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Topic:Physiology
The physiology of horses encompasses the study of the biological functions and processes that occur within the equine body. This includes the examination of various systems such as the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, digestive, and nervous systems. Understanding equine physiology is essential for comprehending how horses adapt to different environmental conditions, perform physical activities, and respond to health challenges. Research in this field often focuses on the mechanisms of energy metabolism, thermoregulation, and muscle function during exercise, as well as the physiological responses to stress and disease. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse aspects of equine physiology, providing insights into the biological processes that support the health and performance of horses.
Muscle fibre type composition of a number of limb muscles in different types of horse. Skeletal muscle of the equine was differentiated into three fibre types according to myosin ATPase (pH 9.4) and succinic dehydrogenase activity. The percentage of these types was determined in the musculus deltoideus, m triceps brachii caput longum, m gluteus medius, m semitendinosis, m biceps femoris and m vastus lateralis of the thoroughbred, Shetland pony, pony, heavy hunter and donkey. In addition the m gluteus medius was examined in the arab and American racing quarterhorse. High myosin ATPase activity fibres varied from a mean of 93.2 per cent in the m gluteus medius of the quarterhorse ...
Effect of dehydrocholic, chenodeoxycholic, and taurocholic acids on the excretion of bilirubin. The effects of IV bile acid infusion (at approx 20% of normal excretion rate) on the biliary excretion of 3-alpha-hydroxy bile acids and bilirubin were investigated in ponies prepared surgically with chronic external biliary fistulas. Endogenous bile acid excretion (approx 45 mumol/min) decreased to the hepatic synthesis rate (approx 1.5 mumol/min) during the initial 4 to 5 hours of bile drainage. In type 1 studies, both chenodeoxycholic and taurocholic acid infusion (8 to 9 mumol/min) increased bilirubin excretion by 58% to 82% following 5 hours of biliary diversion. During type 2 studies, 3-...
Water hardness in relation to cadium accumulation and microscopic signs of cardiovascular disease in horses. The hardness of drinking water (i.e., the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations) has been related to cadmium concentration in kidney cortex and to microscopic signs of arteriosclerosis and focal myocardial fibrosis in 50 Swedish horses slaughtered for meat production. A significant negative correlation was found between water hardness and cadmium concentrations in kidney cortex. This indicates that horses living in soft water areas are more inclined to accumulate cadmium from the general environment. Microscopic changes in the aorta and myocardium were approximately 2 times as frequent i...
Methylation of histidine-48 in pancreatic phospholipase A2. Role of histidine and calcium ion in the catalytic mechanism. It is known that His-48 is part of the active center in pancreatic phospholipase. To further elucidate the role of histidine-48 in the active center of pancreatic phospholipase A2, we have modified the enzyme with a number of bromo ketones and methyl benzenesulfonates. Rapid methylation occurred with methyl p-nitrobenzenesulfonate. Methylated phospholipase shows total loss of enzymatic activity whereas binding of substrate and the cofactor Ca2+ remains intact. Amino acid analysis of methylated equine phospholipase showed the loss of the single molecule of histidine and the formation of one mol...
Further studies on gangliosides of erythrocytes from horses and cattle. The ganglioside patterns of erythrocytes from individual horses and cattle were examined. Variations in the ganglioside patterns were found in both horses and cattle. In the erythrocytes of most horses examined, NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GM3) of 25 horses examined had only NeuGc-GM3 with no 4-O-Ac-NeuGc-GM3. The erythrocytes of various breeds of cattle had a characteristic ganglioside pattern, but they could be divided into 4 types on the basis of the composition of their gangliosides.
Mucosal alterations in experimentally induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Small intestinal strangulation obstruction (ISO) was produced in seven ponies (under pentobarbital-anesthesia) by arteriovenous ligation. Positive-pressure ventilation with room air was used to maintain arterial PCO2 at the initiation of the ISO. Biopsy materials obtained from affected intestines at various times were evaluated, using histopathologic examination and scanning electron microscopy. Mucosal and villus degeneration was graded 0 to V and compared with intestinal gross color, motility, and wall thickness. The mucosa at the tip of the villus was the first to be affected. Degeneration ...
Energy and current requirements for ventricular defibrillation using trapezoidal waves. The threshold energy and current required for ventricular defibrillation was determined in dogs ranging in weight from 6.4 to 38 kg and in ponies ranging in weight from 40 to 101 kg. Trapezoidal waves, 10 ms in duration, with 10%, 50%, 70%, and 90% tilt were applied to transchest electrodes. For all values of tilt, the energy and current required increased with body weight. The energy dose (joules per kilogram of body weight) was higher for the heavier animals, whereas the current dose (peak amperes per kilogram of body weight) was essentially the same for dogs and ponies. In both species and ...
[Correlations between the indices of the state of the sympathetic-adrenal and of the hypophyseal-adrenal systems and the level of insulin in horses under various exposures]. The content of adrenaline, noradrenaline, ACTH, cortisol and insulin in the blood and excretion of catecholamines with urine were studied in horses after physical and emotional exposures. The highest degree of the sympathoadrenal system (SAS) and hypophysioadrenal system (HAS) activation followed by the insulin content decrease was observed after training. The known emotional exposure (the noise of hyppodrome) astivated both parts of SAS and HAS. The unknown emotional experience (electronic music) produced a strong adrenal medullar reaction. Analysis of the correlations showed that the initial...
Copper-induced GSH depletion and methaemoglobin formation in vitro in erythrocytes of some domestic animals and man. A comparative study. Reduced glutathione (GSH), per cent methaemoglobin and haemolysis were measured in physiologic saline suspensions of erythrocytes from sheep, goat, cattle, horse, swine and man; incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees with and without copper sulphate (0,5 and 10 micrograms Cu/ml suspension). Formation of Heinz bodies was studied in similar experiments with sheep and swine cells only. Generally, GSH depletion developed first, followed by methaemoglobinemia and Heinz bodies, while haemolysis was limited. Both spontaneous and copper-induced GSH depletion was slow in swine erythrocytes compared to ot...
Comparative studies of alpha-lactalbumin and lysozyme: the proteins of kangaroo (Megaleia rufa and Macropus giganteus) and horse (Equus caballus). As part of a study of the 'whey' proteins of various mammals, a comparison is made of the alpha-lactalbumins and lysozymes of the kangaroo and horse. In the milk of the red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa) there is only one alpha-lactalbumin and it occurs throughout lactation, but no lysozyme has been detected. There are two alpha-lactalbumins in the milk of the grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), one, designated alpha-lactalbumin Zone B, is present throughout lactation; the second, designated alpha-lactalbumin Zone A, is present only in late lactation. One lysozyme is also present. The milk of the ho...
Variation of acidic prealbumins in the donkey (Equus asinus). Starch gel electrophoresis of 55 donkey serum samples revealed three prealbumin (Pr) phenotypes temporarily designated Pr M, Pr MT and Pr T. The distribution was in agreement with a genetic theory of two codominant alleles of frequencies, PrM = 0.87 and PrT - 0.13. Variation was also observed for proteins migrating with the same rate as the Xh zones in the horse.
Morphometric and electrophysiologic study of the photoreceptors in the horse. No abstract available
Haematology as an aid to prognosis of chronic laminitis. A COMMON progression of chronic laminitis is ischaemic
necrosis with secondary infection a frequent complication.
For 6 years we have performed a complete blood count
(CBC) on all hospitalised horses (at the University of Missouri
Veterinary Hospital) every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
Preliminary scrutiny of the results indicated that persistent
elevation of the total white blood cell count (WBC) and
neutrophilia was consistent with poor prognosis in horses
affected with laminitis. Because of these considerations we
decided to perform a retrospective examination of the blood
cell d...
[Structure and topography of nucleus dorsalis in the spinal cord of horses]. The material for the study was taken from 2 spinal cords of sexually mature horses. Preparations obtained from this material were stained according to Nissl and with the use of cresyl violet. The nucleus dorsalis of the horse extends from the 8th cervical neuromere to the 3rd lumbar neuromere of the spinal cord. The cells which form this nucleus lie in the grey matter of the spinal cord, dorsolaterally of the central canal. The nucleus dorsalis is made out of large and medium-size round and oval cells. The characteristic feature of the structure and configuration of this nucleus in the horse i...
Enflurane anesthesia in the pony: a comparative study between enflurane and halothane. Enflurane, a new volatile anesthetic agent, was compared with halothane as components of a commonly used clinical anesthetic regime in the pony. Enflurane provides satisfactory general anesthesia when administered at a maintenance concentration of approximately 1.5-2.5%, in combination with a 1:1 nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture. With both agents cardiac rhythm and pulse were stable, however significant arterial hypotension occurred, especially during and following induction, being anesthetic concentration dependent. Hypoventilation was induced by both agents, there being no significant quantitati...
