Species comparison in horses involves examining the physiological, anatomical, and behavioral differences and similarities between horses and other animal species. This area of study can provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations and ecological roles of horses. Researchers often focus on aspects such as digestive systems, locomotion, sensory capabilities, and social structures to understand how horses have evolved to meet their environmental and survival needs. Comparative studies may also explore genetic differences and similarities, contributing to a broader understanding of species evolution and adaptation. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that analyze various aspects of species comparison involving horses, highlighting significant findings and methodologies used in the field.
Moslemi S, Vibet A, Papadopoulos V, Camoin L, Silberzahn P, Gaillard JL.Cytochrome P-450 aromatase was purified by five chromatographic steps from adult stallion testis. It was first separated from NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (reductase) on omega-aminohexyl-Sepharose 4B then purified to homogeneity on concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B, hydroxyapatite-Sepharose 4B, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and on a second hydroxyapatite-Sepharose 4B. On the other hand, purifications of the equine testicular and rat liver reductases, which allowed the reconstitution of aromatase activity in vitro, were achieved for each species in one chromatographic step on an adenosine 2',5'-diphosphat...
Chopineau M, Martinat N, Marichatou H, Troispoux C, Auge-Gouillou C, Stewart F, Combarnous Y, Guillou F.Horse LH/chorionic gonadotrophin (eLH/CG) exhibits, in addition to its normal LH activity, a high FSH activity in all other species tested. Donkey LH/CG (dkLH/CG) also exhibits FSH activity in other species, but about ten times less than the horse hormone. In order to understand the molecular basis of these dual gonadotrophic activities of eLH/CG and dkLH/CG better, we expressed, in COS-7 cells, hybrids between horse and donkey subunits, between horse or donkey alpha-subunit and human CG beta (hCG beta), and also between the porcine alpha-subunit and horse or donkey LH/CG beta. The resultant r...
Williams TM, Dobson GP, Mathieu-Costello O, Morsbach D, Worley MB, Phillips JA.To establish a skeletal muscle profile for elite sprinters, we obtained muscle biopsy samples from the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and soleus of African cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Muscle ultrastructure was characterized by the fiber type composition and mitochondrial volume density of each sample. Maximum enzyme activity, myoglobin content and mixed fiber metabolite content were used to assess the major biochemical pathways. The results demonstrate a preponderance of fast-twitch fibers in the locomotor muscles of cheetahs; 83% of the total number of fibers examined in the vastus laterali...
Sugiyama S, Fujiwara K.The angles related to the coxal joints were comparatively studied in four-limbed walking animals and two-limbed ones including man and birds. Between animals with both types of walking, no significant difference was observed in the neck-shaft angles (NSA), which was equivalent to the acetabulum angles (ACA) at the connection of the femoral head with the acetabulum. The anteversion angles (AVA) were equivalent to the horizontal ACA. Canine species showed two different forms of the femoral neck with or without modification by the femoral AVA, probably being breed-specific and nutrition-dependent...
The Journal of heredityNovember 5, 1997
Volume 88, Issue 5 355-357 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023117
Short RV.Haldane's law states that in interspecific hybrids, it is the heterogametic sex that is likely to be absent, rare, or sterile. In mammals, there is increasing evidence to suggest that this may be due to the high mutation rate of male sex-determining genes on the Y chromosome. The mule, humanity's first successful attempt at genetic engineering, provides some support for this concept. Interspecific hybrids may also shed new light on the importance of the maternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA and the phenomenon of genomic imprinting.
The Journal of heredityNovember 5, 1997
Volume 88, Issue 5 384-392 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a023123
Allen WR, Short RV.Equids possess the unusual ability to interbreed freely among the phenotypically and karyotypically diverse member species of the genus to produce viable, but usually infertile, offspring. The mule (female horse x male donkey) was humanity's first successful attempt at genetic engineering and its clear expression of both parental phenotypes has contributed much to our understanding of genetic inheritance over the centuries. Even more surprising, mares and donkeys have been shown to be capable of carrying to term a range of true, xenogeneic extraspecies pregnancies created by embryo transfer, i...
Salazar I, Quinteiro PS, Cifuentes JM.The soft-tissue components of the vomeronasal organ of the pig, the cow and the horse were studied with the aid of dissection, microdissection, and light microscopy and immunohistochemistry of series of transverse sections. In horses, the rostral end of the incisive duct was blind: thus, unlike in pigs and cows, there was no communication between the vomeronasal organ and the oral cavity. In all three species, the central part of the vomeronasal duct bore the 'typical' respiratory/ receptor epithelium lining on its lateral and medical walls. The rostral part of the duct was characterized by st...
Chauret N, Gauthier A, Martin J, Nicoll-Griffith DA.As domestic animals such as cat, horse, and dog increasingly become the clinical targets for drug discovery programs, the need to understand how these animals metabolize xenobiotics becomes more important. In the present study, substrates and inhibitors that were reported to be selective for particular P450 isozymes were used as probes to study in vitro metabolism in horse, dog, cat, and human liver microsomes. Seven selective catalytic activity markers for cytochrome P450-mediated reactions were measured: phenacetin O-deethylase (P4501A1/2), coumarin 7-hydroxylase (P4502A6), tolbutamide hydro...
Hansen TF.Comparative studies tend to differ from optimality and functionality studies in how they treat adaptation. While the comparative approach focuses on the origin and change of traits, optimality studies assume that adaptations are maintained at an optimum by stabilizing selection. This paper presents a model of adaptive evolution on a macroevolutionary time scale that includes the maintenance of traits at adaptive optima by stabilizing selection as the dominant evolutionary force. Interspecific variation is treated as variation in the position of adaptive optima. The model illustrates how phylog...
Elmahdi B, Sallmann HP, Fuhrmann H, von Engelhardt W, Kaske M.The aim of the study was to gain informations about factors responsible for the higher level of plasma glucose in camels as compared to sheep and ponies. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was carried out with four camels, four ponies, and four sheep by infusing 1 mmol glucose per kg body weight intravenously within 3 min. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were estimated in venous plasma samples taken before and within 6 hr after infusion. Basal glucose values were higher in camels (7.1 +/- 0.3 mmol/l) than in ponies (4.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/l) and sheep (3....
Sherman GB, Lund LA, Bunick D, Winn RJ.The luteinizing hormone (LH) beta subunit gene is expressed in the pituitary glands of all mammals, whereas the closely related chorionic gonadotropin (CG) beta subunit genes have been identified only in primates and equids, and are expressed in placenta. In the case of horses, there is a single-copy equine (e) luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin hormone beta subunit gene (eLH/CGbeta) that (1) is expressed in both pituitary gland and placenta, (2) encodes a characteristic carboxyl terminal peptide (CTP) extension, and (3) transcribes an atypically elongated 5'-untranslated region (UTR) ...
Peck K, Mealey KL, Matthews NS, Taylor TS.To determine whether clearance of capacity-limited drugs in horses differs from that in donkeys by comparing the serum disposition of caffeine and its metabolites, theophylline, theobromine, and paraxanthine after i.v. administration of caffeine to horses and donkeys. Methods: 4 healthy horses and 5 healthy donkeys. Methods: Blood samples were collected from each animal at time 0 (before) and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 45 minutes, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, 72, and 96 hours after IV administration of a bolus of caffeine. Serum was analyzed in triplicate by high-performance l...
Raudsepp T, Otte K, Rozell B, Chowdhary BP.Three genomic subclones derived from a phage clone containing the equine IGF2 gene were used to FISH map the gene on horse (ECA) and donkey (EAS) metaphase chromosomes. The gene mapped on ECA 12q13 band and is the first locus mapped to this horse chromosome. In donkey the gene mapped very terminal on the long arm of one small submetacentric chromosome that shows almost identical DAPI-banding pattern with ECA12. This is the first locus mapped in donkey genome. Cross species chromosome painting of equine metaphase chromosomes with human Chromosome (Chr) 11-specific probe showed homoeology of thi...
Constable PD.The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and Stewart's strong ion model are currently used to describe mammalian acid-base equilibria. Anomalies exist when the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is applied to plasma, whereas the strong ion model does not provide a practical method for determining the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids ([Atot]) and the effective dissociation constant for plasma weak acids (Ka). A simplified strong ion model, which was developed from the assumption that plasma ions act as strong ions, volatile buffer ions (HCO-3), or nonvolatile buffer ions, indicates th...
Porter MB, Cleaver BD, Peltier M, Robinson G, Thatcher WW, Sharp DC.This study compared equine and ovine LH secretory responses to GnRH treatment. Dioestrous mares and ewes were challenged with continuous GnRH for 15 h. Mares that received constant GnRH (110 micrograms h-1) had sustained LH secretion (P < 0.01), whereas LH concentrations in ewes treated with continuous GnRH (25 micrograms h-1) initially increased, then declined and remained low, suggesting GnRH receptor desensitization or downregulation. In addition, progesterone-primed, ovariectomized mares and ewes were challenged with pulsatile or continuous GnRH for 5 days. Plasma LH concentrations were...
Singh AK, Jiang Y, White T, Spassova D.The performances of a radioimmunoassay method, a chemiluminescent immunoassay method, and a chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay method were evaluated for the analysis of cortisol and total thyroxine in blood samples obtained from dogs, cats, horses, and humans (reference samples). The analysis of cortisol in human and animal samples exhibited good precision, linearity, and recovery. The 3 methods gave comparable values for the ACTH-induced increase and the dexamethasone-induced decrease in cortisol concentrations in animal samples. The recoveries of total thyroxine from human samples, analyzed...
Chao TI, Grosche J, Friedrich KJ, Biedermann B, Francke M, Pannicke T, Reichelt W, Wulst M, Mühle C, Pritz-Hohmeier S, Kuhrt H, Faude F, Drommer W....Müller cells from 22 mammalian species were subjected to morphological and electrophysiological studies. In the 'midperiphery' of retinae immunocytochemically labeled for vimentin, estimates of Müller cell densities per unit retinal surface area, and of neuron-to-(Müller) glia indices were performed. Müller cell densities were strikingly similar among the species studied (around 8000-11,000 mm-2) with the extremes of the horse ( or = 20,000 mm-2). By contrast, the number of neurons per Müller cell varied widely, being clustered at 6-8 (in retinae with many cones), at about 16, and at up t...
Microscopy research and techniqueJuly 1, 1997
Volume 38, Issue 1-2 115-124 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19970701/15)38:1/2<115::AID-JEMT12>3.0.CO;2-S
Ridderstråle Y, Persson E, Dantzer V, Leiser R.The placenta has multiple functions, being the organ which provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing conceptus. In the placenta, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) may provide ions for exchange with Na+, K+, and Cl- in transepithelial movement of ions and fluid, as well as facilitating carbon dioxide diffusion. It can also be active in intermediary metabolism, such as gluconeogenesis, urea, and fatty acid synthesis. Placental material from pig, horse, cow, mink, rat, and human was therefore investigated, representing placenta types with variations in shape, internal architecture, and nat...
Amit T, Dibner C, Barkey RJ.The present study was undertaken to identify and characterize the diversity and species distribution of soluble prolactin binding-protein (PRL-BP) and growth hormone-binding protein (PRL-BP) in mammalian milk. We previously divided mammalian serum GH-BP into four main groups and identified a GH-BP with shared lactogenic/somatogenic properties in rabbit, horse, dog, pig and cat (Type III species). Here we describe PRL-BP in milk of Type III species and show it is relatively conserved within the group, having similar characteristics in terms of binding affinity for hGH (0.74-5.5 x 10(10) M(-1)),...
Gionfriddo JR, Gionfriddo JP, Krohne SG.To identify ocular and adnexal diseases to which llamas in North America are susceptible, to determine prevalence of these diseases in llamas, and to compare prevalences of the major ocular diseases of llamas, cattle, and horses. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 194 llamas, 4,937 cows, and 11,950 horses with ocular disease. Methods: Medical records of all llamas entered into the Veterinary Medical Database between 1980 and 1993 were reviewed. Data on ocular structures affected and types of ocular disease were compiled. Prevalences of uveitis, corneal ulcers, and ocular squamous cell carc...
Nagatomo H, Tokita Y, Shimizu T.Although it is known that commercialized bovine serum is sometimes contaminated with mycoplasmas, it is not clear whether mycoplasmas can survive in horse serum. In this study, as a preliminary examination of the survival of mycoplasmas inoculated in horse sera, the survivability of 8 strains of 7 mycoplasmas was tested. The results obtained reveal that two strains of M. bovis and M. gallisepticum were found to survive in non-heated and inactivated sera for 94 to 330 days at 30 or 37 degrees C. Three strains of M. bovirhinis, M. gateae and A. laidlawii lived for 7 to 330 days depending upon th...
Longworth KE.Pulmonary intravascular macrophages are an important part of the mononuclear phagocyte system in some species of mammals, mainly sheep and other ruminants, pigs, and horses. These cells phagocytize foreign particles, cell debris and pathogens that pass through the pulmonary circulation. Species with intravascular macrophages localize intravenously injected tracer particles and bacteria predominantly in the lung rather than the liver, and exhibit pulmonary hypertension when these cells are activated. Both in vivo and in vitro studies show that pulmonary intravascular macrophages have distinct s...
Birks EK, Mathieu-Costello O, Fu Z, Tyler WS, West JB.Thoroughbred horses develop extremely high pulmonary vascular pressures during galloping, all horses in training develop exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, and we have shown that this is caused by stress failure of pulmonary capillaries. It is known that the capillary transmural pressure (Ptm) necessary for stress failure is higher in dogs than in rabbits. The present study was designed to determine this value in horses. The lungs from 15 Thoroughbred horses were perfused with autologous blood at Ptm values (midlung) of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 mmHg, and then perfusion fixed, and samples (d...
Bullido R, Doménech N, Alvarez B, Alonso F, Babín M, Ezquerra A, Ortuño E, Domínguez J.A set of five monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against porcine major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or swine leukocyte antigens (SLA), class II molecules has been characterized. These mAbs appear to recognize monomorphic determinants on SLA-DR (2F4, 1F12 and 2E9/13) and SLA-DQ (BL2H5 and BL4H2) molecules, as assessed by flow cytometry and immunoprecipitation. By Western blot, the 2F4, 1F12, BL2H5 and BL4H2 epitopes were located on the beta-chains of these molecules. mAbs 2F4 and 1F12 crossreact with leucocytes of dog, cattle, horse and human; mAbs 2E9/13, BL2H5 and BL4H2 bind leucocytes of cattl...
Calvete JJ, Raida M, Gentzel M, Urbanke C, Sanz L, Töpfer-Petersen E.In the bovine, seminal plasma heparin-binding proteins bind to sperm lipids containing the phosphorylcholine group and mediate the capacitating effects of heparin-like glycosaminoglycans during sperm residence in the female genital tract. We report the characterization of heparin- and phosphorylcholine-binding proteins of stallion and boar seminal plasma. Horse seminal plasma proteins HSP-1 and HSP-2, and boar protein pB1, belong to the same family as the bull heparin- and phosphorylcholine-binding proteins BSP-A1/2, BSP-A3, and BSP-30K. We have determined the amino acid sequence and posttrans...
Grassmann B, Kopp PA, Schmitt M, Blobel H.Adherence of 4 Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi strains (z7/22, z7/27, z7/41, PBi) to polymorphonuclear granulocytes from different domestic animals (horses, cattle, sheep, dogs) was investigated. All 4 strains adhered to the granulocytes. Binding assays indicated that the adherence occurred between structures on the surface of the borreliae ("binding-sites") and on the membranes of the granulocytes ("receptors"). The "receptors" consisted of 4 fractions (A, B, C, and D) with components differing in molecular weight (MW) and binding activity for proteins on the surface of B. burgdorferi. Fraction A (...
Quinlan TJ, Goulden BE, Barnes GR, Anderson LJ, Cahill JI.The nerve supply to the intrinsic laryngeal muscles of the horse was studied by gross dissection and by electromyography which was carried out before, during and after section of various intralaryngeal nerve branches. The anatomical relationships and passage of the laryngeal nerves throughout the larynx were defined. Unlike the dog and man there was no evidence of the passage of motor nerve fibres from one side of the larynx to the other.
Bronstein A, Marx A.Comparison of myoglobin structures reveals that protein isolated from horse heart consistently adopts an alternate turn conformation in comparison to its homologues. Analysis of hundreds of high-resolution structures discounts crystallization conditions or the surrounding amino acid protein environment as explaining this difference, that is also not captured by the AlphaFold prediction. Rather, a water molecule is identified as stabilizing the conformation in the horse heart structure, which immediately reverts to the whale conformation in molecular dynamics simulations excluding that structur...
Peters GJ, Veerkamp JH.Optimal conditions for stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) were established for equine, porcine, ovine and human lymphocytes in MEMS medium. Optimal thymidine concentration was determined for assay of cell transformation. With all species tested horse serum gave highest thymidine incorporation. Homologous serum was not more appropriate for lymphocytes of man, pig and sheep. Optimal stimulation was achieved at 20, 0.5-5, 5, and 10-40 micrograms PHA per 10(6) cells for human, equine, porcine and ovine lymphocytes, respectively.
White SD.Donkeys (Equus asinus) are a species used throughout the world primarily as beasts of burden, but occasionally for other functions, as a meat source or as pets. Although closely related to other equids, they have some unique features of their own with regard to dermatologic disease. This article highlights some of the various dermatoses seen or reported in donkeys, as well as some comparisons with horses when prevalence, presentation, or treatment may differ.
Salamanca-Carreño A, Jordana J, Crosby-Granados RA, Bentez-Molano J, Parés-Casanova PM.This is the first morphological comparative study between local horses and mules from Arauca, Colombia. It was realized to compare morphological traits between both species by analysing 15 adult mules (7 males and 8 females) and 150 adult horses (137 males and 13 females), with an age interval from 2 to 22 years. Data consisted of 24 different body quantitative traits which can explain the body conformation: thoracic circumference, body length (BL), thoracic depth and width, withers height (WH), sternum height, shoulders width, chest width, forelimb cannon perimeter and length, head length and...
Nakakuki S.The lungs of five horses were examined. At present, in veterinary anatomy, the horse lung is divided into the cranial and caudal lobes by the cardiac notch on either side. In addition to these lobes, in the right lung, the accessory lobe is present. However, from the viewpoint of the bronchial ramifications, the horse lung can be divided into the cranial, middle, caudal and accessory lobes bilaterally. The horse lung has four bronchiole systems on either side, dorsal, lateral, ventral and medial. The cranial lobe is formed by the first bronchiole of the dorsal bronchiole system. The middle lob...
Dvoĭnos GM, Kharchenko VA.Parasitic larvae of 30 strongylid species of horses out of 53 species known for the fauna of the USSR are identified. The paper presents descriptions of 7 earlier unknown phenons of parasitic late 4th-stage larvae, the specific belonging of which in not yet ascertained. The possibility of their identification is discussed.
Leeb T, Sieme H, Töpfer-Petersen E.Our knowledge on the many aspects of mammalian reproduction in general and equine reproduction in particular has greatly increased during the last 15 years. Advances in the understanding of the physiology, cell biology, and biochemistry of reproduction have facilitated genetic analyses of fertility. Currently, there are more than 200 genes known that are involved in the production of fertile sperm cells. The completion of a number of mammalian genome projects will aid in the investigation of these genes in different species. Great progress has been made in the understanding of genetic aberrati...
Hamanaka S, Handa S, Inoue J, Hasegawa A, Yamakawa T.The ganglioside patterns of erythrocytes from individual horses and cattle were examined. Variations in the ganglioside patterns were found in both horses and cattle. In the erythrocytes of most horses examined, NeuGc-Gal-Glc-ceramide (NeuGc-GM3) of 25 horses examined had only NeuGc-GM3 with no 4-O-Ac-NeuGc-GM3. The erythrocytes of various breeds of cattle had a characteristic ganglioside pattern, but they could be divided into 4 types on the basis of the composition of their gangliosides.
Miller MA, Kottler SJ, Ramos-Vara JA, Johnson PJ, Ganjam VK, Evans TJ.Response to 3-methylindole (3MI) varies among species. Mice recover from 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial injury but sustain persistent olfactory mucosal injury with scarring and epithelial metaplasia. In contrast, 3MI induces obliterative bronchiolitis in horses and ponies, but olfactory mucosal injury has not been reported. To evaluate the effect of 3MI on equine olfactory mucosa, ponies were dosed orally with 100 mg 3MI/kg (n = 9) or corn oil vehicle (n = 6). All ponies treated with 3MI developed obliterative bronchiolitis with mild olfactory injury. By 3 days after 3MI dosing, olfactory ...
Dawson H, Hoff B, Grift E, Tvedten H, Shoukri M.The objective of this study was to compare and assess the agreement between the Coulter AcT Diff hematology analyzer (CAD) and the Bayer Technicon H1 (H1) using blood samples from 391 animals of 4 species. The H1 has been used in veterinary laboratories for many years. Recently, Coulter modified the CAD and added veterinary software for hematologic analysis of feline, canine, and equine samples. A comparison of hemograms from dogs, cats, horses, and cattle was made using EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples. Both instruments were calibrated using human blood products. Performance characteristics ...
Ulvik RJ, Romslo I, Roland F, Crichton RR.Mitochondria mobilize iron from ferritin by a mechanism that depends on external FMN. With rat liver mitochondria, the rate of mobilization of iron is higher from rat liver ferritin than from horse spleen ferritin. With horse liver mitochondria, the rate of iron mobilization is higher from horse spleen ferritin than from rat liver ferritin. The results are explained by a higher affinity between mitochondria and ferritins of the same species. The mobilization of iron increases with the iron content of the ferritin and then levels off. A maximum is reached with ferritins containing about 1 200 i...
Carter AM.Recently a fossil of one of the earliest jawed fishes was found with a fetal skeleton and the remains of a cord. It was from the Devonian period and takes the history of vertebrate placentation back to 380 million years ago. This and later fossil evidence for viviparity in marine reptiles and early mammals is reviewed. Of particular interest are the fossils of horses as they document that a reproductive strategy with a single precocial newborn was evolved early on. In one instance there is sufficient representation of soft tissue to imply that early horses had a diffuse placenta, much as had b...
The Journal of heredityNovember 1, 1976
Volume 67, Issue 6 361-367 doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a108753
Eldridge F, Blazak WF.Karyotypes of the horse with 64 chromosomes, the ass with 62 chromosomes, and the mule with 63 chromosomes are presented. The chromosome complements of each species and their mule hybrid are analyzed and compared.
Pazzi KA, Kraegel SA, Griffey SM, Theon AP, Madewell BR.Wild type equine p53 was amplified between exons 2 and 9 by the polymerase chain reaction using primers designed from conserved regions in other species. An 828 base pair region, corresponding to codons 25-313 of human p53, was sequenced in both directions. Human and equine amino acid sequences were 87% homologous in this region and 96% homologous in conserved domains II-V. Of eight equine cutaneous or mucocutaneous squamous cell carcinomas directly sequenced from exons 5-8, two had p53 point mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions.
Sacchetto R, Sharova E, Patruno M, Maccatrozzo L, Damiani E, Mascarello F.Histidine-rich calcium binding protein (HRC) is a high capacity, low affinity Ca(2+) binding protein, specifically expressed in striated muscles of mammals. In rabbit skeletal and cardiac muscles, HRC binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes via triadin, a junctional SR protein. Recently, a potential role in heart failure and arrhythmogenesis has been assigned to HRC due to its activity as regulator of SR Ca(2+) uptake and Ca(2+) release. HRC might play a particularly relevant role in the equine heart, given its slower resting heart rate (20-35 beats/min) and longer action potential dura...
Gregersen T, Wild TA, Havmøller LW, Møller PR, Lenau TA, Wikelski M, Havmøller RW.Wildlife tracking devices are key in obtaining detailed insights on movement, animal migration, natal dispersal, home-ranges, resource use and group dynamics of free-roaming animals. Despite a wide use of such devices, tracking for entire lifetimes is still a considerable challenge for most animals, mainly due to technological limitations. Deploying battery powered wildlife tags on smaller animals is limited by the mass of the devices. Micro-sized devices with solar panels sometimes solve this challenge, however, nocturnal species or animals living under low light conditions render solar cells...
Jabusch JR, Bray RP, Deutsch HF.the sequence of the low activity form of equine erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase has been determined. The most common electrophoretic form, designated D, has been found to have five substitutions. Amino acid exchanges in the electrophoretic variants known as A1, A2, B, and T have been found at six other positions. The data do not permit calculation of the number of polymorphic forms of this enzyme. The equine D isozyme and the analogous human enzyme are quite homologous, 211 of their 260 residues, or 81%, being identical.
McLean JG, Lewis IM.The oxygen affinities of horse and human haemoglobins were compared in the absence and presence of the allosteric effector 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Horse haemoglobin solutions showed significantly smaller responses to the presence of 2,3-DPG, and this difference may be due to different amino acid substitutions at position NA2(2)beta. Horse haemoglobin solutions from erythrocytes containing different ratios of the two different haemoglobin types showed similar oxygen affinities in the absence and presence of 2,3-DPG. Horse haemoglobins in solution were found to autoxidise to methaemogl...
Zhang M, Wei K, Wu Z, Sun J, Hu J, Deng S, Tao J.There is considerable confusion concerning the relationships among species of Sarcocystis found in donkeys and horses. Here, we describe a Sarcocystis species in Chinese donkeys (Equus asinus). Sarcocysts were found in 12 of 32 (37.5%) adult donkeys. By light microscopy, they were divided into two types, thin-walled and thick-walled. The thin-walled were macroscopic (up to 320 μm wide) and had short club-like protrusions (up to 2.7 μm long); the thick-walled were microscopic (up to 135 μm wide) and had villar protrusions (up to 5.4 μm long). Ultrastructures of the two types exhibited s...
Rosa B.Xenobiotic transport proteins play an important role in determining drug disposition and pharmacokinetics. Our understanding of the role of these important proteins in humans and pre-clinical animal species has increased substantially over the past few decades, and has had an important impact on human medicine; however, veterinary medicine has not benefitted from the same quantity of research into drug transporters in species of veterinary interest. Differences in transporter expression cause difficulties in extrapolation of drug pharmacokinetic parameters between species, and lack of knowledg...
Chin WW, Maizel JV, Habener JF.The sizes of the human and subhuman alpha-subunits of the glycoprotein hormones differ by four amino acids (hCG alpha, 92 amino acids; murine, equine, bovine, and ovine alpha, 96 amino acids). The shortening of the human alpha-subunit has been attributed to posttranslational proteolysis. We have recently determined the nucleotide sequences of the mRNAs encoding the precursors of the alpha-subunit of mouse TSH and rat gonadotropins using recombinant DNA techniques. In this report, we have compared these nucleotide sequences and their deduced amino acid sequences with those of the pre- alpha-sub...
Boakari YL, Alonso MA, Riccio AV, Fernandes CB.In equine management, it is important to predict the approximate foaling date of mares to monitor parturition and allow early identification and intervention of problems during the perinatal period. There are no studies comparing accurate gestational length (GL) when mares are carrying mule foals and no controlled comparisons between GL of mares pregnant with equine or mule foals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare GL of mares pregnant with equine or mule foals and establish normal reference values for GL of mares pregnant with male and female mules. Gestational length of ...
Ryder OA, Sparkes RS, Sparkes MC, Clegg JB.1. Through the use of isoelectric focusing and peptide analysis, the hemoglobins of Przewalski's horse. Equus przewalskii and the domestic horse, E. caballus have been compared. 2. Przewalski's horses have two separate alpha-globin chain polymorphisms similar to domestic horses. Each hemoglobin phenotype could be accurately determined by isoelectric focusing. 3. Confirmation of the electrofocusing hemoglobin determinations was made by comparison to amino acid composition analyses of purified tryptic peptides and by analysis of the rare hemoglobins phenotypes observed in a family of Norwegian t...
Johnson R.A review of the literature on intestinal atresia of domestic animal species and humans was done. The 5 types of intestinal occlusions described in human infants are atresia type 1, atresia type 2, atresia type 3, stenosis, and the "apple peel" or "Christmas tree" deformity. The intestinal defects described in domestic animal species such as the bovine, equine and porcine are similar to those of human infants. The "T-formation", an intestinal defect of the bovine resembling atresia type 3, and rectal stricture, an acquired intestinal defect of the porcine resembling stenosis, were described rec...
Wouters L, De Moor A.An electron microscopic description was given of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors of the horse retina. Duplicity (rods-cones) of the horse retina was proven histologically; the retina was classified as an "E" retina, which indicates predominance of the rod system.
Druzhkova AS, Makunin AI, Vorobieva NV, Vasiliev SK, Ovodov ND, Shunkov MV, Trifonov VA, Graphodatsky AS. is an extinct subgenus of first characterized and delineated in 2010. The almost complete mitochondrial genome is available only for a single specimen of - a 40,000 years old from Proskuryakova cave (Khakassia, Russia). Our studies of ancient horses from Denisova cave (Altai, Russia) revealed mitochondrial DNA of this species in a 32,000 years old sample. Using alignments to multiple mitochondrial genomes of non-caballine equids, we recovered 100% complete mitochondrial genome of for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates close relationship between this individual and the one ...
Salvioli G, Gaetti E, Panini R, Lugli R, Pradelli JM.To evaluate why hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by bile acids varies in different mammalian species, we determined the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), lipid content and the concentrations of the conjugates of deoxycholate and of NaCl inducing 50% hemolysis of RBC from healthy humans, pigs, horses, cows, sheep and jaundiced humans. A volume of 0.05 mL of washed RBC at 1% hematocrit, which has the same lipid content but different phospholipid composition and number of erythrocytes (owing to the variable MCV), was incubated in taurodeoxycholate (TDC) solution (0-5 mM) to determine the TDC conce...
