Analyze Diet

Topic:Metabolites

Metabolites are small molecules involved in the metabolic processes within a horse's body. They are the intermediates and products of metabolism, encompassing a wide range of compounds, such as amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides. These molecules play roles in energy production, growth, and cellular repair. The study of equine metabolites, often conducted through metabolomics, provides insights into the physiological and pathological states of horses. Changes in metabolite levels can indicate alterations in metabolic pathways, potentially reflecting health conditions or responses to environmental factors. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the identification, function, and diagnostic potential of metabolites in equine health.
Diagnosis of atypical myopathy based on organic acid and acylcarnitine profiles and evolution of biomarkers in surviving horses.
Molecular genetics and metabolism reports    November 25, 2021   Volume 29 100827 doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100827
Mathis D, Sass JO, Graubner C, Schoster A.Atypical myopathy (AM), an acquired multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) in horses, induce changes in mitochondrial metabolism. Only few veterinary laboratories offer diagnostic testing for this disease. Inborn and acquired MADD exist in humans, therefore determination of organic acids (OA) in urine and acylcarnitines (AC) in blood by assays available in medical laboratories can serve as AM diagnostics. The evolution of OA and AC profiles in surviving horses is unreported. Methods: AC profiles using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) and OA in urine using...
Development of a Standardized Microflow LC Gradient to Enable Sensitive and Long-Term Detection of Synthetic Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids for High-Throughput Doping Controls.
Analytical chemistry    November 18, 2021   Volume 93, Issue 47 15590-15596 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03392
Delcourt V, Garcia P, Pottier I, Mansoibou N, Bache N, Glavieux Y, Chabot B, Perot I, André F, Loup B, Barnabé A, Popot MA, Bailly-Chouriberry L.Synthetic androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are banned compounds and considered as major threats by both racing and sports international authorities. Hence, doping control laboratories are continually looking into analytical improvements to increase their detection capabilities, notably by means of emerging technologies. To enhance analytical performances for the detection of synthetic AAS such as stanozolol, specific chromatographic procedures have been developed using recent quaternary liquid chromatography technology originally designed for high-throughput standardized proteomics connected...
Pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses following oral administration.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    November 7, 2021   Volume 45, Issue 1 63-68 doi: 10.1111/jvp.13029
Waitt Wolker LH, Veltri CA, Pearman K, Lozoya M, Norris JW.This study aimed to investigate pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine in horses and validate a method for liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of serum levels. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics were determined using 10 healthy, adult horses. Fluoxetine pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose (0.25 mg/kg) were determined using blood samples collected prior to and at several time points over 7 days following administration. Serum concentrations of fluoxetine and its bioactive metabolite norfluoxetine were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to an accurate mass/high-resolution ma...
Impact of Dietary Zinc Chloride Hydroxide and Zinc Methionine on the Faecal Microbiota of Healthy Adult Horses and Ponies.
Journal of equine veterinary science    November 6, 2021   Volume 110 103804 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103804
Paßlack N, van Bömmel-Wegmann S, Vahjen W, Zentek J.Zinc supplements are often used in equine nutrition to support skin and hoof quality or the immune function. However, no data on the effects of dietary zinc on the intestinal microbiota of horses and ponies are available so far. In the present study, varying dietary zinc concentrations (maintenance (4 mg/kg BW/day), 120 mg/kg dry matter (DM)/day and 240 mg/kg DM/day) were achieved by the supplementation of either zinc chloride hydroxide or zinc methionine (six treatment periods of 4 weeks each). Eight healthy adult ponies and two healthy adult horses were included, and faecal samples were coll...
Comprehensive metabolic study of IOX4 in equine urine and plasma using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer for the purpose of doping control.
Drug testing and analysis    October 21, 2021   Volume 14, Issue 2 233-251 doi: 10.1002/dta.3172
Ishii H, Shibuya M, So YM, Wong JKY, Ho ENM, Kusano K, Sone Y, Kamiya T, Wakuno A, Ito H, Miyata K, Yamada M, Leung GN.IOX4 is a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PHD) inhibitor, which was developed for the treatment of anemia by exerting hematopoietic effects. The administration of HIF-PHD inhibitors such as IOX4 to horses is strictly prohibited by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive metabolic study of IOX4 in horse plasma and urine after a nasoesophageal administration of IOX4 (500 mg/day, 3 days). A total of four metabolites (three mono-hydroxylated IOX4 and one ...
The equine metabolism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase enzyme inhibitor nitecapone.
Drug testing and analysis    October 18, 2021   Volume 14, Issue 5 929-935 doi: 10.1002/dta.3163
Stanley S, Deng D, Van den Berg K, Foo HC.The abuse of performance-enhancing catecholamine-based stimulants, such as levodopa, is controlled in horse racing through the application of a regulatory threshold for the common major metabolite. However, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme inhibitors can be used to restrict the catalysis of the stimulant, and so the concurrent administration of both substances would be a viable strategy to enhance racing performance while removing the risk of exceeding the threshold. A 200 mg dose of nitecapone, a COMT inhibitor, was administered to a Thoroughbred horse, and we have analysed the bl...
Does the type of exercise affect tryptophan catabolism in horses?
Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience    October 5, 2021   Volume 15, Issue 11 100377 doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100377
Kędzierski W, Sadok I, Kowalik S, Janczarek I, Staniszewska M.Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid which metabolises via the kynurenine pathway to generate a number of bioactive substances referred to as kynurenines. Among those are 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKyn) and quinolinic acid, which are neurotoxic, as well as kynurenic acid (Kyna) and xanthurenic acid (XA), which, similarly to nicotinamide (NAm), show neuroprotective and anti-depressive effects. Routine exercise is known to modulate Trp metabolism in skeletal muscle and is thus believed to reduce the risk of depressive states in humans and laboratory animals. Analogously, it was hypothesised ...
Plasma and urine pharmacokinetics of hydroxyzine and cetirizine following repeated oral administrations to exercised horses.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    September 1, 2021   Volume 45, Issue 1 46-53 doi: 10.1111/jvp.13010
Paine SW, Aldurdunji M, Garth-Greeves A, Muir T, Hincks PR.Hydroxyzine and cetirizine are first- and second-generation oral antihistamine drugs, respectively, used to treat allergic reactions in horses. Cetirizine is also a metabolite of hydroxyzine, which may lead to complexities in regulating their use in equine sporting events. The aim of the research was to be able to provide detection times (DT) from pharmacokinetic studies in thoroughbred horses to better inform trainers, and their veterinary surgeons, prescribing these substances for treatment of Thoroughbred racehorses. Six and two horses were given 9 repeated administrations of hydroxyzine HC...
Metabolomic Signatures Discriminate Horses with Clinical Signs of Atypical Myopathy from Healthy Co-grazing Horses.
Journal of proteome research    August 26, 2021   Volume 20, Issue 10 4681-4692 doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00225
Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Renaud B, François AC, Fortier-Guillaume J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Boemer F, De Tullio P, Richard EA, Votion DM.Atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs in grazing horses. Despite the presence of toxins in their blood, all horses from the same pasture are not prone to display clinical signs of AM. The objective of this study was to compare the blood metabolomic profiles of horses with AM clinical signs with those of healthy co-grazing (Co-G) horses. To do so, plasma samples from 5 AM horses and 11 Co-G horses were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were evaluated using unsupervised, supervised, and pathway analyses. Unsupervised principal component...
Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Metamizole Metabolites after Intramuscular and Intravenous Administration in Healthy Arabian Horses.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    August 25, 2021   Volume 44, Issue 6 927-936 doi: 10.1111/jvp.13003
Yılmaz İ, Maraş Z, Uğur Y, Erkan Özgür M, Durmaz M, İbrahim Ulusoy H, Erdoğan S.Metamizole sodium (MT) is an analgesic and antipyretic drug molecule used in humans, horses, cattle, swine, and dogs. Metamizole rapidly hydrolyzes and turns into methylamino antipyrine (MAA), an active primary metabolite of MT. The present study aims to determine the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of MT metabolites after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration into sex of Arabian horses (Equus ferus caballus) using a cross-over study design. The plasma samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) method, and plasma concentrations of MT metabolites were analyzed by high...
The Effect of Ryegrass Silage Feeding on Equine Fecal Microbiota and Blood Metabolite Profile.
Frontiers in microbiology    August 23, 2021   Volume 12 715709 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715709
Zhu Y, Wang X, Liu B, Yi Z, Zhao Y, Deng L, Holyoak R, Li J.Silage is fed to horses in China and other areas in the world, however, knowledge about the impact of feeding silage on horse health is still limited. In the current study, 12 horses were assigned into two groups and fed ryegrass silage and ryegrass hay, respectively, for 8 weeks. High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze fecal microbiota, while liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based metabolomics technique was used for blood metabolite profile to investigate the influence of feeding ryegrass silage (group S) compared to feeding ryegrass hay (group H) on equine ...
Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits.
Toxins    August 23, 2021   Volume 13, Issue 8 588 doi: 10.3390/toxins13080588
Mycotoxin contaminated feed has been associated with colic of horses caused by intestinal disorders. Whether such disease conditions alter the intestinal toxin metabolism and transfer across a compromised mucosal barrier is unknown. A screening approach was used to relate blood residue levels of DON, ZEN and their metabolites to the status of the horses (sick vs. healthy). A total of 55 clinically healthy horses from 6 different farms with varying feeding background served as control for sick horses (N = 102) hospitalized due to colic. ZEN, alpha-zearalenol (ZEL), beta-ZEL and DON were detecta...
Pharmacokinetic properties of metamizole active metabolites in Northeastern Brazilian donkeys (Equus asinus).
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    July 15, 2021   Volume 44, Issue 5 842-849 doi: 10.1111/jvp.12998
de Macêdo LB, Mouta AN, Araújo-Silva G, Urizar JTP, de Paula VV.Metamizole (MT), also known as dipyrone, is an analgesic and antipyretic drug labeled for use in humans and domestic animals in some countries. As with other drugs, the administration of MT in donkeys is based on studies carried out with horses. In the present report, we aimed to determine the pharmacokinetics of the two main metamizole active metabolites (N-methyl-4-aminoantipyrine [MAA] and 4-aminoantipyrine [AA]) following 10 (M ) and 25 mg/kg (M ) IV metamizole doses in Northeast Brazilian donkeys (n = 10). Blood was collected at predetermined times within over 48 h; MAA and AA plasma ...
An integrated overview on the regulation of sperm metabolism (glycolysis-Krebs cycle-oxidative phosphorylation).
Animal reproduction science    July 14, 2021   Volume 246 106805 doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106805
Peña FJ, Ortiz-Rodríguez JM, Gaitskell-Phillips GL, Gil MC, Ortega-Ferrusola C, Martín-Cano FE.An overview of the sperm metabolism is presented; using the stallion as a model we review glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, paying special attention to the interactions among them. In addition, metabolism implies a series of coordinated oxidation-reduction reactions and in the course of these reactions reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive oxoaldehydes are produced ; the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria is the main source of the anion superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, while glycolysis produces 2-oxoaldehydes such as methylglyoxal as byproducts; due t...
In vitro metabolism of the REV-ERB agonist SR-9009 and subsequent detection of metabolites in associated routine equine plasma and urine doping control samples.
Drug testing and analysis    July 14, 2021   Volume 14, Issue 1 169-174 doi: 10.1002/dta.3124
Cutler C, White DL, Viljanto M.SR-9009 is a synthetic compound widely available to purchase online as 'supplement' products due to its potential performance-enhancing effects, presenting a significant threat with regard to doping control in sport. In vitro metabolism with equine liver microsomes was performed to identify potential targets for detection of SR-9009. Six metabolites were identified, with the most abundant consisting of N-dealkylated metabolites (M1-M3). The addition of the identified metabolites to high-resolution accurate mass databases resulted in a positive finding for the N-dealkylated metabolite M1 of SR-...
Pharmacokinetics of dipyrone in horses: A multi-dose, dose escalation study.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    July 6, 2021   Volume 44, Issue 6 919-926 doi: 10.1111/jvp.12996
O'Banion MP, Sundman E, Edmonds M, Davis J.Dipyrone is a non-opioid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with antipyretic and analgesic properties commonly used in horses. Dipyrone is rapidly hydrolyzed to the primary active metabolite 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA). The purpose of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of 4-MAA following repeated and escalating doses of intravenously administered dipyrone. Twenty-six horses were randomly allocated to five treatment groups (one placebo group and four dipyrone groups [30 mg/kg q8h, 30 mg/kg q12h, 60 mg/kg q8h, and 90 mg/kg q12h]) and treated for nine consecutive da...
Hay versus haylage: Forage type influences the equine urinary metabonome and faecal microbiota.
Equine veterinary journal    June 23, 2021   Volume 54, Issue 3 614-625 doi: 10.1111/evj.13456
Leng J, McNally S, Walton G, Swann J, Proudman C, Argo C, Emery S, La Ragione R, Eustace R.Gut microbial communities are increasingly being linked to diseases in animals and humans. Obesity and its associated diseases are a concern for horse owners and veterinarians, and there is a growing interest in the link among diet, the intestinal microbiota and metabolic disease. Objective: Assess the influence of long-term hay or haylage feeding on the microbiota and metabolomes of 20 Welsh mountain ponies. Methods: Longitudinal study. Methods: Urine, faeces and blood were collected from 20 ponies on a monthly basis over a 13-month period. Urine and faeces were analysed using proton magnetic...
Alterations in the Fecal Microbiome and Metabolome of Horses with Antimicrobial-Associated Diarrhea Compared to Antibiotic-Treated and Non-Treated Healthy Case Controls.
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI    June 17, 2021   Volume 11, Issue 6 1807 doi: 10.3390/ani11061807
Arnold C, Pilla R, Chaffin K, Lidbury J, Steiner J, Suchodolski J.Diarrhea is an adverse effect of antimicrobial therapy in horses. This matched, case-controlled study compared the fecal microbiome and metabolome of horses on antibiotics that developed diarrhea (AAD, = 17) to those that did not develop diarrhea (ABX, = 15) and to a control population not exposed to antibiotics (CON, = 31). Fecal samples were collected from horses that were matched for diet and antimicrobial agent (including dose, route, and duration of therapy). Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes was performed, and QIIME 2.0 was used to generate alpha and beta diversity metrics. Untarg...
The Effect of Three Levels of Concentrate and Grain Processing on Feeding Behavior, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Metabolites and Fecal pH Of Turkmen Horses.
Journal of equine veterinary science    June 15, 2021   Volume 104 103690 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103690
Kalantari RK, Rouzbehan Y, Fazaeli H, Direkvandi E, Salem AZM.The aim of this study was to investigate, the effect of different levels of concentrates and grain processing on feeding behavior, nutrient digestibility, fecal pH and blood metabolites in the horse. Sixteen 5 to 11 years old Turkmen horses with an initial body weight 433±50 kg were used in this experiment based on completely randomized design. Four treatments were studied, in three treatments were used 20, 25 and 30% of concentrate containing processed grains (A20, A25 and A30, respectively), and in one treatment was used 25% of concentrate containing whole grain (B25). The amount of feed in...
Kinetic disposition of diazepam and its metabolites after intravenous administration of diazepam in the horse: Relevance for doping control.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    June 11, 2021   Volume 44, Issue 5 733-744 doi: 10.1111/jvp.12991
Schenk I, Machnik M, Broussou D, Meuly A, Roques BB, Lallemand E, Düe M, Röttgen H, Lagershausen H, Toutain PL, Thevis M.In horses, the benzodiazepine diazepam (DIA) is used as sedative for pre-medication or as an anxiolytic to facilitate horse examinations. As the sedative effects can also be abused for doping purposes, DIA is prohibited in equine sports. DIA is extensively metabolized to several active metabolites such as nordazepam, temazepam and oxazepam (OXA). For veterinarians, taking into account the detection times of DIA and its active metabolites is needed for minimizing the risk of an anti-doping rule violation. Therefore, a pharmacokinetic study on 6 horses was conducted using a single intravenous (...
Metabolic Profile Changes in Mangalarga Marchador Horses Subjected to A Hypercaloric Diet Evaluated by Proton NMR Spectroscopy.
Journal of equine veterinary science    June 11, 2021   Volume 103 103684 doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103684
Duarte PC, Ribeiro RM, Machado ART, Faleiros RR, Pimenta LPS, Filho JDS.The incidence of equine metabolic syndrome, a condition that results in endocrinopathic laminitis, is increasing worldwide. Although it is well known that the development of this syndrome depends on imbalances in energy metabolism and genetic traits, its pathophysiology remains unclear. Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) is a powerful tool used to compare metabolic profiles and to discriminate metabolites in living beings. The aim was to apply this technology to detect blood biomarkers candidates in horses that were previously demonstrated to developed metabolic changes when subjected...
Metabolomic analysis of skeletal muscle before and after strenuous exercise to fatigue.
Scientific reports    May 27, 2021   Volume 11, Issue 1 11261 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90834-y
Ohmura H, Mukai K, Takahashi Y, Takahashi T.Thoroughbreds have high maximal oxygen consumption and show hypoxemia and hypercapnia during intense exercise, suggesting that the peripheral environment in skeletal muscle may be severe. Changes in metabolites following extreme alterations in the muscle environment in horses after exercise may provide useful evidence. We compared the muscle metabolites before and after supramaximal exercise to fatigue in horses. Six well-trained horses ran until exhaustion in incremental exercise tests. Biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle before and immediately after exercise for capil...
Novel Algorithms for Comprehensive Untargeted Detection of Doping Agents in Biological Samples.
Analytical chemistry    May 21, 2021   Volume 93, Issue 21 7746-7753 doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01273
Guan F, You Y, Fay S, Li X, Robinson MA.To address the limitations of current targeted analytical methods that can only detect known doping agents, a novel methodology that permits untargeted drug detection (UDD) has been developed to help in the fight against doping in sports. Fifty-seven drugs were spiked into blank equine plasma and were treated as unknowns since their exact masses and chromatographic retention times were not utilized for detection. The spiked drugs were extracted from the plasma samples and were analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The acquired LC-HRMS raw ...
Establishment of a post-race biomarkers database and application of pathway analysis to identify potential biomarkers in post-race equine plasma.
Drug testing and analysis    May 17, 2021   Volume 14, Issue 5 915-928 doi: 10.1002/dta.3041
Ohnuma K, Uchida T, Leung GN, Ueda T, Obara T, Ishii H.In the context of doping control, conventional direct chemical testing detects only a limited scope of target substances in equine biological samples. To expand the ability to detect doping agents and their detection windows, metabolomics has recently become a common approach for monitoring alteration of biomarkers caused by doping agents in relevant metabolic pathways. In horse racing, remarkable changes in metabolic profiles between the rest state and racing are likely to affect the identification of doping biomarkers. Previously, we reported a limited number of significantly upregulated met...
Pharmacokinetics and effects on arachidonic acid metabolism of low doses of cannabidiol following oral administration to horses.
Drug testing and analysis    March 31, 2021   Volume 13, Issue 7 1305-1317 doi: 10.1002/dta.3028
Ryan D, McKemie DS, Kass PH, Puschner B, Knych HK.The increasing availability of cannabidiol (CBD) and anecdotal reports of its anti-inflammatory effects has garnered it much interest in the equine industry. The objectives of the current study were to (1) describe the pharmacokinetics of oral CBD in exercising thoroughbreds, (2) characterize select behavioral and physiologic effects, and (3) evaluate effects on biomarkers of inflammation using an ex vivo model. This study was conducted in a randomized balanced 3-way crossover design with a two-week washout period between doses. Horses received a single oral dose (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg) of CBD...
Towards an untargeted mass spectrometric approach for improved screening in equine antidoping.
Drug testing and analysis    March 3, 2021   Volume 13, Issue 5 1001-1007 doi: 10.1002/dta.3021
Keen B, Cawley A, Fouracre C, Pyke J, Fu S.The emergence of novel doping agents is a continuous issue for analysts who aim to maintain the integrity of horseracing together with the well-being and safety of the animals and riders involved. Untargeted mass spectrometric analysis presents a potential improvement for antidoping as it enables the detection of compounds being indirectly affected by an administered drug. In this study, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to investigate a 12-horse administration study of the synthetic opioid, butorphanol. A mass spectrometric workflow capable of detecting metaboli...
Identification of Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer roxadustat and its possible metabolites in thoroughbred horses for doping control.
Drug testing and analysis    February 23, 2021   Volume 13, Issue 6 1203-1215 doi: 10.1002/dta.3014
Mathew B, Philip M, Perwad Z, Karatt TK, Caveney MR, Subhahar MB, Karakka Kal AK.Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizer belongs to a novel class of pharmacologically active substances, which are capable of inducing the endogenous erythropoietic system. The transcriptional activator HIF has been shown to significantly increase blood hemoglobin and is well set for the treatment of anemia resulting from chronic kidney disease. This research work reports a comprehensive study of the most popular HIF stabilizer roxadustat and its metabolites in thoroughbred horse urine after oral administration. The plausible structures of the detected metabolites were postulated using liqui...
Functional phenotyping of the CYP2D6 probe drug codeine in the horse.
BMC veterinary research    February 13, 2021   Volume 17, Issue 1 77 doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02788-y
Gretler SR, Finno CJ, Kass PH, Knych HK.In humans, the drug metabolizing enzyme CYP2D6 is highly polymorphic resulting in substantial differences in the metabolism of drugs including anti-arrhythmics, neuroleptics, and opioids. The objective of this study was to phenotype a population of 100 horses from five different breeds and assess differences in the metabolic activity of the equine CYP2D6 homolog using codeine as a probe drug. Administration of a probe drug is a common method used for patient phenotyping in human medicine, whereby the ratio of parent drug to metabolite (metabolic ratio, MR) can be used to compare relative enzym...
Comprehensive characterization of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-δ agonist GW501516 for horse doping control analysis.
Drug testing and analysis    February 11, 2021   Volume 13, Issue 6 1191-1202 doi: 10.1002/dta.3013
Trevisiol S, Moulard Y, Delcourt V, Jaubert M, Boyer S, Tendon S, Haryouli H, Taleb W, Caroff M, Chabot B, Drif L, André F, Garcia P, Loup B....According to international sport institutions, the use of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-δ agonists is forbidden at any time in athlete career due to their capabilities to increase physical and endurance performances. The (PPAR)-δ agonist GW501516 is prohibited for sale but is easily available on internet and can be used by cheaters. In the context of doping control, urine is the preferred matrix because of the non-invasive nature of sampling and providing broader exposure detection times to forbidden molecules but often not detected under its native form due to the organi...
Determination of vitamin E and its metabolites in equine urine using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Drug testing and analysis    February 9, 2021   Volume 13, Issue 6 1158-1168 doi: 10.1002/dta.3006
Favro G, Habib H, Gennity I, Puschner B, Hales EN, Finno CJ, Moeller BC.Equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) is a hereditary, deteriorating central nervous disease in horses. Currently, the only way to confirm eNAD/EDM is through a postmortem histological evaluation of the central nervous system. Vitamin E, specifically the isoform alpha-tocopherol (α-TP), is known to protect eNAD/EDM susceptible horses from developing the clinical phenotype. While vitamin E is an essential nutrient in the diet of horses, there are no diagnostic tests able to quantitate vitamin E and its metabolites in urine. An ultra-performance liquid chromat...
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