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Topic:Surgery
Surgery for horses encompasses a range of procedures performed to diagnose, treat, or manage various medical conditions. These procedures may involve soft tissue or orthopedic interventions and require specialized techniques to accommodate the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of equines. Common surgical procedures in horses include colic surgery, fracture repair, and arthroscopy. The success of equine surgery depends on numerous factors, including the type of procedure, the horse's overall health, and post-operative care. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore surgical techniques, outcomes, and advancements in equine surgical practices.
Arthrodesis techniques in horses. When medical therapy and surgical treatments of an injured joint fail to return the animal to athletic performance or comfortable use of the limb, arthrodes is is a final option for some joints. Arthrodesis refers to the surgical fusion of a joint, resulting in bony ankylosis. Successful arthrodesis requires debridement of the articular cartilage through the calcified cartilage layer, exposing the subchondral bone; alignment of the joint into a weight-bearing position; and stabilization. The methods by which these steps are accomplished are variable, depending on the individual joint. There ar...
Diagnosis and treatment of ligamentous and meniscal injuries in the equine stifle. The accuracy of the diagnosis of ligamentous and meniscal injuries in the equine stifle has improved significantly in the last 20 years. There are, however, significant limitations in the diagnosis of stifle injuries because of the size and anatomy of the equine stifle. Treatment of soft tissue injuries to the equine stifle has been empirical,with only a few large case studies for specific conditions of stifle ligaments and menisci and only retrospective case studies of the outcome of treatment. This article describes the diagnosis and treatment of ligamentous and meniscal injuries in the equi...
Effect of a constant rate infusion of lidocaine on the quality of recovery from sevoflurane or isoflurane general anaesthesia in horses. Lidocaine constant rate infusions (CRIs) are common as an intraoperative adjunct to general anaesthesia, but their influence on quality of recovery has not been thoroughly determined. Objective: To determine the effects of an intraoperative i.v. CRI of lidocaine on the quality of recovery from isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia in horses undergoing various surgical procedures, using a modified recovery score system. Objective: The administration of intraoperative lidocaine CRI decreases the quality of recovery in horses. Methods: Lidocaine (2 mg/kg bwt bolus followed by 50 microg/kg bwt/min...
Use of serum amyloid A and other acute phase reactants to monitor the inflammatory response after castration in horses: a field study. Early recognition of excessive inflammation and infectious complications after surgery, leading to early institution of therapy, reduces post operative discomfort and facilitates recovery. Because serum amyloid A (SAA) is a highly sensitive marker of inflammation, measurements of SAA and other acute phase reactants in the equine surgical patient may be valuable in assisting clinical assessment of post operative inflammation. Objective: To investigate changes in inflammatory markers after castration and to correlate levels of acute phase reactants with clinical severity of inflammation after ca...
New surgical treatments for osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral bone cysts. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and subchondral bone cysts (SBCs) occur commonly and at many different locations in equine limbs and can lead to secondary osteoarthritis when left untreated. Depending on the location and extent of the lesion, arthroscopic surgical debridement may be an effective treatment for returning a horse to athletic soundness. In many cases, however, additional techniques to improve the healing response in bone and cartilage are needed so as to preserve articular function. Methods for improving cartilage repair (ie, restoration of damaged cartilage)or regeneration (ie, r...
Total intravenous anaesthesia in horses using medetomidine and propofol. To examine the clinical suitability of medetomidine-propofol infusions for total intravenous anaesthesia in horses. Methods: Fifty client-owned horses of mixed breed, age [mean +/- SD (range)] 6.6 +/- 4.4 (0.04-18) years, mass 478 +/- 168.3 (80-700) kg presented for a range of operations requiring general anaesthesia. Methods: Pre-anaesthetic medication was intravenous (IV) medetomidine 7 mug kg(-1). Anaesthesia was induced with IV ketamine (2 mg kg(-1)) and diazepam (0.02 mg kg(-1)). After endotracheal intubation, O2 was delivered (FiO2 > 0.85). Positive pressure ventilation was initiated ...
Supernumerary cheek teeth (n = 24): clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and outcome in 15 horses. There are few reports of case series of horses with supernumerary cheek teeth (SCT) that document clinical findings, treatment and long-term outcome. Objective: To review the clinical and ancillary diagnostic findings and responses to different treatments in horses with SCT. Methods: The case records of 15 horses were reviewed and long-term outcomes obtained by telephone interview. Results: Fifteen horses with a total of 24 SCT were identified. Two SCT were incidental findings and were not treated. Clinical signs were improved or resolved in 11 of 13 of the teeth treated conservatively and all...
How to perform transvenous electrical cardioversion in horses with atrial fibrillation. Electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is a well-established technique for restoration of sinus rhythm in humans. While transthoracic cardioversion is more commonly used, transvenous electrical cardioversion (TVEC) has been reported as having higher efficacy at substantially lower energy levels. In horses, treatment of atrial fibrillation has essentially been limited to the administration of quinidine salts either orally or intravenously. TVEC provides an alternative to quinidine salts, especially for those animals in which quinidine is neither effective nor tolerated. The present rep...
Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that horses with right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDDLC) have elevations in serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity when compared with horses with left dorsal displacement of the large colon (LDDLC). Medical records from 37 horses with RDDLC and 48 horses with LDDLC were reviewed. Horses were included for study if the RDDLC or LDDLC was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy or postmortem examination and if a serum GGT measurement was obtained within 24 hours before surgery. The proportion of horses with GGT activity within...
Causes of gastrointestinal colic in horses in western Canada: 604 cases (1992 to 2002). The medical records of equine gastrointestinal colic cases presented to the Western College of Veterinary Medicine between 1992 and 2002 are reviewed. There was no breed predisposition to colic. Geldings were more prone to colic than females and stallions. Overall, the 3 most common causes of colic were large colon impaction (20.8%), large colon displacement (16.5%), and spasmodic colic (11.7%), after excluding the 13% of cases in which the diagnosis was undetermined. Of the medical cases, large colon impaction (38.4%) and spasmodic colic (22.5%) were the most common. Of the surgical cases, la...
Surgical correction of ear curling caused by scar tissue formation in a horse. An 18-month-old Belgian Warmblood mare was evaluated because it had injured the outer convex aspect of the left auricle. Second intention healing of the wound area caused tissue contracture, which resulted in the tip of the ear curling backward. By use of a technique involving undermining of the skin and a flap of granulation tissue on the medial aspect of the wound area and multiple incisions of the auricular cartilage, the curling was relieved and the ear regained a more normal shape. A skin graft was applied to cover the existing wound defect in an attempt to accelerate wound healing; therm...
Evaluation of risk factors for development of catheter-associated jugular thrombophlebitis in horses: 50 cases (1993-1998). To evaluate risk factors associated with development of catheter-associated jugular thrombophlebitis in hospitalized horses. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Methods: 50 horses with thrombophlebitis and 100 control horses. Methods: Medical records from 1993 through 1998 were searched for horses with thrombophlebitis. Horses that were hospitalized for at least 5 days, had an i.v. catheter placed in a jugular vein (other than for solely anesthetic purposes), and had no evidence of thrombophlebitis during admission or hospitalization were chosen as controls. Signalment, history, clinico...
Multiple rib fracture in a neonatal foal using a nylon strand suture repair technique. To report rib fracture repair using the Securos Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System (SCCLRS; Securos Veterinary Orthopedics, Charlton, MA) in a neonatal foal. Methods: Case report. Methods: A 1-day-old Standardbred foal with fracture of left ribs 2-9. Methods: Four days after admission the foal was anesthetized and rib fractures were repaired using open reduction and the SCCLRS. Results: Rib fractures were successfully stabilized and the foal was discharged 7 days postoperatively without further complications. Conclusions: The SCCLRS provided a straightforward, effective method of rib frac...
Comparison of three methods for arthrodesis of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses. To evaluate the effects of diode laser surgery (LS), surgical drilling (SD), and intraarticular sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA) as methods for fusing the distal intertarsal (DIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints in horses. Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Adult horses (15) without radiographic signs of osteoarthritis (OA) of the DIT and TMT joints. Methods: Group 1 (n=3) had LS performed bilaterally on DIT and TMT joints; 1 horse was evaluated for 1 week and 2 horses were evaluated for 2 weeks. Group 2 (n=6) had LS on DIT and TMT joints of 1 tarsus and MIA administration into the contralater...
Laser fenestration of the mesial septum for treatment of guttural pouch chondroids in a pony. To describe removal of guttural pouch chondroids through a laser fenestrated mesial septum in a pony with an obstructed pharyngeal ostium of the left guttural pouch. Methods: Case report. Methods: Pony. Methods: Transendoscopic laser neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) fenestration of the mesial guttural pouch septum was made by contact method (bare fiber, 15-25 W, exposure time 4 seconds). Dissected tissue was removed by transendoscopic monopolar electrosurgery (loop electrode, cutting blade) and multiple chondroids of varying size were removed from the left guttural pouch through the ...
Equine amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal ulceration and keratomalacia in three horses. Amniotic membrane has antifibrotic, anti-angiogenic and antiprotease properties. This retrospective study was designed to investigate the use of equine amniotic membrane transplants (AMT) at preserving vision, maintaining the structural integrity of the globe and maximizing cosmesis in equine eyes with corneal ulceration and severe keratomalacia. Methods: Equine amnion had previously been aseptically harvested from a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare during an elective Cesarean section. Sections of amnion were stored at -80 degrees C and thawed as needed. Records of equine cases at the University ...
Epidural migration of new methylene blue in 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 2% mepivacaine solution following injection into the first intercoccygeal space in foal cadavers and anesthetized foals undergoing laparoscopy. To determine the relationship between epidural cranial migration and injectate volume of an isotonic solution containing dye in laterally recumbent foal cadavers and evaluate the cranial migration and dermatome analgesia of an epidural dye solution during conditions of laparoscopy in foals. Methods: 19 foal cadavers and 8 pony foals. Methods: Foal cadavers received an epidural injection of dye solution (0.05, 0.1, 0.15, or 0.2 mL/kg) containing 1.2 mg of new methylene blue (NMB)/mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Length of the dye column and number of intervertebral spaces cranial and caudal t...
Transarterial coil embolisation in 31 horses (1999-2002) with guttural pouch mycosis: a 2-year follow-up. There have been no previously published large case series describing short- and long-term outcome of transarterial coil embolisation (TCE) in horses with guttural pouch mycosis (GPM). Objective: To describe the clinical and surgical features of horses with GPM presented at the Veterinary School of Lyon during a 28 month period; and to evaluate immediate to long-term results of TCE as a treatment. Methods: Medical records of all horses with GPM treated with TCE between February 1999 and July 2002 were analysed. To be included in the study, no other surgical or medical treatment for the mycosis ...
Costs and complications of equine castration: a UK practice-based study comparing ‘standing nonsutured’ and ‘recumbent sutured’ techniques. Clinicians are often asked to guide owners and trainers over the relative advantages and disadvantages of equine castration performed in either the standing horse with an open unsutured scrotal wound with healing by second intention, or a recumbent horse under general anaesthesia in aseptic conditions, with sutured scrotal skin allowing primary wound closure. Objective: To identify types and frequency of complications following the 2 differing approaches, and to compare the financial cost associated with each procedure, based on practice charges. Methods: Veterinary expenses of 217 horses cast...
Can an external device prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate during strenuous exercise? Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is a common condition in racehorses for which various surgical treatments are often performed. In light of recent findings that suggested the position of the larynx may influence the occurrence of DDSP, we investigated whether a noninvasive mean of affecting the position of the larynx could be effective in the management of DDSP. Objective: An external device (laryngohyoid support; LHS) positioning the larynx in a more rostral and dorsal location and preventing caudal displacement of the basihyoid bone would be effective in preventing DDSP during s...
Surgical advancement of the larynx (laryngeal tie-forward) as a treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses: a prospective study 2001-2004. Correct placement of sutures ('laryngeal tie-forward') in experimentally created dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) has been observed to replace the function of the thyrohyoideus muscles and prevent DDSP. Objective: The 'laryngeal tie-forward' procedure would prevent or delay the occurrence of DDSP during exercise in horses with naturally occurring DDSP and therefore improve performance. Methods: A clinical population (n = 116), mainly of racehorses was presented for treatment of naturally occurring exercise-induced DDSP. All horses underwent the 'laryngeal tie-forward' procedure. T...
Diagnosis and surgical removal of a granulosa-theca cell tumor in a mare. An 8-year-old mare showed stallion-like behavior and aggressiveness. A granulosa-theca cell tumor was tentatively diagnosed based on history, transrectal palpation, and ultrasonography, and surgically removed. Serological levels of testosterone and inhibin were elevated. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. The mare recovered and by day 45 could be turned out with other horses. Une jument de 8 ans a manifesté un comportement et de l’agressivité semblables à ceux d’un étalon. Une tumeur de cellule de la granulosa-theca a été provisoirement diagnostiquée, en se fond...
Chip fractures from the distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus of a quarter horse gelding: a veterinary medicine clinical report. An eighteen-month old quarter horse gelding was diagnosed with chip fractures from the distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus. The horse presented with the symptom of persistent synovitis. The diagnosis was based on radiographic evidence. The horse was treated initially with arthroscopic surgery. He was given a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, and a chondroprotective agent to prevent further damage to, and aid in the healing of, the damaged joint.
Intraoperative pain responses following intraovarian versus mesovarian injection of lidocaine in mares undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. To compare intraoperative pain responses following intraovarian versus mesovarian injection of lidocaine in mares undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 15 mares between 4 and 20 years old. Methods: Standard bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. Prior to manipulation of the ovary, 2% lidocaine (10 mL) was injected into the ovary and saline (0.9% NaCI) solution (10 mL) was injected into the mesovarium on 1 side, with saline solution (10 mL) injected into the ovary and 2% lidocaine (10 mL) injected into the mesovarium on the other side. Pr...
Comparison of surgical versus medical treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 19 cases (1992-2002). To compare the outcome of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon (NSELC) treated surgically or medically by rolling, administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride (or both), and exercise. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 11 medically treated horses and 8 surgically treated horses with NSELC. Methods: Medical records of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment between 1992 and 2002 were reviewed. Medically treated horses were included if diagnosis and outcome of treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment were confirmed via transrectal examination and ultrasonographic examination. ...
Laser vocal cordectomy fails to effectively reduce respiratory noise in horses with laryngeal hemiplegia. To report the effect of unilateral laser vocal cordectomy on respiratory noise and airway function in horses with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia (LH). Methods: Experimental study. Methods: Six Standardbred horses without upper airway abnormalities at rest or during high-speed treadmill exercise. Methods: Respiratory sounds and inspiratory trans-upper airway pressure (P(Ui)) were measured before (baseline) and 14 days after induction of LH by left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy, and again 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after endoscopically assisted laser cordectomy of the left vocal cord...
