Species comparison in horses involves examining the physiological, anatomical, and behavioral differences and similarities between horses and other animal species. This area of study can provide insights into the evolutionary adaptations and ecological roles of horses. Researchers often focus on aspects such as digestive systems, locomotion, sensory capabilities, and social structures to understand how horses have evolved to meet their environmental and survival needs. Comparative studies may also explore genetic differences and similarities, contributing to a broader understanding of species evolution and adaptation. This page aggregates peer-reviewed research and scholarly articles that analyze various aspects of species comparison involving horses, highlighting significant findings and methodologies used in the field.
Lima JJ.Serum protein binding of the basic enantiomers of disopyramide were studied in several animal species. (S)-(+)-Disopyramide was more highly bound than the (R)-(-)-enantiomer to serum protein in the man, gorilla, and pig. The reverse was true in cow serum, and in serum and albumin from sheep. Enantioselective differences in binding were due to differences in association constants. No enantioselective differences in binding were observed in serum protein from horse and goat, or in albumin from cow and pig. Disopyramide was highly bound to two sites on horse albumin. The association constant char...
Kotzé SH.The muscle layers of the ileocaecal junctions of horses (n = 18), plains zebras (Equus burchelli antiquorum) (n = 3), mountain zebras (Equus zebra zebra) (n = 2), and a donkey were examined macroscopically and microscopically. The muscular tunic of the ileocaecal papilla was made up of 3 layers: an innermost circular layer which was a continuation of the circular muscle of the ileum, a central longitudinal layer which was a continuation of one part of the longitudinal layer of the ileum and an outermost layer, composed of two collateral semicircular lips, formed by the circular layer of the ca...
Barakat SE, Ford EJ.The distribution of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) is similar in the tissues of the sheep, calf and horse, except that there is relatively less gamma-GT in calf liver than in the liver of the other two species. The liver lesion produced by the oral administration of chloroform is similar in the three species and is accompanied by the release of 5'-NT into the plasma of the sheep and calf but not of the horse. Conversely, gamma-GT is released into plasma of the horse but not of the sheep or calf. This difference is not related to the tissue distribution of ...
Penzhorn BL, van der Merwe NJ.Testis mass of adult Cape mountain zebra stallions (mean 70.0 g) was appreciably less than that of other zebra species and domestic horses. The histological appearance of the testes of 11-, 24- and 29-month-old colts was typically prepubertal. Spermatogenic activity of a 4-year-old stallion obtained at the end of summer was at a very low level, while a 4.5-year-old stallion obtained 6 weeks after the winter solstice showed a marked increase in spermatogenesis compared with the 4-year-old. Stallions 6.5-19 years of age collected in different seasons all showed active spermatogenesis.
Brooks CL, Garry F, Swartout MS.Analytical characteristics of photometry and ion-specific potentiometry for urine from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats were determined, using solutions of sodium and potassium chloride. The performance of both methods were acceptable, but the ion-specific potentiometer (in the mode for urine analysis) was superior in terms of linearity of response and correlation between actual vs measured concentrations. Coefficients of variation of either method for repeated analyses of various concentrations of sodium and potassium were always less than 2.5%. The measurement of sodium concentration in u...
Taylor FG, Mair TS, Brown PJ.Equine steatitis is a rare condition which is usually reported in foals. A case of generalised steatitis in an adult pony mare is described and compared with steatitis in other species. It is concluded that the condition resembled that recorded in foals but that its aetiopathogenesis remains obscure.
Anderson WI, King JM.Lumbar polyradiculopathy, characterized by ballooning myelin sheaths was diagnosed in multiple aged mammalian species including two horses, a cow, a squirrel, a woodchuck, a rabbit, a guinea pig, a hamster, and a mouse. The lesion was subclinical, and considered an incidental, age-related finding.
Bessent C, Ginther OJ.The caracteristics of early intrauterine mobility of the conceptus were compared between ponies (n = 9) and donkeys (n = 9). The extensive mobility of the early conceptus, previously reported for ponies and horses, was found in donkeys as well. There were no significant differences between donkeys and ponies in the characteristics or patterns of mobility. However, the mean day of fixation was approximately one day later (P<0.05) in donkeys (Day 15.6 +/- 0.3) than in ponies (Day 14.7 +/- 0.2).
Safronova LD, Pimenova TI.The cytogenetic study performed has shown that karyotyping of meiotic cells can be based on the synaptonemal complexes (SC) of spreading pachytene spermatocytes of bull and of horse. The horse SC karyotype has not been previously described. A comparison of the relative length of SC with metaphase chromosomes of bull and horse somatic cells has revealed the correspondence of the chromosome length in pachytene of meiosis and metaphase, which is in agreement with the data on house mouse and Chinese hamster. The method of spreading pachytene cells may be of great practical importance in studies of...
Allen D, Korthuis RJ, Clark S.A pump-perfused extracorporeal digital preparation was used to evaluate blood flow, arterial pressure, venous pressure, isogravimetric capillary filtration coefficient, capillary pressure, and vascular compliance in six normal horses. From these data, pre- and postcapillary resistances and pre- and postcapillary resistance ratios were determined. Vascular and tissue oncotic pressures were estimated from plasma and lymph protein concentrations, respectively. By use of the collected and calculated data, tissue pressure in the digit was calculated using the Starling equation. In the isolated equi...
Jernigan AD, Wilson RC, Booth NH, Hatch RC, Akbari A.In steers, horses and dogs, the comparative pharmacokinetics of yohimbine were determined using model-independent analysis. The intravenous dose of yohimbine was 0.25 mg/kg of body weight in steers, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg in horses, and 0.4 mg/kg in dogs. The mean residence time (+/- SD) of yohimbine was 86.7 +/- 46.2 min in steers, 106.2 +/- 72.1 to 118.7 +/- 35.0 min in horses, and 163.6 +/- 49.7 min in dogs. The mean apparent volume of distribution of yohimbine at steady state was 4.9 +/- 1.4 L/kg for steers, 2.7 +/- 1.0 to 4.6 +/- 1.9 L/kg for horses, and 4.5 +/- 1.8 L/kg for dogs. The total ...
Johansson J, von Bahr-Lindström H, Jeck R, Woenckhaus C, Jörnvall H.The primary structure of the mitochondrial form of horse liver aldehyde dehydrogenase has been determined, utilizing peptide analyses and homology with other enzyme forms. The subunit exhibits N-terminal heterogeneity in size similar to that for the corresponding human mitochondrial protein, the longest form having 500 residues. Catalase was identified as a contaminant of the preparations. All four pairs within a set of aldehyde dehydrogenases can now be compared, including the same two species variants (horse and human) for both the cytosolic and mitochondrial enzyme, revealing characteristic...
Meistrich ML.The problem of extrapolating effects of reproductive toxins on experimental animals to predict the doses that would produce infertility in human males is discussed using published data on effects of testosterone and estradiol on sperm production in the rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, ram, stallion, and humans. This analysis indicates that calculation of the dose of testosterone that reduces human sperm counts by a given percentage is best done using the dose administered to laboratory animals expressed on the basis of body weight, as opposed to some other parameter such as body surface area. A sur...
Muccioli G, Bellussi G, Ghé C, Pagnini G, Di Carlo R.The binding of 125I-labeled ovine prolactin (125I-oPRL) to membranes from different brain regions of pigeon, rabbit, rat, pig, calf, horse, and ewe was studied. The hypothalamus from rabbit, pig, horse, and pigeon showed a low but specific binding for 125I-oPRL clearly different from the other brain regions examined (cortex and cerebellum), whereas in the brain from rat, calf, and ewe the binding was very small and quite uniform in the various regions. Also the membranes from choroid plexus of rabbit, pig, calf, and horse showed an evident specific binding for prolactin. The binding of 125I-oP...
Anderson GB.Investigations on the mechanisms that allow survival of the fetal allograft have been extended by pregnancies in which the fetus and pregnant female are from different species. Such interspecific pregnancies are useful models for the study of maternal/fetal interactions and also may assist in the preservation of endangered species. Results of experiments with three different interspecific model systems are discussed: a murine model using Mus musculus and M. caroli; an equine model involving primarily the domestic horse and donkey, but including several wild Equidae; and a bovid model that cros...
Oftedal OT, Jenness R.Milk samples of four species of wild equids (onager, Equus hemionus onager; mountain zebra, E. zebra hartmannae; plains zebra, E. burchelli; Przewalski horse, E. caballus przewalskii) and two domesticated equids (ass, E. asinus; pony, E. caballus) were analysed. At mid to late lactation the milks of all species were very similar, containing on average 10-12% total solids, 1-2% fat, 1.6-1.8% true protein, 6-7% 'lactose', 0.3-0.5% ash, 0.08-0.12% calcium, 0.04-0.07% phosphorus and a calculated energy content of 2.0-2.4 kJ/g. Milk samples collected in the first 2 weeks after birth showed elevated...
Young JD, Mason DK, Fincham DA.Na+-dependent system ASC and Na+-independent system asc are characterized by a common selectivity for neutral amino acids of intermediate size such as L-alanine and by their interactions with dibasic amino acids. For system ASC, the positive charge on the dibasic amino acid side chain is considered to occupy the Na+-binding site on the transporter. We report here the use of harmaline (a Na+-site inhibitor in some systems) as a probe of possible structural homology between these two classes of amino acid transporter. Harmaline was found to inhibit human erythrocyte system ASC noncompetitively w...
Mair TS, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ.Mast cells in the equine respiratory mucosa were studied at both light--and transmission electron--microscope levels. Mast cells were identified at all levels of the tract, with the greatest cell density in the nasopharynx. The majority (57 to 94 per cent) of this cell population were located within the connective tissue of the lamina propria. Up to 20 per cent of these cells were associated with the mucosal glandular tissue, whilst small numbers were present within the surface epithelium and in association with nodular lymphoid tissue. In the peripheral lung tissue 20 per cent of the mast cel...
de Paz Cabello P, Chamorro CA, Sandoval J, Fernandez M.The mechanical papillae of the horse and cow were studied by scanning electron microscopy in order to determine their morphostructural characteristics and the differences between the two species. The horse has only thin, small and interlaced filiform papillae, while the cow shows robust and more ordered filiform papillae. Furthermore, the cow tongue presents conical and lenticular papillae surrounded by a papillary groove. A characteristic distribution of stratified scales and channeled tracts is observed in conical and lenticular papillae but not in the filiform papillae. The morphostructural...
Silberzahn P, Gaillard JL, Quincey D, Dintinger T, Al-Timimi I.A single enzyme in the stallion testis was able to aromatize both testosterone and nortestosterone. This enzyme had a much lower affinity for nortestosterone than for testosterone. In contrast to human placental estrogen synthetase, this enzyme aromatized testosterone and 19-nortestosterone with similar efficiency. The differences observed (effects of monovalent cations, inhibition of androstenedione aromatization by testosterone and 19-nortestosterone and, above all, rate of norandrogen aromatization) suggest that the aromatase in the horse testis is not the same as that in the human placenta...
Edmunds DH, Whittaker DK, Green RM.The progress of artificial caries-like lesions created in human, bovine, equine, and ovine enamel has been studied. Lesions were produced by exposure to an acid gel system or by 5-day exposure to a sequential batch culture technique using Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10832. Longitudinal ground sections were prepared. The lesions were of similar appearance in all species when examined in polarized light. The depth in human enamel was approximately half that in the animal species. Microradiography confirmed subsurface demineralization in all four species. Similar depth ratios were seen in the scann...
Nishita T, Matsushita H.1. Carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) from different mammalian species (horse, cow, dog, cat, rat and rabbit) has been analyzed by the immunodiffusion technique with anti-equine CA-III serum. 2. Immunodiffusion demonstrated the absence of cross-reactivity between isozyme CA-I, CA-II, and CA-III. 3. Cross-reactions were observed between the CA-III from all the species examined except the rabbit. 4. Molecular weights and isoelectric points of CA-III from different species were determined by Western blotting.
Anderson RR, Nixon DA, Akasha MA.1. Blood samples were obtained from seven species of mammals: horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, guinea pigs and rats for determination of total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine. Total thyroxine in the order listed above in ng/ml was: 15, 60, 79, 185, 53, 45 and 79. Free thyroxine in pg/ml was: 5.9, 10.0, 19.2, 32.1, 21.7, 6.7 and 51.3. 2. Total triiodothyronine in pg/ml was: 677, 1290, 979, 3170, 760, 317 and 1747. Free triiodothyronine in pg/ml was: 3.22, 4.40, 2.60, 6.74, 2.74, 2.42 and 10.88. 3. Percent free thyroxine was high in rats and low in guinea pigs, while percent free trii...
Browning GF, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ.Two previously unknown and distinct herpesviruses were isolated from donkeys. One, with the characteristics of a betaherpesvirus, was isolated from the leukocytes of an apparently healthy donkey, while the second, an alphaherpesvirus, was recovered from the nasal cavity of donkeys given high doses of corticosteroids, and caused rhinitis in two seronegative weanling donkeys when they were intranasally infected. Few, if any, restriction endonuclease fragments were shared by the donkey betaherpesvirus, equine herpesvirus 2 (EHV 2) or EHV 5, a second distinctly different equine betaherpesvirus, no...
Gold JJ, Heath IB, Bauchop T.Vegetative and reproductive stages of Caecomyces equi gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from the horse caecum were examined by light and electron microscopy. This organism, which is similar to isolates known as Sphaeromonas communis, produces uniflagellate, uninucleate zoospores whose perikinetosomal structures, i.e. circumflagellar ring, spur, struts and scoop, are similar in many respects to those described in species of Neocallimastix. Microtubular roots extend basally from the spur and associate with hydrogenosomes and the nucleus. Another group of microtubules radiates laterally in a fan-shape...
Fenwick BW, Schore CE, Osburn BI.Equine, caprine, ovine, canine and feline peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated in a short term dose-response study for their in vitro blastogenic responsiveness to human recombinant interleukin-2(125) (HrIL-2(125] alone or in combination with phytohemagglutinin-P, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen. HrIL-2(125) induced lymphocyte proliferation in all of the animals tested. The magnitude of the proliferative response varied among the species of animal tested. In all cases the proliferative response was dependent on the concentration of HrIL-2(125). HrIL-2(125) at a minimum concentratio...
Murakami Y, Nerome K, Yoshioka Y, Mizuno S, Oya A.Growth characteristics of a wide range of influenza A viruses from different mammals and bird species were examined in an established line of canine kidney (MDCK) cells at an ordinary (37 degrees C) and a high temperature (42 degrees C). Although all viruses employed in the present study possessed a capability of replicating at 37 degrees C, virus growth at 42 degrees C showed considerable variation and reflected differences in the natural hosts of the isolates. All reference strains and isolates from bird species grew well in the MDCK cells maintained at 42 degrees C, but human viruses did no...
Melrose PA, Knigge KM.The present study describes and compares the topography of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH)-immunoreactive neurons in the forebrain of rats and horses. Two groups of immunoreactive cells were present in both species. These groups were distinguished by their cross-immunoreactivity and topography. The topography of cell bodies with cross-immunoreactivity for peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) including adrenocorticotropin, 16K, alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin was similar in both species. However, the topography of perikarya which stained only for alpha-MSH, and not fo...
Atsenova N, Palova N, Mehandjyiski I, Neov B, Radoslavov G, Hristov P.The question about the time and the place of horse domestication, a process which had a profound impact on the progress of mankind, is disputable. According to the most widely accepted hypothesis, the earliest domestication of the horse happened in the western parts of the Eurasian steppes, between the Northern Black Sea region and present-day Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. It seems that it occurred not earlier than the first half and most probably during the middle (even the last third) of the fourth millennium BC (from ∼ 5.5 kya). The next steps of large-scale horse breeding occurred almost ...
Kalmykov NP.Morphological features of the teeth were studied in the three-toed horse Hipparion tchicoicum from the Pliocene of Western Transbaikalia (Russia). Several diagnostic signs of the Chicoi hipparion were described for the first time to provide criteria for distinguishing the taxon among other fossils of three-toed horses and estimating their real diversity at the final stage of their distribution in Inner Asia.
von Engelhardt W.During heavy exercise horses can increase oxygen uptake compared to resting conditions considerably more than man. Processes involved like respiration, heart size, cardiac output, oxygen transport capacity of the blood and oxygen release in the capillaries are discussed. Besides these advantages in the aerobic metabolism conditions for the anaerobic metabolism are also more advantageous in horses than in man. The portion of fast contracting muscle fibers with little fatigue-resistance and also some of the enzymes required for the anaerobic metabolism are higher in horses.
Todini L, Malfatti A.An instance of hormone assay method flaw is reported. In this journal Chronobiology International, two papers appeared in which an ELISA method for human serum or plasma was utilized for blood serum of horse and sheep, respectively. From our testing, it is resulted that such method does not work at all for equine, sheep and other animal species. The use of commercial hormone assay kits for heterologous species always needs a careful validation procedure. First, the same hormone molecule by different species could not share enough homology to be regognized by and react with antibodies utilized ...
Xijier , Mori Y, Fukuoka M, Cairangzhuoma , Inagaki M, Iwamoto S, Yabe T, Kanamaru Y.Native alpha-lactalbumins (α-LA) from equine, bovine, and human milk were not cytotoxic. However, after treatment with trifluoroethanol (TFE), all three α-LAs exhibited cytotoxicity. Toxic potencies were distinctly different among them. Equine α-LA was the most robust, bovine α-LA was moderate, and human α-LA was weak. There were no significant structural changes as between the native and the TFE-treated α-LAs.
The Journal of parasitologyFebruary 24, 2001
Volume 86, Issue 6 1366-1368 doi: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1366:ARAPDP]2.0.CO;2
Spencer JA, Witherow AK, Blagburn BL.Neospora caninum is a recently described coccidial parasite that was first isolated from a dog in 1988 and has subsequently been shown to infect a wide range of mammals. Neospora hughesi, a new species of this genus, has recently been isolated from the spinal cord of horses showing clinical signs of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction technique is capable of differentiating between N. caninum and N. hughesi.
Tokunaga S, Fujiki M, Yabuki A, Misumi K.Cartilage-derived retinoic acid-sensitive protein (CD-RAP)/melanoma inhibitory activity (MIA), which appears abundantly in hypertrophic cartilage at the stage of endochondral ossification, is also detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following spinal cord injury. In this study, the localization of the CD-RAP/MIA molecule in normal tissues of the spine and brain obtained from mice, rats, dogs, cattle and horses was examined using immunohistochemistry with a specific antibody. The positive signals of CD-RAP/MIA were found at nerve cells in the spinal cords of all species and were especially str...
Dubin A, Potempa J, Schnebli HP, Koj A.Highly purified horse leucocyte proteinases 1, 2A and 2B hydrolyze synthetic substrates which are decomposed also by human leucocyte elastase but they are unable to hydrolyze typical substrates of cathepsin G. Thus in distinction to other mammalian species horse leucocytes are devoid of cathepsin G and contain only elastases.
Bromiley MW.Before a physical therapy and rehabilitation program is suggested, the end requirement must be considered. All physiotherapeutic machines are subject to laboratory screening. In the United States, the approval of the Food and Drug Administration is required; in the United Kingdom, certification by the National Physics Laboratory has been required by law since January 1996. Laboratory experiments are continually conducted to examine and evaluate the effects on tissues of varied electrical waveforms, low-intensity electrical currents, sound waves, and light rays delivered by a variety of therape...
Alsafy MAM, Elbakary RMA, Bassuoni NF.Joint diseases often represent the major part of equine clinician's caseloads. The current study aimed to document the normal anatomy of the donkey shoulder and elbow joints using computed tomography, cadaver sections, and radiography. Seven adult donkeys were used in this study. The current study proved there were no pouches of the donkey shoulder joint. Communication between the joint capsule and bicipital bursa was observed only in two limbs of four used in the present work. The joint was without pericapsular ligaments. The glenohumeral ligament was identified by the thickening of the artic...
Contreras A, Martínez R, Devés R, Marusic ET.Marked differences in the activities of three monovalent cation transport systems in horse versus human erythrocytes are reported. Whereas horse erythrocytes exhibit a 6-fold higher sodium-lithium countertransport, the unidirectional flux of potassium through the sodium pump is 3-4 times slower and the sodium-potassium cotransport system cannot be detected. In spite of this, horse and human cells are able to maintain similar Na+ and K+ gradients.
Vandergrifft EV, Horohov DW.We have cloned equine IL-2 cDNA in vitro using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers based on the human IL-2 sequence. The cloned product appears to contain the entire coding region for equine IL-2 based on homology with other known sequences. When expressed in COS cells, the recombinant product augmented the proliferative response of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to concanavalin A, however, it failed to support the continued proliferation of murine CTLL-2 cells. Specific substitutions in those regions associated with p55 and p75 binding appear to account for this species...
How SJ, Lloyd DH, Lida J.A monoclonal antibody (McAb) to Dermatophilus congolensis was produced from murine hybridoma cultures and purified by affinity chromatography. Species specificity was demonstrated using indirect immunofluorescent staining; the McAb was shown to react with 10 D congolensis isolates but not with 10 Nocardia species isolates, a Rhodococcus and a Streptomyces species isolate. The McAb was used to demonstrate D congolensis in clinical material from confirmed bovine and ovine cases and presumptive equine cases of dermatophilosis by indirect immunofluorescent staining.
Gastal EL, Neves AP, Mattos RC, Petrucci BP, Gastal MO, Ginther OJ.Follicular dynamics were studied during 12 interovulatory intervals (IOIs) and 36 preovulatory periods in Miniature mares. The percentage of IOIs with the following follicle events was: ovulatory wave with only one follicle>or=10 mm (55%), diameter deviation similar to previous reports in larger mares (25%) and minor waves emerging before or after the ovulatory wave (55%). Follicle data were compared among Miniature ponies, large ponies and Breton horses (n=12 IOIs per breed). The IOI was longer (P<0.001) in Miniature ponies (23.3+/-0.9 days) and in large ponies (23.9+/-0.5 days) than in...
Goodrich EL, Webb JL.Previous hematologic and serum biochemistry reference interval (RI) values have been established for donkeys in various geographic regions, life-stages, or for specific donkey breeds. The last extensive investigation establishing RIs for adult donkeys in the United States (U.S.) was published over three decades ago. We aimed to establish updated robust RIs using a reference population of apparently healthy adult donkeys from across the U.S. Standard sized ( = 102), miniature ( = 17), and mammoth ( = 1) donkeys from four different states were enrolled, with 20% of the study population including...
Kuckova S, Smirnova TA, Straka D, Meledina A, Santrucek J, Humpolakova K, Hoskova M, Cejnar P, Hynek R.The aim of this work is to offer an alternative or complementary analytical tool to the time-consuming and expensive methods commonly used for the recognition of animal species according to their hair. The paper introduces a simple and fast way for species differentiation of animal hairs called in-sample digestion. A total of 10 European animal species, including cat, cow, common degu, dog, fallow deer, goat, horse, sika deer, rabbit, roe deer, and 17 different breeds of dogs were examined using specific tryptic cleavage directly in hair followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-...
Storgaard IH, Kristensen J, Larsen C, Mertz N, Østergaard J, Larsen SW.Intra-articular depot injectables based on in situ suspension formation of ester prodrugs of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are promising for management of joint pain. As candidates for this delivery approach, 5 diclofenac ester prodrugs comprising different imidazole-containing promoieties were synthesized and their physicochemical properties characterized. In vitro hydrolysis rates were investigated in buffer solutions, in 40% (v/v) human, equine, canine, and rat plasma, and in 80% (v/v) human and equine synovial fluid. Bioconversion of the prodrugs to diclofenac was found to be enzym...
May SA, Hooke RE, Lees P.Equine thymocytes, which respond to equine monocyte supernatants, do not respond to stimulation with recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha and beta, and equine synovial fibroblasts show a limited response in the form of prostaglandin E2 production without any evidence of neutral metalloproteinase production. Human interleukin-1 beta was about three to ten times as active on equine synovial cells as human interleukin-1 alpha in terms of prostaglandin E2 production. This preliminary evidence would suggest that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in the way recombinant human interl...
Okólski A, Babusik P, Tischner M, Lietz W.Comparisons were made between 2 methods of oocyte recovery from the ovarian follicles of slaughtered mares: 500 oocytes (3 per mare) were obtained by aspiration of follicular fluid from ovaries of 162 mares, and 120 oocytes (8 per mare) by isolation and rupture of follicles from ovaries of 14 mares. In the oocytes recovered after rupture of follicles, 89.2% were morphologically unchanged, in comparison to 29.3% obtained by aspiration of follicular fluid. Stallion spermatozoa capacitated in vitro were tested on zona-free hamster oocytes. The stallion spermatozoa were washed in TCM-199 and prein...
Bousquet D, Guillomot M, Betteridge KJ.The capsule which surrounds the pre-attachment equine embryo has been compared with the zona pellucida (zp) that it replaces, as well as with the rabbit blastocyst coverings, by means of physicochemical and immunological methods. Trypsin solution at pH varying between 7.5 and 9.0 completely solubilized the capsule, as did Na borohydride. However, solutions of pH 2.0 or 12.0, urea, high temperature (65 degrees C, 60 min or 80 degrees C, 30 min), mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol were able to solubilize the zp but not the capsule at the concentrations used. Indirect immunofluorescence on cryost...
Blanch EW, Morozova-Roche LA, Hecht L, Noppe W, Barron LD.Vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of the calcium-binding lysozyme from equine milk in native and nonnative states are measured and compared with those of the homologous proteins hen egg white lysozyme and bovine alpha-lactalbumin. The ROA spectrum of holo equine lysozyme at pH 4.6 and 22 degrees C closely resembles that of hen lysozyme in regions sensitive to backbone and side chain conformations, indicating similarity of the overall secondary and tertiary structures. However, the intensity of a strong positive ROA band at approximately 1340 cm(-1), which is assigned to a hydrat...
Autry JM, Karim CB, Perumbakkam S, Finno CJ, McKenzie EC, Thomas DD, Valberg SJ.Ca regulation in equine muscle is important for horse performance, yet little is known about this species-specific regulation. We reported recently that horse encode unique gene and protein sequences for the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-transporting ATPase (SERCA) and the regulatory subunit sarcolipin (SLN). Here we quantified gene transcription and protein expression of SERCA and its inhibitory peptides in horse gluteus, as compared to commonly-studied rabbit skeletal muscle. RNA sequencing and protein immunoblotting determined that horse gluteus expresses the gene (SERCA1) as the predomin...
Maurel MC, Ban E, Bidart JM, Combarnous Y.In the present study we have established an immunochemical mapping of equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG/PMSG) using three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), namely the antibodies ECG01, E10 and D7, raised against the native hormone. These antibodies do not bind to reduced, alkylated hormone, suggesting that they recognize discontinuous rather than continuous epitopes. We have also assessed the reactivity of mAbs towards human CG, and ovine, porcine, equine and bovine LH and FSH. The antigenic determinant recognized by ECG01 is localized on the alpha-subunit of equine gonadotropins and of human CG ...
Russo D, Castellani G, Chiocchetti R.Spinal ganglion (SG) neurons are subdivided, on the basis of their cytoplasmic aspect at light and electron microscopy, into dark (D) and light (L) neurons. Numerous efforts have been made to find specific markers able to identify D and L neuronal cytotypes. The isolectin B4 (IB4), utilized to identify nonpeptidergic D neurons in mice, unfortunately, has not proved as effective in other species. The 200-kDa neurofilament protein (NF200) is considered as a typical marker of L neurons in the rat, cat, and chick. The aim of this study was to analyze the histological, morphometric, and neurochemic...
McFarlane JR, Czekala NM, Papkoff H.Six samples of pregnant zebra (z) serum from the first and second trimesters of pregnancy were analyzed by RIA and shown to have chorionic gonadotropin levels comparable to that of the mare (0.9-5.3 micrograms/ml); first trimester levels in most cases were higher than second trimester levels. A pool of the sera (10 ml) was fractionated by methods previously employed for the purification of equine (e) and donkey (d) chorionic gonadotropin to achieve a concentration of the zebra chorionic gonadotropin (zCG). A yield of 1.0 mg of glycoprotein was obtained. HPLC analysis of the material indicated ...
Wasfi IA, Zorob OM, Boni NS, Hadi AA, Agha BA, Elghazali M.The activity of hepatic mixed function oxidases was compared in horses and camels (Camelus dromedarius) by studying the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in seven camels and five horses following intravenous administration of a single dose of antipyrine (25 mg/kg). The data obtained (mean +/- SEM and median in brackets) in camels and horses, respectively, were as follows: the elimination half-lives were 3.25 +/- 0.23 (3.19) and 3.09 +/- 0.25 (2.90) hr; the apparent volumes of distribution (area method) were 0.691 +/- 0.045 (0.648) and 0.642 +/- 0.034 (0.676) l/kg; the volumes of distribution at s...
Smith S, Yohe LR, Solounias N.It has been recognized as early as the Victorian era that the apex of the distal phalanx has a distinct embryological development from the main shaft of the distal phalanx. Recent studies in regenerative medicine have placed an emphasis on the role of the apex of the distal phalanx in bone regrowth. Despite knowledge about the unique aspects of the distal phalanx, all phalanges are often treated as equivalent. Our morphological study reiterates and highlights the special anatomical and embryological properties of the apex of the distal phalanx, and names the apex "the bony cap" to distinguish ...
Yang J, Wang Y, Cui X, Zhang Y, Yu Z.Huge numbers of microorganisms reside in livestock faeces and constitute one of the most complex microbial ecosystems. Here, faecal microbial communities of three typical livestock in Xilingol steppe grassland, i.e. sheep, cattle, and horse, were investigated by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes comprised the majority of bacterial communities in three livestock faeces. Sordariomycetes, Leotiomycetes, and Dothideomycetes were dominant in fungal communities, as well as Methanobacteria and Methanomicrobia were domin...
Wnuk M, Oklejewicz B, Lewinska A, Zabek T, Bartosz G, Slota E, Bugno-Poniewierska M.The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique is widely used in animal cytogenetics. Contrary to FISH procedure, primed in situ DNA synthesis (PRINS) does not require the DNA probe preparation (design, synthesis, gel purification of PCR products and labeling). The PRINS method with primers used as 'DNA probes' is both PCR-sensitive and allows for chromosomal localization of DNA sequences. Here, we show the application of PRINS reaction with one unlabeled oligonucleotide pair to identify 18S rDNA loci in three different animal species: domestic pig (Sus scrofa), red fox (Vulpes vulpes...
