Trauma in horses encompasses physical injuries resulting from accidents, falls, or other external forces. These injuries can range from minor cuts and bruises to severe fractures and internal damage. Trauma can affect various systems within the horse, including the musculoskeletal, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. The response to trauma involves complex physiological processes, including inflammation and tissue repair. Veterinary assessment and management of equine trauma often require a multidisciplinary approach to address immediate care and long-term recovery. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the causes, effects, and treatment strategies for trauma in horses, providing insights into diagnostic techniques, therapeutic interventions, and rehabilitation practices.
Martin L, Kaswan R, Chapman W.Traumatic optic nerve atrophy is characterised clinically by a unilateral or bilateral sudden onset of blindness. Dilated, fixed pupils and a lack of a menace reflex are the only abnormalities noted soon after the trauma. Within three to four weeks the optic disc becomes paler and the retinal vasculature is markedly decreased. The pathological lesion is a rupture of the nerve axons from stretching forces produced by the posterior movement of the brain against the fixed canalicular portion of the optic nerves. Medical therapy has not been successful.
Brock KA.A pharyngeal performation, probably associated with endotracheal intubation, occurred in a healthy 4 1/2-month-old colt. Inhalation anesthesia was carried out for elective surgery, but acute cervical cellulitis, pleuritis, and pneumonia developed after the surgery. Antibacterial and supportive therapy was ineffective.
Bertone JJ, Dill SG.An ingested metallic foreign body migrated from the stomach and induced restrictive pericarditis in a horse. Necropsy revealed chronic abdominal and acute thoracic lesions. Although rare, ingested foreign body migration should be considered in the differential diagnosis of body cavity disease in horses.
Muwanga LC, Dove AF.We report the frequency with which horse riders with a significant head injury present to a large accident and emergency department. We have also recorded details about the use of headwear and conclude that horse-riding is associated with a serious risk of head injury and 'protective' headwear may not always protect.
Lunn DP, Peel JE.A five-year-old standardbred mare suffered a cervical oesophageal rupture subsequent to a kick. Marked cellulitis and extensive soft tissue damage resulted. Treatment consisted of creating an oesophageal fistula, local debridement and systemic antibiotics. The mare made a long but successful recovery. Treatment of oesophageal rupture in the horse is discussed.
Chiapetta JR, Baker JC, Feeney DA.An Arabian foal, which was recumbent for 4 days, had signs of extensor rigidity of the thoracic limbs and hypotonic paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Survey radiography revealed a lesion at T15, with radiographic impression of a compression fracture or a hemivertebra. Postmortem examination revealed a fracture at T15. Clinical and pathologic findings in this case were compatible with the Schiff-Sherrington syndrome, which is characterized by thoracic limb extensor hypertonia associated with paraplegia from acute thoracolumbar trauma.
Barclay WP, Foerner JJ, Phillips TN.Axial sesamoid injuries were found in 4 of 18 horses with lateral condylar fractures of the metacarpus or metatarsus. The injuries appeared as axial sesamoid fractures or progressive demineralization of the axial border of one of the sesamoids. None of the horses with axial sesamoid injuries returned to performance soundness. Axial sesamoid injury appeared to be an indication of severe fetlock trauma due to condylar fracture. Such injuries appeared to indicate a poor prognosis for return to performance soundness.
Colbern GT, Aanes WA, Stashak TS.The case records of 47 mares with third-degree perineal lacerations or rectovestibular fistulae were examined to evaluate their fertility following surgical repair. Of 32 mares bred, 24 became pregnant, suggesting that surgical repair is indicated in any mare with sufficient genetic potential. Perineal trauma after surgical repair was recorded in 3 of 20 mares at subsequent parturition.
Becker M.During the last 10 years 268 laparotomies by a midline incision were performed. A high incidence of seromas, fistulas caused by suturing material and wound ruptures were observed. After finding only a small number of publications in the veterinary medicine about wound healing disturbances an analysis of the human medical literature was done. This induced the change of our surgical procedure and suturing technique: The midline incision and surgical management during the laparotomies in 14 horses suffering from colic were performed by a minimized trauma. The abdominal wall was closed layer by la...
Steenhaut M, Verschooten F, De Moor A.Arthrodesis of the pastern joint was performed in six horses with a history of acute trauma and in 10 horses with a history of chronic lameness of one to six months duration. Five surgical techniques were employed: curettage of the joint, lag screw compression and immobilisation in a plaster cast; curettage, compression using a T plate and immobilisation; drilling, lag screw compression and immobilisation; lag screw compression and immobilisation; and curettage and immobilisation. Pre- and postoperative clinical course are described together with significant radiographical findings. The best r...
Pounder DJ.The fatalities associated with the riding and handling of horses in South Australia over the 11-year period 1973-1983 are reviewed. There were 18 deaths, including two sudden natural deaths in the saddle and one drowning. The 15 cases of horse-related trauma represent a death rate of approximately one per million population per annum. Thirteen of the deaths were the result of a head injury after a fall. Nine persons were not wearing protective headgear. The two principal groups at risk were male professional riders with a mean age of 32 years and female amateurs with a mean age of 19 years.
Ilgren EB, Teddy PJ, Vafadis J, Briggs M, Gardiner NG.We present a clinical and pathological study of brain injuries in horse-riding accidents. Among six fatal cases, all experienced riders varying in age and sex, two were not wearing helmets and four had inadequate protective headgear. Among five non-fatal cases, four wore adequate helmets and only one of these suffered permanent neurological damage. The fifth was not wearing a helmet and although he eventually returned to work, a CT scan following the fall showed a deep-seated perithalamic hematoma. These findings are consistent with those of virtually all other studies in that they suggest tha...
Trim CM.Complications following the use of the cuffless large animal endotracheal tube during general anesthesia in 2 horses are reported. One horse developed laryngeal edema during recovery. The edema was treated successfully with dexamethasone, but severe laryngeal trauma was confirmed 24 hours later at necropsy. The second horse had a swollen tongue and had difficulty eating for 3 days after anesthesia. The condition resolved without treatment. this report is a reminder of the potential damage which can occur from endotracheal intubation.
Lavach JD, Severin GA, Roberts SM.Perforating corneal wounds in horses have a better prognosis than wounds that involve both cornea and sclera. Sharp objects tend to produce more isolated corneal wounds and have a better prognosis than do wounds produced by blunt objects. The records of 43 horses that sustained penetrating wounds of the cornea were reviewed. In addition, the surgical approach and postoperative wound management is described. The report attempts to provide more information regarding the management of ocular trauma in horses.
Martin GS, McIlwraith CW, Turner AS, Nixon AJ, Stashak TS.A retrospective study was made of 21 horses in which proximal interphalangeal arthrodesis had been performed. The right hindlimb was the most often affected (52%). Acute trauma was the most common reason for performing the surgery (62%). Follow-up data were obtained from the owners regarding return to serviceability . When available, follow-up radiographs and clinical examinations were reviewed. Of the 20 horses on which follow-up information was available, 16 were serviceable . Of the horses in which a hindlimb was arthrodesed , 86% were serviceable , whereas 67% of the horses affected in the...
Turner AS, Trotter GW.The case histories of 18 horses with hindlimb lameness attributed to fibrotic myopathy were reviewed. In 14 horses, the problem developed after trauma. In 5 others, it developed secondary to intramuscular injections. Other causes of the lameness were surgery, exertional injuries, and purpura hemorrhagica. Eleven of the horses were treated by resection of scar tissue or by semitendinosus myotenotomy. Postoperative complications included pressure necrosis under quill sutures (9 horses), acute disruption of the skin incision (2 horses), dehiscence of the wound during healing (2 horses), and prolo...
Lynch JA.A Staphylococcus aureus infection in a mature horse, resulting from trauma, is described, which proved refractory to antibiotic therapy directed by the results of antibiotic sensitivity testing. After a prolonged course, rapid resolution of the infection was achieved with the administration of an autogenous formalized bacterin.
Bernhang AM, Winslett G.In brief: It has always been assumed that participants in equestrian sports are at high risk of serious injury and that minor injuries are common. This study of American Horse Shows Association and United States Pony Clubs horse shows tried to determine if shows are as safe as or safer than other sports, what the accident rate is for horse shows, if any factors influence the accident rate, and what types of accidents and injuries occur. There were 290 reported injuries and two deaths in the 984 responding shows. The accident rate per entry was 0.0003. There was no statistically significant rel...
Beech J.An 18-month-old male Quarter Horse was referred for evaluation of a tic that had started after injury to the right forelimb 4 weeks earlier. The right forelimb appeared paretic and had constant regular twitches of variable intensity that were usually sufficiently forceful to move the trunk, neck, and head. The horse frequently threw the limb forward. The twitch persisted during sleep but disappeared during general anesthesia and following sedation with xylazine. It was unaffected by acetylpromazine, diphenylhydantoin, diazepam, carbamazepine, trimethadione, procainamide, quinidine, propranolol...
McIlwraith CW.Current concepts of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of equine degenerative joint disease are presented on the basis of recently acquired experimental and clinical knowledge. A number of concepts of pathogenesis need modification and the rationale of some of the newer treatments requires definition. Synovitis and other soft tissue changes are important components of the pathogenesis in addition to direct trauma to the articular cartilage. Loss of glycosaminoglycans constitutes an important biochemical "lesion" in the articular cartilage, making it weak and susceptible to trauma. Recognit...
King JM, Roth L, Haschek WM.Focal myocardial necrosis secondary to neural lesions was diagnosed in 2 dogs and 1 horse. In each case, the neural lesions were traumatic in origin. Spinal cord injury was evident in 1 dog; brain damage was evident in the other dog and presumably in the horse. Retrospective analysis of necropsy material showed that many species were affected, without apparent age or sex predisposition. Central nervous system injury resulting from trauma, infection or space-occupying lesions was associated with acute myocardial necrosis in all cases. The myocardial necrosis was rarely fatal; however, it did ca...
Jakovljevic S, Gibbs C, Yeats JJ.The clinical features, radiographic findings, management and outcome in 13 cases of traumatic fracture of the hock joint are reported. The principal fracture sites were the distal tibial malleoli (5 cases), the fibular tarsal bone (4 cases), the tibial tarsal bone (3 cases) and the proximal end of metatarsal IV (one case). An additional small chip fracture of the central tarsal was noted in 2 cases. Three horses were destroyed immediately after diagnosis, 2 failed to recover following surgical intervention and one remained lame and was destroyed after 3 months' rest. Seven horses recovered com...
Verschooten F, De Moor A.Twenty-nine horses were examined over a period of 8 years and found to have cystic lesions in the stifle (14 cases) or pedal bone (15 cases). The lesions are described and illustrated with radiographs. In the stifle 12 lesions were found on the femoral condyles (11 medially and one laterally) and 10 were typical subchondral cysts. One lesion was observed in the tibia and 3 in the patella. Bone cysts wee found unilaterally in the pedal bone (14 in the forelimbs and one in the hindlimb). All but 2 of the horses with lesions in the stifle or pedal bone were lame. The only treatment was rest. For ...
Kirker-Head CA, Jakob TP.An Arabian mare was referred with traumatically induced complete transection of the trachea. A temporary airway was established through the open wound at the site of the rupture. Resection of devitalized tissue including 3 tracheal ring segments, and anastomosis of the tracheal ends was subsequently performed under general anesthesia. Wound healing was complicated by a peritracheal abscess, which responded successfully to drainage and antibiotic administration.
Rubio-Martínez LM, Redding WR, Bladon B, Wilderjans H, Payne RJ, Tessier C, Geffroy O, Parker R, Bell C, Collingwood FA.Fractures of the medial intercondylar eminence of the tibia (MICET) are scarcely reported in horses. Objective: To report the clinical and diagnostic findings, surgical treatment and outcome in a series of horses presented with MICET fracture and treated with arthroscopic fragment removal. Methods: Multicentre retrospective case series. Methods: Case records of horses diagnosed with MICET fractures that had undergone surgical treatment were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained from re-examination visits and/or owners. Results: Twenty-one cases were identified at 9 equine hospitals betw...
Merkt H.A stallion got fatal injuries by kicks of a maiden mare because a so called "panic hook" untied spontaneously. The use of such hooks to secure mares during mating should therefore not be recommended.
Regnier A, Landrevie C, Robin MC, Einsweiler D, Douet JY, Raymond-Letron I.A 6-year-old miniature Shetland pony mare was referred for evaluation of a left corneal mass, which developed from the healing tissue of a corneal traumatic ulceration that had occurred 4 weeks previously. On gross examination, a spherical, smooth-surfaced, and pink-colored lesion of about 1 cm in diameter was protruding from the left palpebral fissure. Ophthalmic examination revealed that it was attached to the scar tissue of the cornea, and that one corpora nigra was adherent to the posterior face of corneal wounded area, without sign of uveitis. The remainder of the ophthalmic examinatio...
Pala S, Hänninen NE, Mohammadi A, Ebrahimi M, Te Moller NCR, Brommer H, René van Weeren P, Mäkelä JTA, Korhonen RK, Afara IO, Töyräs J....The aim of this study is to assess whether articular cartilage changes in an equine model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), induced by surgical creation of standard (blunt) grooves, and very subtle sharp grooves, could be detected with ex vivo T relaxation time mapping utilizing three-dimensional (3D) readout sequence with zero echo time. Grooves were made on the articular surfaces of the middle carpal and radiocarpal joints of nine mature Shetland ponies and osteochondral samples were harvested at 39 weeks after being euthanized under respective ethical permissions. T relaxation times ...
Spurlock GH.This article deals with the diagnosis and treatment of tendon lacerations. Tendon healing, with its implications relative to treatment, is discussed. The various pros and cons of suturing severed tendons are addressed as well as methods of immobilizing the injured limb. The need for prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment of tendon sheath injuries is also discussed.
Chesnel MA, Aprea F, Clutton RE.A traumatic pneumothorax and severe hemorrhage were present in a mare with a large thoracic wall defect, lung perforation, and multiple rib fractures. General anesthesia was induced to allow surgical exploration. We describe the anesthetic technique, and discuss the management of the ventilatory, hemodynamic, and metabolic disturbances encountered. Gestion de l’anesthésie générale d’un cheval avec un pneumothorax d’origine traumatique. Nous décrivons le cas d’une jument présentée avec un important déficit de la paroi thoracique d’origine traumatique, une perforation pulmonaire...
Clark JM, Connor TA, Post A, Hoshizaki TB, Gilchrist MD.Current equestrian standards employ a drop test to a rigid steel anvil. However, falls in equestrian sports often result in impacts with soft ground. The purpose of this study was to compare head kinematics and brain tissue response associated with surfaces impacted during equestrian accidents and corresponding helmet certification tests. A helmeted Hybrid III headform was dropped freely onto three different anvils (steel, turf and sand) at three impact locations. Peak linear acceleration, rotational acceleration and impact duration of the headform were measured. Resulting accelerations served...
Radcliffe RM, Hill JA, Liu SY, Cook VL, Hurcombe SDA, Divers TJ.Abdominocentesis is commonly used to evaluate the abdominal cavity of the horse. This technique provides valuable diagnostic information as well as the means to monitor patients with abdominal diseases being managed medically and to determine their need for surgical management. Complications are uncommon and include trauma to the gastrointestinal tract or spleen, septic peritonitis, or abdominal wall infection. Methods: This review describes the indications, utility, patient preparation, and instructions for performing abdominocentesis as well as possible complications reported in horses. Step...
Trotter GW.Numerous conditions, including trauma, infection, neoplasia, and developmental problems, can affect the paranasal sinuses. Successful resolution of these problems is predicated upon a thorough diagnostic workup to ensure the most accurate presumptive diagnosis. Surgical intervention is enhanced by using approaches that allow wide access to sinus compartments. Rigorous postoperative management is also important to a successful outcome.
Muñiz Fontán M, Moure González JD, Mirás Veiga A, Rodríguez Núñez A.Children's equestrian activities in the domestic, play activities, sports and educational areas are relatively frequent, and are not exempt from risks. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on horse-related injuries, their circumstances and the key points for their prevention. Methods: Retrospective and descriptive study of pediatric equestrian injuries admitted to Hospital between July 1997 and September 2008. Results: A total of 17 patients with ages between 4 and 17 years were analyzed. There were 14 accidental falls, 2 kicks and 1 bite, and 8 patients had lost consciousness after the accid...
Gardelle O, Feige K, Geissbühler U, Geyer H, Schmucker N, Sydler T, Kaser-Hotz B.For the past 2 years computed tomography is used at the Veterinary School, University of Zürich. This new imaging modality enables the detection of abnormalities occurring in small and large animals which were previously not visible with imaging techniques. Subjects of this study were a foal and a small pony, both with suspected head trauma. Routine radiography could not explain any of the neurological deficiencies. In the first case a basilar skull fracture along with a focal brain hemorrhage was detected, in the second case multiple basilar skull fractures were seen. The computed tomographi...
Nie GJ, Pope KC.Prolonged penile prolapse in horses has been reported in association with administration of phenothiazine tranquilizers, trauma, neuropathies, severe general debilitation or exhaustion, starvation, rabies, herpes myeloencephalitis, equine infectious anemia, and purpura hemorrhagica. A 5-year-old gelding was admitted for treatment of prolonged penile prolapse of 12 days' duration that developed after acepromazine maleate was administered to allow examination of a laceration that had resulted in severe blood loss. The horse was sedated, and the penis was replaced in the preputial cavity by use o...
Hall S, McElligott S, Sadek AR, Griffith C, Waters R, Nader-Sepahi A. Accidents during sporting activities are a common cause of head injury, particularly in children and young adults. Whilst most sporting head injuries are minor, there remains a proportion which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The epidemiology of sports associated head injuries is variable based on geographical region so the aim of this study was to review the management and outcomes of sporting head injuries managed by a single neurosurgical unit in the South of England. A retrospective review of the Trauma Audit and Research Network database was conducted for all patients ad...
Riddell LP, Yoshimura S, MacKay AV, Wilson DG.A 17-year-old Quarter horse mare was presented because of traumatic luxation of the fifth sacral and first coccygeal vertebrae resulting in loss of sensation, motor function, and perfusion of the tail. The case was complicated by an associated tail head hematoma. Due to the severity of the injury, tail amputation was performed at the level of the luxation. Tail amputations in horses at the sacrococcygeal junction following a suspected tail pull injury are infrequently reported in the literature. . Une jument Quarter horse âgée de 17 ans fut présentée pour cause de luxation traumatique de l...
Elghoul N, Jalal Y, Bouya A, Zine A, Jaafar A.Almost 2% of all emergency admissions involve an animal bite. While horses bite humans very rarely, their bites are mostly associated with fatalities. Herein, we report the case of a 23-year old bitten by a domestic horse causing a crush injury to his fourth finger with fracture dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint. The patient benefited upon arrival at the emergency department from copious irrigation with saline serum, tetanus toxoid, postexposure rabies vaccination, and prophylactic antibiotic therapy. In the operating room, surgical exploration found the ulnar digital pedicle s...
Dunkel B, Corley KT, Johnson AL, Witte TH, Leitch M, Marr CM, Weller R.Pneumocephalus is occasionally encountered in horses but poorly described in the literature. The study aimed to describe historical, clinical and diagnostic imaging findings and outcome in horses to increase the awareness and recognition of the condition amongst equine practitioners, allowing appropriate management of these cases. Cases of pneumocephalus from 4 participating institutions were identified and case details extracted from the medical records. Five cases of pneumocephalus were identified. Head trauma with suspected or confirmed fractures of the sinuses was the underlying cause in 4...
Taylor TS, Vaughan JT.A study was conducted in an effort to explain why digital necrosis sometimes follows neurectomy in the horse. Six horses were subjected to unilateral section of the medial and lateral palmar nerves. Arteriography was done on each digit prior to surgery. Terminally, arteriography was repeated. Sections of bone, nerve, artery, skin, coronary band, and deep flexor tendon were examined histologically. Changes in arterial pattern and bone quality were noted. During the study, 2 of the horses had clinical signs of digital necrosis. The composite findings suggested trauma or infection, or both, of th...
McCormick JD, Watkins J.To report plate fixation for management of traumatic injuries resulting in plantar instability of the proximal intertarsal (PIT) and tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints. Methods: Case series. Methods: Medical records (October 1988 to August 2007) of horses that had internal fixation of the distal aspect of the tarsus were reviewed. Horses that had a broad dynamic compression plate (DCP) or broad locking compression plate (LCP) applied on the plantar-lateral aspect of the tarsus extending from the proximal calcaneus to the proximal one third of the metatarsus were included. Signalment, clinical signs,...
Alonso JM, Schmidt EMS, Eckersall PD, Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Alves ALG, Rodrigues CA, Watanabe MJ, Crescencio AP, Hussni CA.The acute phase response is a response to injury and depends on the severity of the trauma. Heparin is routinely used for postsurgical treatment of horses to prevent abdominal adhesions; however, its effect on inflammation is unknown. This study aimed to assess systemic inflammatory response of horses subjected to small colon enterotomy and to evaluate heparin effects on postsurgical inflammation. Ten adult horses were subjected to small colon enterotomy and were assigned to a control or a treatment group. Both groups received prophylactic antibiotics and flunixin, and the treatment group rece...
McQueen C, Crombie N, Cormack S, George A, Wheaton S.The utilisation of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) in response to equestrian accidents has been an integral part of operations for many years throughout the UK. The recent establishment of major trauma networks in the UK has placed great emphasis on the appropriate tasking of HEMS units to cases where added benefit can be provided and the incidence of time critical injury in cases of equestrian accidents has been shown to be low. This study assesses the impact made on the utilisation of the different HEMS resources for cases of equestrian accidents within the West Midlands followi...
Lyon RM, Macauley B, Richardson S, de Coverly R, Russell M.Horse riding is a common leisure activity associated with a significant rate of injury. Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) may be called to equestrian accidents. Accurate HEMS tasking is important to ensure appropriate use of this valuable medical resource. We sought to review HEMS response to equestrian accidents and identify factors associated with the need for HEMS intervention or transport of the patient to a major trauma centre. Methods: Retrospective case review of all missions flown by Kent, Surrey & Sussex Air Ambulance Trust over a 1-year period (1 July 2011 to 1 July 20...
Chiapetta JR, Baker JC, Feeney DA.An Arabian foal, which was recumbent for 4 days, had signs of extensor rigidity of the thoracic limbs and hypotonic paralysis of the pelvic limbs. Survey radiography revealed a lesion at T15, with radiographic impression of a compression fracture or a hemivertebra. Postmortem examination revealed a fracture at T15. Clinical and pathologic findings in this case were compatible with the Schiff-Sherrington syndrome, which is characterized by thoracic limb extensor hypertonia associated with paraplegia from acute thoracolumbar trauma.
Jarry J, De Raeve Y, Dugdale A, Simon V, Vandeweerd JM.Severe ophthalmic conditions such as trauma, uveitis, corneal damage, or neoplasia can lead to eye removal surgery. Poor cosmetic appearance resulting from the sunken orbit ensues. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of manufacturing a custom-made 3D-printed orbital implant made of biocompatible material for the enucleated horse and usable in conjunction to a corneoscleral shell. Blender, a 3D-image software, was used for prototype design. Twelve cadaver heads of adult Warmbloods were collected from the slaughterhouse. On each head, one eye was removed via a modified trans...
Wheat JD, Pascoe JR.Problems involving the management of acute traumatic rupture of the equine suspensory apparatus include loss of blood flow to the foot, proper immobilization, and pressure sores from casts. A technique utilizing a board splinting device attached to the affected limb at the toe and subsequent corrective shoe support provides immobilization, prevents dropping of the fetlock, can be applied to the standing animal, and allows frequent changing of the bandages, if necessary.
Ivancic PC.We reported two cases of jockeys who sustained fracture/dislocation of the mid-thoracic spine due to traumatic falls during horse racing. We examined the injury mechanism based upon the patients' diagnostic images and video footage of races, in which the accidents occurred. Admission imaging of patient 1 (a 42 years old male) revealed T5 burst fracture with bony retropulsion of 7 mm causing complete paralysis below T5/6. There existed 22° focal kyphosis at T5/6, anterolisthesis of T5 relative to T6, T5/6 disc herniation, cord edema and epidural hemorrhage from T4 through T6, and cord injury f...
Wright IM.Clinical and radiological features of 16 horses with fractures of the lateral malleolus of the tibia are reported. The paper describes surgical techniques used, results obtained and discusses justification for removal. Fourteen fractures were unilateral and two bilateral. There was no left:right disparity. The history included a known traumatic incident in 14 cases. All animals had a tarsocrural joint effusion and 10 had palpable thickening of the lateral collateral ligaments. Crepitus was also palpable in 10 horses. The fracture was identified in all dorsoplantar and 14 of 18 dorsomedial-plan...
Qin SH, Sun L, Zheng XJ.To explore the Ilizarov mini-invasive distraction technique for the treatment of severer ankle and foot deformities secondary to ischemic contracture of the leg. Methods: Based on the tension-stress low of Ilizarov, a serial of adjustable three dimensions external distractive instrument was developed in our department. From April 2002 to March 2004, 8 patients with ankle and foot deformities secondary to ischemic contracture of the leg induced by trauma and fracture were treated with the distractive instrument. Of them, 4 patient were male and 4 female, aged from 13 to 31 years with an average...
Wang TJ, Ward T, Nguyen HT, Hurwitz EL.The purpose of this study was to describe the types of equestrian-related musculoskeletal injuries and their management. Unassigned: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 19 patients who presented with injuries from equestrian activities at a chiropractic practice from December 2000 to December 2020. Deidentified data were extracted from the charts and summarized. Unassigned: Of the 19 patients, 42.3% presented with acute trauma, 38.5% had overuse injuries, and 19.2% had chronic injuries as a result of previous trauma. We found that 90% of overuse injuries and 18.2% of acute injuries led t...
van Schaik AM, van der Pol BA, van der Linde-Sipman JS.A healthy, 10-day-old Welsh A pony colt was totally blind 1 day after arrival at a studfarm. Both eyes appeared normal on external inspection. The young animal had been very distressed during the 40-km journey to the studfarm. Intravenous corticosteroids were administered for 2 days, but did not result in any observable improvement. The animal was euthanized at the owner's request. Both eyes with the optic nerves were removed for histological examination. Both optic nerves showed Wallerian degeneration, a well-known response of peripheral nerves to trauma. The foal, which was not tethered duri...
