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Topic:Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals in equine medicine encompass a wide range of drugs and therapeutic agents used to treat various conditions in horses. These substances include analgesics, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, sedatives, and anthelmintics, among others. Each class of pharmaceuticals is designed to address specific health issues, such as pain management, infection control, or parasitic infestations. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs can vary significantly between horses and other species, necessitating careful consideration of dosage and administration methods. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the development, efficacy, safety, and regulatory aspects of pharmaceuticals used in equine healthcare.
Adverse drug reactions: report of the Australian Veterinary Association Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee, 1994. Seventy-seven reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee (ADRSc) of the Australian Veterinary Association from April 1993 to December 1994 inclusive. The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species were: dogs (32/44), cats (18/31), horses (17/48), and cattle (10/21). Of these, 49 (64%) were classified as definite ADRs and 9 (12%) as probable ADRs. In 11 (14%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision. Eight reports were not classified because ...
Disposition and excretion of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, the active metabolite of nabumetone in horses. To examine, in horses, the disposition and excretion of the active metabolite 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA) of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prodrug nabumetone. Methods: Pharmacokinetic analysis of 6MNA after oral administration of nabumetone and IV administration of 6MNA. Methods: Using a crossover design, 5 horses were orally administered 3.7 mg of nabumetone/kg of body weight. After a 3-week washout period, 4 horses were administered 2.5 mg of 6MNA/kg, IV. Results: Absorption of nabumetone from the gastrointestinal tract and its metabolism to 6MNA had a median appearance half-...
Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) procedure for the detection of seventeen non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in equine plasma and urine samples is described. The extraction of the compounds from the biological matrix was performed at acidic pH (2-3) with diethyl ether. Ethereal extracts were washed with a saturated solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate (urine) or treated with a solid mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate (plasma). The ethereal extracts were dried and derivatized by incubation at 60 degrees C with methyl iodide in acetone in the pre...
A partially automated pretreatment module for routine analyses for seventeen non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs in race horses using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A partially automated module for the routine determination of illicit non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in biological fluids from race horses was built, tested, refined, and shown to work. This pretreatment module retains 17 NSAIDs on an Amberlite XAD-2 column before back-elution derivatization with methyl iodide in acetonitrile. Methylated derivatives are manually injected into a gas chromatograph connected to a mass spectrometer. The quantification limits thus achieved are 50-100 ng/mL in 1 mL of urine or plasma. The proposed method is more expeditious than its manual liquid-liquid...
Identification of metabolites of azaperone in horse urine. Two metabolites of the tranquilizer azaperone were extracted from alkalinized horse urine after treatment with beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase from limpets (Patella vulgata). The metabolites were identified by a combination of independent chemical synthesis and GC/MS and 1H NMR analysis. The metabolites were identified as 1-(fluorophenyl)-4-[4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-butanol, designated as 5'-hydroxy-azaperol, and 1-(fluorophenyl)-4-[4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-1-piperazinyl]-1-butanone, designated as 5'-hydroxyazaperone. A TLC screening test was developed for detecting both metabo...
Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography combined with immunoaffinity chromatography for identification and determination of dexamethasone and flumethasone in equine urine. A capillary electrophoresis technique was developed for the separation of synthetic glucocorticoids and the determination of dexamethasone and flumethasone in horse urine. Pretreatment of the sample using a dexamethasone affinity column resulted in low background that enabled the authors to detect levels as low as 1.1 ng/mL and 2.7 ng/mL for dexamethasone and flumethasone in horse urine, respectively. The developed method was used to detect dexamethasone in horse urine samples after the injection of a therapeutic dose of dexamethasone for up to 12 hr postinjection. The optimum conditions for c...
Simultaneous analysis of tiaramide metabolites in horse urine and plasma by solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography. A simple method for the simultaneous analysis of tiaramide (TRA) metabolites in the horse is described. The sample preparation method using a Bond-Elut PH cartridge and stepwise elution with ice-cold, 30% aqueous methanol followed by additional methanol is effective for recovering the metabolites with different properties. The extraction method gives good recoveries (greater than 80%) and reproducibility. Each metabolite is well separated by high-performance liquid chromatography using an octadecyl-type column of polymer-based packing with a solvent system of 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.5)-ac...
Descriptive epidemiological study of equine laminitis. A descriptive and matched case-control study of laminitis was conducted in 7 private practices and at the Texas Veterinary Medical Centre (TVMC) between May 1992 and July 1993. Out of 108 horses with laminitis, 19 acute (49%) and 20 chronic (51%) cases were seen in private practice and 16 acute (23%) and 53 (77%) cases at the TVMC. Gastrointestinal disease was the most common problem in 19/35 horses (54%), occurring just prior to the onset of acute laminitis in all hospitals. Among all horses in the study, most commonly used drugs were phenylbutazone (68%), acepromazine (34%), dimethyl sulphox...
Effects of high doses of oxytetracycline on metacarpophalangeal joint kinematics in neonatal foals. Thirteen clinically normal Belgian-type foals were used to study the effects of high doses of oxytetracycline on metacarpophalangeal joint kinematics. Seven foals (treatment group) received 2 doses of oxytetracycline (3 g, IV). The first dose was given when foals were 4 days old; the second dose was given 24 hours later. Six foals (control group) received 2 doses of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (15 ml, IV) at equivalent time periods. All foals were videotaped at a walk twice: immediately prior to the first treatment and 24 hours after the second treatment. The tapes were digitized, and metacarp...
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of amitraz in ponies and sheep. Amitraz and its active metabolite BTS27271 were given intravenously to ponies and sheep at equimolar doses of 1 mg/kg and 0.68 mg/kg, respectively, and the plasma concentrations of amitraz and BTS27271 estimated at various times thereafter. Amitraz was hydrolysed to BTS27271 in both species. Amitraz was undetectable in sheep plasma after approximately 5 min but persisted in the plasma of ponies for at least 90 min. The persistence of unmetabolized amitraz in ponies may have implications for the toxicity of amitraz in that species. The primary and secondary disposition half-lives of amitraz in ...
Determination of triamcinolone acetonide in equine serum and urine by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Urine and serum samples collected from four standard-bred mares after 30-mg intraarticular administrations of triamcinolone acetonide were analyzed using combined high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry. Maximum triamcinolone acetonide concentrations of 32.3, 14.8, 24.3, and 29.4 ng/mL in the urine and 2.7, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.5 ng/mL in the serum samples were observed. The peak concentrations of the drug were detected approximately 22 h (urine) and 12 h (serum) after administration. The drug elimination profiles for both urine and serum are present...
Testosterone administration to mares: criteria for detection of testosterone abuse by analysis of metabolites in plasma and urine. A pharmacological dose of a long-acting testosterone ester, testosterone hexahydrobenzoate, was administered intramuscularly to two mares. The time course for some characteristic metabolites in blood and urine was then studied using an analytical method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry associated with stable isotope dilution. Among the plasma analytes, testosterone glucuronide was found to be the most adequate indicator for the monitoring of exogenous testosterone up to 2 weeks postadministration if a threshold value of 200 ng/L was applied. In urine, the simultaneous measurement ...
Systemic/topical therapy. Hopefully, the practitioner has obtained a basic broader knowledge of the options available for topical and systemic equine dermatologic therapy. There are many topical and systemic agents that can aid in the treatment of specific skin disease and there are safer alternatives to glucocorticoid therapy. Because equine dermatology is still in its infancy, there is still much to be learned. The practitioner is encouraged to pay close attention to this specialty because it will continue to evolve rapidly.
Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen after multiple intravenous doses to mares. The pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of ketoprofen in six healthy mares after the first and last of five daily intravenous doses of 2.2 mg of ketoprofen per kg body weight were investigated using a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining plasma and urinary ketoprofen concentrations. Plasma ketoprofen concentrations declined triexponentially after each dose with no significant differences in plasma concentrations or pharmacokinetic parameter values between the first and last doses. The harmonic mean of the terminal elimination half-life of ketoprofen after th...
Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine in horses after oral, nasogastric and intravenous administration. In the present study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of a trimethoprim/sulphachlorpyridazine preparation following intravenous administration, administration by nasogastric tube and administration with concentrate were determined in the horse. Eight adult horses were dosed at 1 week intervals in a sequentially designed study at a dose of 5 mg/kg trimethoprim (TMP) and 25 mg/kg sulphachlorpyridazine (SCP) on all occasions. Plasma concentrations of both drugs were measured serially for 48 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters of clinical importance (distribution and elimination half-lives, clearance, bi...
Determination of xanthines by high-performance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography in horse urine after ingestion of Guaraná powder. The seeds of Guaraná are rich in xanthines and are used for the preparation of guaraná powder which is very commonly given to horses as a 'tonic' in Brazil. In this paper, the xanthine content of guaraná powder was determined, in addition to its clearance time in horses. Thin-layer chromatography was used as a screening procedure and high-performance liquid chromatography was performed to quantify the drugs in both the powder and urine samples. The guaraná powder was found to contain 2.16, 1.10 and 36.78 mg g-1 of theobromine (TB), theophylline (TP) and caffeine (CF), respectively, and in ...
Screening of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, barbiturates and methyl xanthines in equine urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) screening procedure for 23 acidic drugs in equine urine is described. With the GC-MS method fifteen anti-inflammatory drugs, five barbiturates and three methyl xanthines can be detected with good sensitivity and selectivity. The method consists of alkaline hydrolysis, extraction with organic solvent using salting-out, clean-up extraction, methylation and screening with GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring mode. The limit of detection is 10 micrograms 1(-1) or lower, for most drugs.
Disposition of human drug preparations in the horse. III. Orally administered alclofenac. Concentrations of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) alclofenac were determined by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic procedure in plasma and urine of horses following oral administration of a dose of 3 g. In plasma, alclofenac was present in detectable concentrations for 72 h. The plasma disposition in individual horses was best described by a bi-compartmental model with two successive rate constants ka1 = 0.05 +/- 0.06 h-1 and ka2 = 0.06 +/- 0.01 h-1. Alclofenac half-lives t1/2 alpha and t1/2 beta were 1.0 +/- 0.8 h and 6.9 +/- 1.5 h, respectively. Maximal conc...
