Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) is a technique used to analyze the molecular composition of substances by measuring the absorption of infrared light at different wavelengths. In equine research, IR spectroscopy is applied to study various biological samples, such as blood, tissue, and hair, to identify chemical structures and assess physiological conditions. This non-destructive method enables the examination of metabolic changes, nutritional status, and disease markers in horses. By analyzing the spectral data, researchers can gather information on the molecular bonds and functional groups present in the samples. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the applications, methodologies, and findings of infrared spectroscopy in equine science.
Panizzi L, Vignes M, Dittmer KE, Waterland MR, Rogers CW, Sano H, McIlwraith CW, Riley CB.Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of lameness and joint disease in horses. A simple, economical, and accurate diagnostic test is required for routine screening for OA. This study aimed to evaluate infrared (IR)-based synovial fluid biomarker profiling to detect early changes associated with a traumatically induced model of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA). Unilateral carpal OA was induced arthroscopically in 9 of 17 healthy thoroughbred fillies; the remainder served as Sham-operated controls. The median age of both groups was 2 years. Synovial fluid (SF) was obtained before surgical induction...
Frabasile L, Amendola C, Buttafava M, Chincarini M, Contini D, Cozzi B, De Zani D, Guerri G, Lacerenza M, Minero M, Petrizzi L, Qiu L, Rabbogliatti V....Biosensors applied in veterinary medicine serve as a noninvasive method to determine the health status of animals and, indirectly, their level of welfare. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been suggested as a technology with this application. This study presents preliminary time domain NIRS measurements of optical properties (absorption coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, and differential pathlength factor) and hemodynamic parameters (concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue oxygen saturation) of tissue domestic animals, specif...
Panizzi L, Vignes M, Dittmer KE, Waterland MR, Rogers CW, Sano H, McIlwraith CW, Pemberton S, Owen M, Riley CB.to determine the accuracy of infrared (IR)-based serum biomarker profiling to differentiate horses with early inflammatory changes associated with a traumatically induced model of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA) from controls. Methods: unilateral carpal OA was induced in 9 of 17 healthy Thoroughbred fillies, while the remainder served as sham operated controls. Serum samples were obtained before induction of OA (Day 0) and weekly thereafter until Day 63 from both groups. Films of dried serum were created, and IR absorbance spectra acquired. Following pre-processing, partial least squares dis...
Ferreira L, Machado N, Gouvinhas I, Santos S, Celaya R, Rodrigues M, Barros A.n-Alkanes and long-chain alcohols (LCOH) have been used as faecal markers to assess the feeding behaviour of both wild and domestic herbivore species. However, their chemical analysis is time-consuming and expensive, making it necessary to develop more expeditious methodologies to evaluate concentrations of these markers. This work aimed to evaluate the use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technology in the near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR) intervals, for the determination of n-alkane and LCOH concentrations of different plant species and faecal samples of domestic he...
Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, Burnett DD, Argo CM, Dinh TTN.Body condition score and percent body fat (BF; %) of horses are positively correlated with reproductive efficiency and are indicative of metabolic issues. However, BF in horses may be poorly predicted because current procedures are either subjective or dependent on one anatomical location. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to compare 2 methods of predicting BF using rump fat thickness (RFT) and deuterium oxide (DO) dilution with actual tissue fat analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in stock-type horses and to identify the relationship between BF and BCS. Twenty-four...
Prakash M, Sarin JK, Rieppo L, Afara IO, Töyräs J.Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successful in nondestructive assessment of biological tissue properties, such as stiffness of articular cartilage, and is proposed to be used in clinical arthroscopies. Near-infrared spectroscopic data include absorbance values from a broad wavelength region resulting in a large number of contributing factors. This broad spectrum includes information from potentially noisy variables, which may contribute to errors during regression analysis. We hypothesized that partial least squares regression (PLSR) is an optimal multivariate regression technique and...
Ertmer F, Oldenhof H, Schütze S, Rohn K, Wolkers WF, Sieme H.If the physiological balance between production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is shifted towards production of ROS this may result in accumulation of cell damage over time. In this study stallion spermatozoa were incubated with xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X-XO) to artificially generate defined levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide resulting in sub-lethal oxidative damage. The effects of X-XO treatment on various sperm characteristics were studied. Special emphasis was placed on sperm osmotic tolerance pre-freeze and its correlation with cryosurvival, given that cryopr...
Singh S, Chopra M, Dilbaghi N, Manuja BK, Kumar S, Kumar R, Rathore NS, Yadav SC, Manuja A.Isometamidium hydrochloride (ISMM) is an effective drug for the treatment of trypanosomosis, but it causes local and systemic toxicity. Isometamidium hydrochloride has limited therapeutic index and exhibit considerable variation in their prophylactic activities. We developed a trypanocidal nanoformulation using ISMM and polymers sodium alginate/gum acacia to enhance the efficacy of the drug at lower doses, while minimizing undesirable side effects. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of size, morphology, functional groups, etc. In v...
McConnell EJ, Rioja E, Bester L, Sanz MG, Fosgate GT, Saulez MN.Alterations in cerebral haemodynamics may contribute to perianaesthetic complications in horses. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is frequently used intraoperatively in man to provide information regarding cerebral perfusion. Objective: To determine whether NIRS can identify trends in regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) in horses and whether there is a correlation between rSO2 and venous oxygen tensions. Methods: A cerebral oximeter sensor recorded rSO2 from the dorsal sagittal sinus of 6 healthy horses. Values for rSO2, arterial and venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PaO2, PvO...
Riley CB, McClure JT, Low-Ying S, Dolenko BK, Somorjai RL, Shaw RA.To assess the feasibility of a serum-based test using infrared spectroscopy to identify a subpopulation of mares at risk of producing foals susceptible to failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) because of mare-associated factors. Methods: Serum was collected from post-parturient mares (n = 126) and their foals at 24-72 h of age. A radial immunodiffusion IgG test was used to determine each foal's serum IgG concentration. Infrared absorbance spectra of dam sera were collected in the wave number range of 400-4000 cm(-1). Following data preprocessing, pattern recognition techniques were use...
De Wael K, De Belder S, Van Vlierberghe S, Van Steenberge G, Dubruel P, Adriaens A.The aim of this paper is to emphasize the strength of gelatin as a stable matrix for redox enzymes. Cyclic voltammetry has been applied for a detailed electrochemical study of horse heart cytochrome c (HHC) entrapped in a gelatin matrix immobilized on a gold electrode. The influence of the HHC concentration, the mass percentage of the gelatin and the nature of the gelatin on the electrochemical behaviour of HHC have been described in detail. In addition, attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy was used to prove the immobilization on a qualitative and conformational level. Th...
Portier K, Crouzier D, Guichardant M, Prost M, Debouzy JC, Kirschvink N, Fellmann N, Lekeux P, Coudert J.To evaluate whether a period of hyperoxia or after a period of hypoxia produced changes attributable to reactive oxygen species in anaesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective randomized experimental study. Methods: Six healthy (ASA I) geldings, aged 4.5-9.5 years and weighing 510-640 kg(-1). Methods: After 30 minutes breathing air as carrier gas for isoflurane, horses were assigned randomly to breathe air as carrier gas (CG0.21) or oxygen as carrier gas (CG1.00) for a further 90 minutes. After an interval of 1 month each horse was re-anaesthetized with the other carrier gas for the 90 minute te...
Vijarnsorn M, Riley CB, Ryan DA, Rose PL, Shaw RA.To determine the feasibility of the use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy within the midinfrared range to differentiate synovial fluid samples of joints with osteochondrosis from those of control samples. Methods: 33 horses with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 horses free of tarsocrural joint disease. Methods: FTIR spectroscopy of synovial fluid was used. Sixty-four synovial fluid samples from the tarsocrural joint were collected. Of these, 33 samples were from horses with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 from control join...
Raisis AL.The objective of this review was to describe the methodology and limitations of techniques that have been used to measure skeletal muscle blood flow in anaesthetized horses. Methods: Pubmed, personal files. Conclusions: Numerous techniques have been used in horses to study skeletal muscle blood flow during anaesthesia and after the administration of vasoactive agents. Of the available techniques, blood flow measurements are limited to either microvascular flow (radioactive xenon, laser Doppler flowmetry) or total blood flow (radioactive microspheres, electromagnetic flowmetry, Doppler ultrason...
Díaz-Espiñeira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, Rodriguez M.The secondary constituents accompanying calcite and vaterite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) in the sabulous deposits from 140 vesical samples and one renal sample of equine urine were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Apatitic calcium phosphate, present in 12 per cent of the samples, generally appeared in the form of spherulites with smooth and rough surfaces. Calcium sulphate, clearly detected by IR in 12.7 per cent of the samples, did not have a characteristic structure under SEM, although EDX detec...
De Wael K, De Belder S, Van Vlierberghe S, Van Steenberge G, Dubruel P, Adriaens A.The aim of this paper is to emphasize the strength of gelatin as a stable matrix for redox enzymes. Cyclic voltammetry has been applied for a detailed electrochemical study of horse heart cytochrome c (HHC) entrapped in a gelatin matrix immobilized on a gold electrode. The influence of the HHC concentration, the mass percentage of the gelatin and the nature of the gelatin on the electrochemical behaviour of HHC have been described in detail. In addition, attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy was used to prove the immobilization on a qualitative and conformational level. Th...
Prakash M, Sarin JK, Rieppo L, Afara IO, Töyräs J.Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been successful in nondestructive assessment of biological tissue properties, such as stiffness of articular cartilage, and is proposed to be used in clinical arthroscopies. Near-infrared spectroscopic data include absorbance values from a broad wavelength region resulting in a large number of contributing factors. This broad spectrum includes information from potentially noisy variables, which may contribute to errors during regression analysis. We hypothesized that partial least squares regression (PLSR) is an optimal multivariate regression technique and...
Vijarnsorn M, Riley CB, Ryan DA, Rose PL, Shaw RA.To determine the feasibility of the use of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy within the midinfrared range to differentiate synovial fluid samples of joints with osteochondrosis from those of control samples. Methods: 33 horses with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 horses free of tarsocrural joint disease. Methods: FTIR spectroscopy of synovial fluid was used. Sixty-four synovial fluid samples from the tarsocrural joint were collected. Of these, 33 samples were from horses with radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint and 31 from control join...
Portier K, Crouzier D, Guichardant M, Prost M, Debouzy JC, Kirschvink N, Fellmann N, Lekeux P, Coudert J.To evaluate whether a period of hyperoxia or after a period of hypoxia produced changes attributable to reactive oxygen species in anaesthetized horses. Methods: Prospective randomized experimental study. Methods: Six healthy (ASA I) geldings, aged 4.5-9.5 years and weighing 510-640 kg(-1). Methods: After 30 minutes breathing air as carrier gas for isoflurane, horses were assigned randomly to breathe air as carrier gas (CG0.21) or oxygen as carrier gas (CG1.00) for a further 90 minutes. After an interval of 1 month each horse was re-anaesthetized with the other carrier gas for the 90 minute te...
Ferjak EN, Cavinder CA, Burnett DD, Argo CM, Dinh TTN.Body condition score and percent body fat (BF; %) of horses are positively correlated with reproductive efficiency and are indicative of metabolic issues. However, BF in horses may be poorly predicted because current procedures are either subjective or dependent on one anatomical location. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to compare 2 methods of predicting BF using rump fat thickness (RFT) and deuterium oxide (DO) dilution with actual tissue fat analysis by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in stock-type horses and to identify the relationship between BF and BCS. Twenty-four...
Singh S, Chopra M, Dilbaghi N, Manuja BK, Kumar S, Kumar R, Rathore NS, Yadav SC, Manuja A.Isometamidium hydrochloride (ISMM) is an effective drug for the treatment of trypanosomosis, but it causes local and systemic toxicity. Isometamidium hydrochloride has limited therapeutic index and exhibit considerable variation in their prophylactic activities. We developed a trypanocidal nanoformulation using ISMM and polymers sodium alginate/gum acacia to enhance the efficacy of the drug at lower doses, while minimizing undesirable side effects. It was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of size, morphology, functional groups, etc. In v...
McConnell EJ, Rioja E, Bester L, Sanz MG, Fosgate GT, Saulez MN.Alterations in cerebral haemodynamics may contribute to perianaesthetic complications in horses. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is frequently used intraoperatively in man to provide information regarding cerebral perfusion. Objective: To determine whether NIRS can identify trends in regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) in horses and whether there is a correlation between rSO2 and venous oxygen tensions. Methods: A cerebral oximeter sensor recorded rSO2 from the dorsal sagittal sinus of 6 healthy horses. Values for rSO2, arterial and venous oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (PaO2, PvO...
Panizzi L, Vignes M, Dittmer KE, Waterland MR, Rogers CW, Sano H, McIlwraith CW, Pemberton S, Owen M, Riley CB.to determine the accuracy of infrared (IR)-based serum biomarker profiling to differentiate horses with early inflammatory changes associated with a traumatically induced model of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA) from controls. Methods: unilateral carpal OA was induced in 9 of 17 healthy Thoroughbred fillies, while the remainder served as sham operated controls. Serum samples were obtained before induction of OA (Day 0) and weekly thereafter until Day 63 from both groups. Films of dried serum were created, and IR absorbance spectra acquired. Following pre-processing, partial least squares dis...
Raisis AL.The objective of this review was to describe the methodology and limitations of techniques that have been used to measure skeletal muscle blood flow in anaesthetized horses. Methods: Pubmed, personal files. Conclusions: Numerous techniques have been used in horses to study skeletal muscle blood flow during anaesthesia and after the administration of vasoactive agents. Of the available techniques, blood flow measurements are limited to either microvascular flow (radioactive xenon, laser Doppler flowmetry) or total blood flow (radioactive microspheres, electromagnetic flowmetry, Doppler ultrason...
Ferreira L, Machado N, Gouvinhas I, Santos S, Celaya R, Rodrigues M, Barros A.n-Alkanes and long-chain alcohols (LCOH) have been used as faecal markers to assess the feeding behaviour of both wild and domestic herbivore species. However, their chemical analysis is time-consuming and expensive, making it necessary to develop more expeditious methodologies to evaluate concentrations of these markers. This work aimed to evaluate the use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) technology in the near infrared (NIR) and mid infrared (MIR) intervals, for the determination of n-alkane and LCOH concentrations of different plant species and faecal samples of domestic he...
Díaz-Espiñeira M, Escolar E, Bellanato J, Rodriguez M.The secondary constituents accompanying calcite and vaterite (crystalline forms of calcium carbonate) in the sabulous deposits from 140 vesical samples and one renal sample of equine urine were studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Apatitic calcium phosphate, present in 12 per cent of the samples, generally appeared in the form of spherulites with smooth and rough surfaces. Calcium sulphate, clearly detected by IR in 12.7 per cent of the samples, did not have a characteristic structure under SEM, although EDX detec...
Riley CB, McClure JT, Low-Ying S, Dolenko BK, Somorjai RL, Shaw RA.To assess the feasibility of a serum-based test using infrared spectroscopy to identify a subpopulation of mares at risk of producing foals susceptible to failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) because of mare-associated factors. Methods: Serum was collected from post-parturient mares (n = 126) and their foals at 24-72 h of age. A radial immunodiffusion IgG test was used to determine each foal's serum IgG concentration. Infrared absorbance spectra of dam sera were collected in the wave number range of 400-4000 cm(-1). Following data preprocessing, pattern recognition techniques were use...
Ertmer F, Oldenhof H, Schütze S, Rohn K, Wolkers WF, Sieme H.If the physiological balance between production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is shifted towards production of ROS this may result in accumulation of cell damage over time. In this study stallion spermatozoa were incubated with xanthine and xanthine oxidase (X-XO) to artificially generate defined levels of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide resulting in sub-lethal oxidative damage. The effects of X-XO treatment on various sperm characteristics were studied. Special emphasis was placed on sperm osmotic tolerance pre-freeze and its correlation with cryosurvival, given that cryopr...
Frabasile L, Amendola C, Buttafava M, Chincarini M, Contini D, Cozzi B, De Zani D, Guerri G, Lacerenza M, Minero M, Petrizzi L, Qiu L, Rabbogliatti V....Biosensors applied in veterinary medicine serve as a noninvasive method to determine the health status of animals and, indirectly, their level of welfare. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been suggested as a technology with this application. This study presents preliminary time domain NIRS measurements of optical properties (absorption coefficient, reduced scattering coefficient, and differential pathlength factor) and hemodynamic parameters (concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, total hemoglobin, and tissue oxygen saturation) of tissue domestic animals, specif...
Panizzi L, Vignes M, Dittmer KE, Waterland MR, Rogers CW, Sano H, McIlwraith CW, Riley CB.Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of lameness and joint disease in horses. A simple, economical, and accurate diagnostic test is required for routine screening for OA. This study aimed to evaluate infrared (IR)-based synovial fluid biomarker profiling to detect early changes associated with a traumatically induced model of equine carpal osteoarthritis (OA). Unilateral carpal OA was induced arthroscopically in 9 of 17 healthy thoroughbred fillies; the remainder served as Sham-operated controls. The median age of both groups was 2 years. Synovial fluid (SF) was obtained before surgical induction...
