. The findings were compared with those from cases in which the organisms were detected by examination of hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained neuronal sections. HE-stained sections detected the presence of the organisms in 20% of the suspect cases; whereas the ABC te...
Kalsow CM, Dubielzig RR, Dwyer AE.Pinealitis accompanying uveitis is well established in laboratory models of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. In naturally occurring uveitis, pinealitis has been demonstrated in the pineal gland from a mare with active uveitis and is suspected in some human uveitides. We have evaluated pineal glands from horses with various stages of uveitis for signs of immunopathology accompanying spontaneous uveitis. Methods: Pineal glands from 10 horses with uveitis and from 13 horses without uveitis were evaluated for histochemical (H&E, collagen) and immunohistochemical (MHC class II antigen exp...
Fairley RA, Haines DM.This research study investigates the cause of aural plaques in horses and provides strong evidence that papillomaviruses are to blame. The study used various tools including electron microscopic examination, immunohistochemical […]
Leduc L, Leclère M, Gauthier LG, Marcil O, Lavoie JP.Altered innervation structure and function contribute to airway hyperresponsiveness in human asthma, yet the role of innervation in airflow limitation in asthma in horses remains unknown. Objective: To characterize peribronchial innervation in horses with asthma. We hypothesized that airway innervation increases in horses with asthma compared with controls. Methods: Formalin-fixed lung samples from 8 horses with severe asthma and 8 healthy horses from the Equine Respiratory Tissue Biobank. Ante-mortem lung function was recorded. Methods: Blinded case-control study. Immunohistochemistry was per...
Cinone M, Albrizio M, Guaricci AC, Lacitignola L, Desantis S.Heat shock proteins are the most evolutionarily conserved protein families induced by stressors including hyperthermia. In the context of pathologies of the male reproductive tract, cryptorchidism is the most common genital defect that compromises the reproductive potential of the male because it induces an increase in intratesticular temperature. In equine species, cryptorchidism affects almost 9Â % of newborns and few studies have been carried out on the molecular aspects of the retained testis. In this study, the expression pattern of HSP60, 70, and 90 in abdominal and inguinal testes, in t...
Jardine JE, Nesbit JW.A large abdominal mass in a 3-year-old filly was discovered clinically and removed and examined after the horse had been humanely killed. Histologically, three different tissue types were noted, occurring in equal amounts: epithelium largely in the form of well-differentiated tubules, multifocally distributed cell-dense foci of blastema, and myxoid to fibrous stroma. A diagnosis of triphasic nephroblastoma, a rare tumour in the horse, was made on the basis of microscopical findings. The finding of numerous glomeruloid structures confirmed the diagnosis and assisted in distinguishing the tumour...
Roberts JH, Zhang J, David F, McLean A, Blumenshine K, Müller-Alander E, Halper J.Degenerative Suspensory Ligament Desmitis (DSLD) negatively impacts connective tissues in horses, which often leads to progressive chronic pain and lameness. DSLD has been shown to be a systemic disorder that affects multiple body systems, including tendons, sclerae, and the aorta. Currently, the diagnosis is confirmed by post mortem histological examination of a tendon or suspensory ligament. Histology reveals inappropriate accumulations of proteoglycans in the tendons and other tissues in DSLD-affected horses. Unfortunately, there is no reliable method to diagnose DSLD in living horses. Rece...
Junginger J, Rötting A, Staszyk C, Kramer K, Hewicker-Trautwein M.An adult horse was presented with a mass located within the dermis and subcutis of the right forelimb. At post-mortem examination there was a marked increase in thickness of the subcutis of the right forelimb extending from the fetlock to the pectoral muscles. Microscopically, the dermis and subcutis were diffusely infiltrated by endothelial-like cells forming irregular channels and cavernous spaces. Immunohistochemical examination revealed the endothelial-like cells to express vimentin, factor VIII-related antigen and PROX-1, confirming the identity of the tumour as a lymphangioma. Ultrastruc...
Hirayama K, Okamoto M, Sako T, Kihara K, Okai K, Taharaguchi S, Yoshino T, Taniyama H.Histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were performed to determine the origin of host cells parasitized by Eimeria in the small intestines collected from five foals. Eimeria organisms at various stages (mainly microgametes and macrogametes) were frequently found in the cytoplasm of hypertrophied host cells in the lamina propria at the tips of villi of the jejunum and ileum. The cytoplasm of the host cell was immunohistochemically positive for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin 13 and was negative for vimentin, desmin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, chromogranin A, neuron-specific en...
Sinha AK, Ray SP, Rose RJ.Skeletal muscle adaptations to training of differing intensities were examined in 10 thoroughbred horses that underwent six weeks of treadmill training followed by six weeks of detraining. The horses were randomly assigned to either a slow group exercised at 40 per cent maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) or a fast group at 80 per cent VO2max. Resting muscle biopsies were taken before training, after six weeks of training and after six weeks of detraining, from m gluteus medius and m biceps femoris. Muscle was analysed histochemically for fibre type composition (myosin ATPase) and capillary supply ...
Paciello O, Passantino G, Costagliola A, Papparella S, Perillo A.Histiocytic diseases in veterinary medicine have been revised in the last few decades, but these are considered relatively rare in horses. This report describes a 9-year-old female horse, Dutch Warmblood, presented for investigation of severe nasal bleeding. A multinodular bilateral mass of 5 cm, reddish to white in color, that invaded and destroyed the surrounding tissues, was observed during a clinical examination of the nostril The morphological features of the tumor cells were represented by cytologically bizarre, highly phagocytic, multinucleated giant cells. These findings, together with...
Bovell DL, Lindsay SL, Corbett AD, Steel C.Western blot analysis showed that sweat gland cells from freely sweating horses expressed the water channel aquaporin-5 (AQP-5). Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong AQP-5-like activity reaction at the apical membrane of the glandular secretory cells, which was absent from the surrounding myoepithelium and all other skin structures. In anhidrotic horses, AQP-5 was also found at the apical membrane of the luminal sweat gland cells, but the level of expression reduced with the length of time that the animal had displayed anhidrosis. The level of AQP-5 expression was substantially reduced in an...
Miyata H, Sugiura T, Kai M, Hiraga A, Tokuriki M.To determine histochemical and biochemical properties of muscle during adaptation to training on a flat or sloped track. Methods: 22 Thoroughbreds. Methods: Samples were obtained from the middle gluteus muscle before and after training programs were conducted, using a needle-biopsy technique. Training programs consisted of horses running 1,600 m on a flat or sloped track for 16 weeks. Amplitude of middle gluteus muscle activity per burst was calculated. Muscle fiber composition and area were examined on serial cross sections processed by standard histochemical staining procedures (ATPase stain...
Maischberger E, Cummins CA, Fitzpatrick E, Gallagher ME, Worrall S, Rousseau K, Thornton DJ, Meijer WG, Miranda-Casoluengo R, Duggan VE....In the equine reproductive tract, little is known about mucin gene expression and the role of mucins in barrier function and host-cell interaction. The aims of the study were to identify equine orthologs of mammalian mucin genes using available equine sequence data, to profile expression of equine orthologous mucin genes in the endometrium using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), to determine spatial expression patterns of mucin genes using in situ hybridisation, and to confirm the presence of mucin gene products using Western blotting and equine-specific mucin antibodie...
Ramsauer AS, Wachoski-Dark GL, Fraefel C, Ackermann M, Brandt S, Grest P, Knight CG, Favrot C, Tobler K.There is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2) infection is etiologically associated with the development of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and precursor lesions in equids. However, the precise mechanisms underlying neoplastic progression remain unknown. To allow the study of EcPV2-induced carcinogenesis, we aimed to establish a primary equine cell culture model of EcPV2 infection. Three-dimensional (3D) raft cultures were generated from equine penile perilesional skin, plaques and SCCs. Using histological, molecular biological and immunohistochemical methods, rafts...
Whitwell KE, Gower SM, Smith KC.An indirect immunoperoxidase (IMP) technique was applied to cryostat and paraffin sections of liver from ten aborted equine foetuses. Equid herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) had been isolated from seven of them and EHV-4 from one: the remaining two were virologically negative and were not used as controls. In the eight virus-infected cases the immunostaining revealed foci of cells exhibiting a distinct brown cytoplasmic and inclusion body pigmentation. No specific signal was present in the non-infected controls. The method also was adapted for incubation in a microwave oven, which allowed the total l...
