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Topic:Mandible
The mandible in horses is the lower jawbone, essential for mastication and articulation with the skull. It comprises two halves that fuse at the mandibular symphysis and supports the lower teeth, playing a key role in the horse's ability to graze and process food. The mandible also provides attachment sites for muscles involved in chewing and facial expressions. Research on the equine mandible often focuses on its anatomy, development, and the impact of various dental and skeletal disorders. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that investigate the structure, function, and clinical implications of the mandible in equine health and management.
Anatomic analysis of the equine mental foramen and rostral mandibular canal using computed tomography. To characterize the anatomy of the mental foramen and determine associations with age, weight, sex and breed. Methods: Retrospective descriptive study. Methods: Forty-one horses, 0.6-25.2 years and weighing 136-820 kg. Methods: Computed tomography (CT) studies of equine heads performed over 5 years were evaluated in multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstruction. Measurements obtained were positioning of the foramen along the mandible, foramen height and width, foramen-canal angulation and rostral canal mineralization. Exploratory statistical analyses investigated associations between measu...
Mandibular odontoameloblastoma in a rat and a horse. Odontoameloblastoma (OA) is a mixed odontogenic tumor that is an ameloblastoma with concurrent histologic evidence of odontoma differentiation. As a mixed tumor, OA is a tripartite lesion comprised of neoplastic odontogenic epithelium, induced dental ectomesenchyme (dental pulp), and mineralized dental matrix. Although rare, OA represents a diagnostic conundrum, as it is histologically closely related to 2 other mixed odontogenic tumors: odontoma (complex and compound) and ameloblastic fibro-odontoma. Herein we describe an OA arising from the mandible of a 4-mo-old Fischer 344 rat that had bee...
[Congenital goiter in the neonatal foal. Two case reports. Zwei Fallberichte]. Two cases of an innate hyperplastic goiter in foals as well as the sonographic evaluation of the hyperplastic gland are presented. One foal displayed skeletal deformities in the form of a mandibular prognathism and forelimb contractures in addition to the swollen thyroid gland. Because of a poor prognosis, the animal was euthanized. The second foal was premature and displayed respiratory signs. Under symptomatic therapy, the goiter regressed within a few weeks.
A tall rostral hook in a medieval horse premolar tooth. Development of dental abnormalities due to improper occlusal wear is common among modern domestic horses. This phenomenon often is attributed to jaw conformation. Rostral mandibular hooks may develop in horses with underjet or mandibular prognathism, a condition where the lower jaw protrudes forward, beyond the upper jaw. Less abrasive diet, free of phytoliths and matrix-like plant fibers, also may promote enamel and focal overgrowths of equine dentition. Here we report a rostral mandibular hook in a lower premolar tooth of a medieval horse, found in a spring deposit in Levänluhta, Osthroboth...
Early volumetric changes after vertical augmentation of the atrophic posterior mandible with interpositional block graft versus onlay bone graft: A retrospective radiological study. The aim of this study was to evaluate volumetric and clinical outcomes of atrophic posterior mandibles treated with inlay or onlay bone grafting techniques. Methods: In posterior mandibles, alveolar ridges were treated either with interpositional equine cancellous bone block (inlay group) or with onlay autogenous bone block (onlay group). Bone volumes at baseline and at 4 months after surgery were measured by computed tomography. Results: A total of 20 subjects were enrolled in the present study: 10 in the inlay group and 10 in the onlay group. After surgery, atrophic posterior mandibles showe...
Socket Preservation using Enzyme-treated Equine Bone Granules and an Equine Collagen Matrix: A Case Report with Histological and Histomorphometrical Assessment. To histologically assess the effectiveness of a socket-preservation technique using enzyme-treated equine bone granules as a bone-graft material in combination with an equine collagen matrix as a scaffold for soft-tissue regeneration. Background: Enzyme-treated equine bone granules and equine collagen matrix recently have been developed to help overcome alveolar bone deficiencies that develop in the wake of edentulism. Methods: The patient had one mandibular molar extracted and the socket grafted with equine bone granules. The graft was covered with the equine collagen matrix, placed in a doub...
Conservative Management of Unilateral Fractures of the Mandibular Rami in Horses. To report the outcome of conservative management of unilateral fractures of the mandibular rami in horses. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: 24 client-owned horses with unilateral mandibular fractures METHODS: Medical records (January 2000-January 2014) of horses with unilateral mandibular ramus fractures were retrieved. Only conservatively managed horses with follow-up information were included. Follow-up information on clinical outcome was retrieved from the medical records (n=11) or obtained by telephone interviews with the owners or trainers (n=13). Results: Twenty-three horses ...
Functional anatomy of the equine temporomandibular joint: Collagen fiber texture of the articular surfaces. In the last decade, the equine masticatory apparatus has received much attention. Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the functional process of mastication. However, ultrastructural and histological data providing a basis for biomechanical and histopathological considerations are not available. The aim of the present study was to analyze the architecture of the collagen fiber apparatus in the articular surfaces of the equine TMJ to reveal typical morphological features indicating biomechanical adaptions. Therefore, the collagen fiber alignmen...
Sialoendoscopy as a treatment for an obstructed mandibular salivary duct in a horse. A 14-year-old Quarter Horse was examined for a draining tract of 8 months' duration on the right mandible that was non-responsive to antibiotic therapy and surgical therapy. Further investigation and subsequent treatment with sialoendoscopy and ultrasonography were performed to relieve an obstruction of plant awns in the mandibular salivary duct. Un cheval Quarter Horse âgé de 14 ans a été examiné pour une fistule purulente d’une durée de 8 mois à la mandibule droite qui ne répondait pas à la thérapie antibiotique et à la thérapie chirurgicale. De nouvelles investigations et le ...
Computed Tomographic Appearance of the Temporomandibular Joint in 1018 Asymptomatic Horses: A Multi-Institution Study. Published descriptions of nonseptic arthritis of the equine temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are rare and large studies investigating variations in the TMJ for asymptomatic horses are lacking. The objectives of this cross-sectional, retrospective, multi-institutional study were to describe anatomical variations in the TMJ detected using computed tomography (CT) in an equid population asymptomatic for TMJ disease and determine whether these variations were associated with patient signalment, reason for CT examination, or CT slice width. Medical records at eight hospitals were searched for horses t...
The effect of acute unilateral inflammation of the equine temporomandibular joint on the kinematics of mastication. Diseases of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are well reported in man and some domestic animals other than the horse. The pathophysiology of equine TMJ disease and the effects of disease on the kinematics of mastication are unknown. Objective: To determine whether transient unilateral inflammation of the equine TMJ results in alterations in the masticatory cycle. Methods: An experimental controlled study utilising 6 horses of various ages with normal dentition. Methods: Each horse was equipped with an optical motion tracking (kinematic) system. Horses were observed chewing grass hay over 3 m...
Surgical treatment and a unique management of rostral mandibular fracture with cerclage wire in a horse. A 3-year-old Arabian colt was presented for a major gingiva wound at the right rostral part of mandible. After clinical assessments, rostral mandibular fracture was determined. Stabilization of fractured region was achieved via cerclage wire application under general anesthesia. Fixation wires were left in place for 6 weeks. A 3 -month follow up revealed complete fracture healing. The purpose of this case report was to give clinical information about rostral mandibular fractures and treatment of these fractures and nutrition protocol in a horse, as this fracture is of the most common type of j...
Horizontal-guided Bone Regeneration using a Titanium Mesh and an Equine Bone Graft. The present work describes a horizontal ridge augmentation in which a titanium mesh was preshaped by adapting it to a stereolithographic model of the patient's jaw that was fabricated from CT scans. Guided bone regeneration (GBR) involves covering the augmentation site with a long-lasting barrier to protect it from the invasion of surrounding soft tissues. Among barriers, titanium meshes may provide a successful outcome, but the intraoperatory time needed to shape them is a disadvantage. The 54-year-old patient, missing the right mandibular second bicuspid, first molar, and second molar, had h...
Gross, computed tomographic and histological findings in mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis due to apical infection. The most prevalent type of equine dental pulpitis due to apical infection is not associated with coronal fractures or periodontal disease. The pathogenesis of this type of pulpitis is not fully understood. Computed tomography (CT) is increasingly used to investigate equine dental disorders. However, gross, tomographic and histopathological changes in equine dental pulpitis have not been compared previously. Objective: To compare gross, CT and histological appearances of sectioned mandibular cheek teeth extracted from horses with clinical signs of pulpitis without coronal fractures or periodont...
A nonterminal equine mandibular model of bone healing. To develop a nonterminal large animal bone defect model for assessing the efficacy of regenerative and pharmacologic treatments designed to enhance bone healing. Methods: In vivo experimental. Methods: Adult gelding horses (n = 6). Methods: Under general anesthesia, using radiographic guidance, 13.5 mm diameter bilateral, full thickness mandibular defects were created in 6 horses using a custom surgical jig and coring bit. After 16 weeks, under general anesthesia, 23 mm diameter cores that encompassed the original healing defects and surrounding parent bone material were removed for evaluation...
The Inferior Alveolar Nerve of the Horse: Course and Anatomical Relationship with Mandibular Cheek Teeth. The precise location of neurovascular structures within the relatively long mandibular canal of the horse is of paramount importance in surgical procedures of the area. The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) enters the mandibular canal on the medial (lingual) surface of the mandible and innervates all the mandibular teeth. During its course, the nerve moves laterally, crossing the roots of the inferior cheek teeth. However, the exact anatomical relationships occurring between the IAN and the roots of the equine mandibular cheek teeth have not been described in detail. In this study, the mandibles o...
Bit-related lesions in Icelandic competition horses. Oral lesions related to the use of the bit and bridle are reported to be common findings in horses worldwide and represent an important animal welfare issue. In order to provide an overview of bit-related lesions in Icelandic competition horses, a field examination of the rostral part of the oral cavity was performed in 424 competition horses coming to the two major national horse events in Iceland in 2012. Records from repeated examination of 77 horses prior to the finals were used to assess potential risk factors. Results: Mild lesions were recorded in 152 horses (36%) prior to the prelimina...
Evaluation and clinical use of an intraoral inferior alveolar nerve block in the horse. Local anaesthesia is often required to facilitate invasive procedures in equine dental patients under standing sedation. Objective: To show that an intraoral approach can be used to desensitise the inferior alveolar nerve in horses and report complications seen with this technique. Methods: The distance of the mandibular foramen from the distal (caudal) edge of the mandibular third molar tooth, rostral edge of the mandibular ramus and ventral margin of the mandible were measured in 26 adult equine skulls of various ages and breeds. Computed tomography (CT) was used to verify the placement of t...
Extensive rostral mandibulectomy for treatment of ameloblastoma in a horse. To report long-term outcome in a mare that had extensive rostral mandibulectomy to remove an ameloblastoma. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: A 21-year-old mare. Methods: An ameloblastoma, located in the rostral aspect of the mandible, was removed by complete en-bloc resection of the tumor, removing most of the mandibular symphysis. Results: The day after surgery, the remaining mandibular symphysis (<5 mm) fractured causing marked instability of the hemi-mandibles. Partial wound dehiscence occurred 5 days after surgery; however, the mare was able to eat well and the incision healed withi...
Mandibular degloving injury in an Arabian filly. A 6-month-old Arabian filly escaped its handler while being led and slipped on pavement. The referring veterinarian recognized severe, soft tissue damage to the filly's lower jaw and referred the filly to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for surgical management. Blessure de dégantage mandibulaire chez une pouliche arabe. Une pouliche arabe âgée de 6 ans s’est échappée de son préposé pendant qu’il la menait et a glissé sur la chaussée. Le vétérinaire traitant a reconnu des dommages graves aux tissus mous de la mâchoire inférieure de la pouliche et a recommandé la pouliche à l...
Swellings of the angle of the mandible in 32 horses (1997-2011). Disorders of the horizontal ramus (body) of the equine mandible are well reported, but there is minimal documentation of disorders of the angle of mandible. A retrospective examination of the records of Edinburgh University Equine Hospital (1997-2011) showed that 32 horses were referred due to swellings of the angle of the mandible. The aetiology of these swellings was identified in just 13/32 cases (41%) including fractures (n=2), traumatic, localised periosteal/cortical lesions (n=4), traumatic soft tissue lesions (n=2), neoplasia (n=3), and inflammation of the adjacent salivary gland (n=1) ...
Mandibular corrective osteotomy using novel locking compression plate 3.5/4.5/5.0 mm metaphyseal plates. To describe a technique and the outcome of using 3.5/4.5/5.0 Metaphyseal Locking Compression Plate for corrective osteotomy of mandibular brachygnathia. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: Eight-month Thoroughbred horse. Methods: Severe mandibular brachygnathia was surgically treated by corrective osteotomy and fixation with 2 LCP 3.5/4.5/5.0 Metaphyseal plates inserted using minimally invasive technique. Results: Severe mandibular brachygnathia was treated successfully with minor complications and stable fixation after 3 months. Cosmetic outcome and owner satisfaction was excellent. Conclusion...
Long term outcome after surgical correction of mandibular brachygnathia with unilateral type 1 external skeletal fixation. To describe complications and long-term outcome after surgical correction of severe overbite in 7 horses using corrective osteotomy and a Type I external fixator. Methods: Case series. Methods: Horses (n = 7). Methods: Seven horses with severe mandibular brachygnathia were treated by corrective osteotomy and a Type I external fixator. Data on surgical technique, complications, long-term outcome and owner satisfaction were recorded. Results: Severe mandibular brachygnathia was corrected successfully in all horses. Short term follow-up revealed a relatively high morbidity due to several comp...
Prolonged anesthesia using sevoflurane, remifentanil and dexmedetomidine in a horse. A 10-year old Arabian mare had a slow-growing mass on the lower right mandible and required a large partial mandibulectomy. Methods: No abnormalities were detected apart from the mass. Results: A temporary tracheostomy was performed pre-operatively. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine followed by ketamine and diazepam. For 13 hours, anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane, dexmedetomidine and remifentanil infusions, with the exception of surgical preparation time. Intra-operatively, ventilation was delivered through the cuffed tracheotomy tube. Heart and respiratory rates, ECG, arterial ...
Large segmental mandibulectomy for treatment of an undifferentiated sarcoma in a horse. To describe a large segmental (sub-total) mandibulectomy for removal of an undifferentiated sarcoma in a horse. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: A 10-year-old mare. Methods: A combination of methods including computed tomography (CT) were used to diagnose a large undifferentiated sarcoma of the right mandible. A large segmental mandibulectomy extending from 3 cm below the right temporomandibular joint to immediately caudal to tooth 407 was used to perform an en-bloc resection of the mass under general anesthesia. Results: Surgery time was 11 hours and 35 minutes and total anesthesia time, 12...
Complications associated with cheek tooth extraction in the horse. Common indications for cheek tooth extraction in the horse include dental fracture, periodontal disease, severe decay/ caries, mandibular fracture with alveolar/tooth involvement, and periapical abscess. Complications secondary to extraction of cheek teeth are prevalent. Typical complications may include retained root tip(s), collateral damage of neighboring teeth and alveolar bone, mandibular fracture non-union or delayed union, cemental ankylosis, dilacerated root(s), oroantral/oronasal fistula, palatal deviation of cheek teeth, bone sequestration, sinus involvement, alveolar plug failure, a...
Stent reconstruction of an injured parotid duct in a thoroughbred colt. To report successful use of stent repair for a chronically injured parotid duct in a thoroughbred colt. Methods: Clinical report. Methods: A 2-year-old thoroughbred colt. Methods: Chronic injury to the parotid duct was identified 4-cm caudal to the facial vessel notch on the ventral border of the right mandible. After careful surgical dissection of the surrounding firm fibrous tissue, the defect was temporarily stented using an 8-Fr human ureteral catheter (223600 ERU(®) SOFT URETERAL(®) , Laboratoires pharmaceutique, Betschdorf, France) to bridge the tissue loss. The rostral end of the cath...
Comparison of two approaches to performing an inferior alveolar nerve block in the horse. To compare two approaches to performing the inferior alveolar nerve block in the horse and to evaluate the consistency of described topographical landmarks. Methods: Experimental cadaver model. Methods: Eleven cadaver heads were positioned to mimic a standing sedated horse and the position of the mandibular foramen approximated. The vertical approach to the approximate location of the mandibular foramen was undertaken and red dye was deposited. The angled approach was then undertaken and blue ink was used to identify it. The heads were then dissected to determine the location of the dye. Place...
Vertical ridge augmentation using an equine bone and collagen block infused with recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB: a randomized single-masked histologic study in non-human primates. This study tests the effectiveness of hydroxyapatite and collagen bone blocks of equine origin (eHAC), infused with recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-BB (rhPDGF-BB), to augment localized posterior mandibular defects in non-human primates (Papio hamadryas). Methods: Bilateral critical-sized defects simulating severe atrophy were created at the time of the posterior teeth extraction. Test and control blocks (without growth factor) were randomly grafted into the respective sites in each non-human primate. Results: All sites exhibited vertical ridge augmentation, with physiologic ha...
