Veterinary care in horses encompasses the medical and preventive measures taken to maintain and improve the health and well-being of equine patients. It includes a wide range of practices such as routine health examinations, vaccinations, dental care, parasite control, and management of injuries and diseases. Veterinary care also involves diagnostic procedures, surgical interventions, and therapeutic treatments tailored to the specific needs of horses. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of equine veterinary care, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and health management strategies to support the well-being and performance of horses.
Sams AE, Weldon AD, Rakestraw P.Three horses were diagnosed as having esophageal inclusion cysts. Clinical signs included dysphagia, swelling of the cervical esophagus, and salivation. Surgical removal of the cyst was attempted in two horses. Both horses survived, but multiple complications occurred, including esophageal fistulation and neurovascular damage. Marsupialization of the cyst was performed in the third horse. The stoma closed 3 weeks after surgery without complications, and endoscopic examination revealed a grossly normal esophagus. Marsupialization may be preferable to surgical removal for treatment of selected e...
Love S.In the horse, adenomata of the pairs intermedia of the pituitary gland have been associated with the distinct clinical entity of Cushing's disease which arises largely as a result of excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) or other proopiomelanocortin (POMC) peptides. Pars intermedia peptide secretion is under dopaminergic control and compounds such as pergolide or bromocriptine, which are dopamine agonists, can palliate the clinical signs. A variety of endocrinological abnormalities, relevant to both pathogenesis and diagnosis, may be demonstrated in equine Cushing's disease, includ...
McKellar GM, Collins AP.The surgical correction of facial deformities of the horse have rarely been undertaken. The surgical and medical management of submucous clefting of the anterior maxilla in a young colt is described.
Meireles MC, Riet-Correa F, Fischman O, Zambrano AF, Zambrano MS, Ribeiro GA.Equine pythiosis was studied in five animals from two farms located in a swampy region of southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State). Granulomatous lesions exuding necrotic material and containing a central yellow and firm tissue core, the 'kunker', were observed on the top of the nose of one horse, on the abdomen of two horses and on the hind limbs of two other animals. Direct microscopic preparations, histopathological examination of lesion material, and macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the isolates confirmed the diagnosis of pythiosis. Surgical intervention of the inflammatory ...
Monzón CM.A direct agglutination test is described to diagnose 'Mal de Caderas' caused by Trypanosoma evansi. The antigen used was a suspension of trypsin-treated parasites stabilized with formalin. The test was evaluated in horses with both natural and experimental infections. Test sensitivity and specificity were 94 and 97%, respectively. Treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol before testing permitted the differentiation of IgM and IgG antibodies, and possible differentiation of current infection from past exposure to the parasite. The antigen was stable over a 6-month evaluation period and also sh...
Hay WP, Tulleners E.Granulation tissue masses arising from the axial surface of the arytenoid cartilage in 25 horses were excised using a contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. A technique that eliminated the need for general anesthesia or laryngotomy was developed for transen-doscopic removal of the masses in standing horses. Nineteen racehorses made abnormal upper respiratory tract noises or their performance was decreased, whereas six horses not used for racing had a history of stertor (five horses) or epistaxis after nasogastric intubation (one horse). Thoroughbreds were significantly (p = .0126) ov...
Madison JB, Ziemer EL.Purified streptococcal M protein was injected into one intercarpal joint in three horses hyperimmunised with Streptococcus equi M protein vaccine. The contralateral joints were injected with pH adjusted polyionic solution. All antigen-injected joints developed a severe suppurative synovitis (mean synovial fluid nucleated cell count = 102,200 x 10(6) cells litre-1). Eosinophils were found in the synovial fluid and in synovial membrane biopsy specimens of two of the horses. Immune complexes were not demonstrated in the synovial membrane. Two horses are described that developed synovial fluid eos...
Lumsden JM, Caron JP, Stickle RL.Bilateral radiographically persistent proximal third metatarsal physes and concurrent cuboidal bone immaturity were identified in a foal. Repair of a Salter type-II fracture of the left proximal third metatarsal physis was accomplished by use of lag screw fixation. A 6-day-old Arabian foal, intended for use as a show horse, was referred because of severe unilateral hind limb lameness and valgus deformity. A Salter type-II fracture of the proximal portion of the third metacarpal bone was identified radiographically and repaired by use of cancellous lag screws. The fractured limb was further sup...
Huber MJ, Roser JF, Riebold TW, Schmotzer WB, Grubb TL, Crisman RO.Seven pregnant mares underwent general anaesthesia, laparotomy, hysterotomy and removal of a 50-day conceptus. Eversion of the uterine horn through the hysterotomy site allowed direct visualisation and electrosurgical removal of endometrial cup tissue from 5 randomly selected mares (Nos 1-5), while cup tissue in 2 mares (Nos 6 and 7) was left intact. Two pregnant mares served as unoperated controls (Nos 8 and 9). Efforts to re-establish pregnancy were initiated 20 days after surgery. Serum samples collected before surgery and during the post-operative period were analysed for concentration of ...
Carli S, Sonzogni O, Villa R, Bignazzi R, Montesissa C.The pharmacokinetic profile of a sulphamonomethoxine-trimethoprim (SMM-TMP) combination was investigated in five horses. The combination was administered intravenously, intramuscularly and orally at a constant dose of 20 mg SMM plus 4 mg TMP kg-1 bodyweight. Following intravenous administration both drugs dispersed rapidly with distribution half-lives of about 12 minutes for SMM and about 18 minutes for TMP. Elimination half-lives for intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration were closely similar, indicating that elimination was independent of administration route. Bioavailability of ...
Honnas CM, Zamos DT, Ford TS.An arthroscopic procedure for examination of the coxofemoral joint was developed in nine foals (four cadavers, five anesthetized) to determine if access was sufficient for evaluation and surgical treatment of intra-articular lesions. The joint was distended and the arthroscope inserted through the notch (incisura trochanterica) between the cranial and caudal parts of the greater trochanter. This portal allowed examination of the cranial, lateral, and caudal aspects of the joint. Mechanical distraction of the joint through an instrument portal located 2 to 4 cm cranial and 1 to 2 cm ventral to ...
Patnaik AK.In a retrospective study, granular cell tumors in six dogs (Nos. 1-6), three cats (Nos. 1-3), one horse (No. 1), and one cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) (No. 1) and a meningioma with a granular cell component in one dog (No. 7) were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. These tumors were identified by histologic examination of surgical biopsy specimens, except in the horse, in which the tumor was an incidental finding at necropsy. These diagnoses were initially made by more than one pathologist. Five of the six granular cell tumors in the dogs were in the oral cavity; one of the...
Seahorn TL, Beadle RE.Medical records of 21 horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease were reviewed, and history, signalment, clinical signs, radiographic signs, clinicopathologic data, and therapeutic response were determined. Most affected horses were used as pleasure horses, and for the most part, remained at pasture when not in use. The mean age (+/- SD) was 13.7 +/- 3.6 years. Clinical signs included intermittent nasal discharge, cough, tachypnea, labored expiratory effort, and crackles and wheezes on auscultation. Radiography frequently revealed interstitial patterns in the lung fiel...
Touratier L.There is increasing interest in many parts of the world in trypanosomoses other than those transmitted by tsetse flies, as shown by numerous research projects and field studies. The refinement of techniques for studying the behaviour of trypanosomes (techniques of molecular biology) in axenic culture or in the parasitised host has led to progress in diagnosis and immunology, and a rational approach to chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis of these infections. Field trials of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in Africa, Asia and South America have shown that these tests may now be regarded as reli...
Campbell-Beggs CL, Kiper ML, MacAllister C, Henry G, Roszel JF.Esophagoscopy allowed visualization and biopsy of a lesion within a diverticulum of the esophagus in an adult horse. Although the biopsy specimen obtained was small, diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was possible from histologic examination of the esophageal tissue sample retrieved by use of endoscopy.
Fessler JF, Faber NA, Blevins WE, Coatney RW.A 13-year-old Belgian stallion developed a squamous cell carcinoma at the site of a neck laceration that had been treated topically with various irritating chemicals for 18 months. Orthovoltage treatments at 3 times over 5 years controlled the tumor. Eight years after the initial hospitalization, the area was healed and the stallion appeared healthy.
Hoffman DW, Colvin RA, Garcia-Blanco MA, White SW.A 25-nucleotide RNA with the sequence of the trans-activation response (TAR) element of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was analyzed by biochemical methods and by one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. NMR, nuclease probing, and polyacrylamide gel migration rates show that the RNA consists of an A-helical stem capped by two non-Watson-Crick U-G base pairs and a compact four-nucleotide loop. The loop is stabilized by base stacking, with loop nucleotides C12 and C15 stacked upon U11 and G16, respectively. Near the 5' end of the molecule, the stem contains a bulge at nucleotide C2, most...
Broussard JR, Goodeaux SD, Goodeaux LL, Thibodeaux JK, Moreau JD, Godke RA, Roussel JD.Control extender was incubated at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. Rubber or plastic syringe plungers were separately incubated in semen extender for 24 hours at 4 degrees C. Following incubation, the extender was stored at -20 degrees C until the time of semen collection. The treatments consisted of the following: Group A = equine semen plus control extender; Group B=equine semen plus extender incubated with rubber plungers and Group C=equine semen plus extender incubated in plastic plungers; Group D=equine semen plus control extended in rubber plunger syringes and Group E=equine semen plus control ...
Sinclair R, Binns MM, Chirnside ED, Mumford JA.The N-terminal fragment comprising residues +1 to +50 (gB1-50) of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) glycoprotein B was expressed as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Recombinant gB1-50 (rgB1-50) was recognized in immunoblots by sera from rabbits immunized with EHV-1 and by convalescent-phase sera from horses with natural EHV-1 infections. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for monitoring antibody levels against EHV-1 was developed by using rgB1-50, and its specificity was assessed with a panel of reference antisera against other equine viruses. A specifi...
Witte ST, Will LA, Olsen CR, Kinker JA, Miller-Graber P.Chronic selenosis (alkali disease) was diagnosed in horses of western Iowa, a region associated with marginal to adequate soil selenium. Two locally produced alfalfa hays (Medicago sativa L) were identified as the primary source. Difficulty in selecting diagnostic specimens to evaluate potential chronic selenosis cases is complicated by the wide range of tissue concentrations reported in previous cases, conflicting correlation of sample selenium concentrations in the literature, and different recommendations on specimen selection and diagnostic value. These problems arise form the similarity i...
Dascanio JJ, Ball BA, Hendrickson DA.A 3-cm full-thickness tear near the tip of the previously gravid uterine horn of a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare was diagnosed at surgery. The mare had delivered a foal with veterinary assistance 2 days prior to surgery. The mare subsequently developed muscle tremors, anorexia, and signs of depression. Physical examination revealed pyrexia, extended capillary refill time, muscle fasciculations, and fewer-than-normal borborygmi. Abnormalities of the uterus or vagina were not detected by palpation per rectum or per vagina. The chorioallantois underlying the area of the tear was intact. We propos...
Kübleck E.The pathology of a horse is described, in which thoracic trauma with costal fracture and a small diaphragmatic defect later led to entrapment of small intestine in the thorax.
Sassot LN, Ragle CA, Farnsworth KD, Lund CM.The major objective of this study was to describe the use of morcellation for standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in 30 client-owned horses. A second objective was to describe a laparoscopic-assisted standing scrotal technique for removal of a descended testis in unilateral cryptorchids. Morcellation for extraction of abdominal testes is effective, efficient, and well-tolerated. Morcellation enabled safe and straightforward extraction of testes from the abdomen through an approximately 13- to 20-mm incision using a 2-portal technique. No incisional or morcellator-related complications occu...
Andersen S, Fogh J.During a 5 months' period from January to May 1981 faecal samples of 176 donkeys from 59 herds all over the country were examined at the Institute of internal medicine, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen. In addition, the investigation also included 106 horses from 30 of the donkey herds and 34 horses hospitalized with symptoms of dyspnoea and chronic coughing. In all, 87.5% of the donkeys were shown to excrete D. arnfieldi larvae, often in very high numbers, and the larval excretion was the only symptom of lungworm infection. There was no significant correlation betw...
French DA, Fretz PB.A retrospective study was conducted on 35 equine patients with lower leg wounds that were managed utilizing skin graft procedures. Two pinch graft, five punch graft, seven tunnel graft, eight split-thickness mesh graft and thirteen full-thickness mesh expansion graft procedures were performed in the initial treatment. The average wound size was 188 cm(2). Twentyfour cases had pregrafting complications: 10 wounds developed sequestra; three wounds were grossly contaminated and infected; and 11 cases developed granulation tissue complications prior to grafting. Graft failure following the initial...
Gieche JM.This article serves as a template for equine veterinarians to become proficient in basic intraoral premolar and molar extraction techniques of Equidae. Indications, equipment, and methodology are described. Numerous photos and videos are included to achieve a more immersive learning experience than can be accomplished with the written word alone. Clinicians performing these techniques will continue to improve their skillsets to achieve positive outcomes as case specifics become more challenging.
Cavens VJ, Gemensky-Metzler AJ, Wilkie DA, Weisbrode SE, Lehman AM.To describe the long-term histologic and intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effects of diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCP) on the normal equine eye. Methods: Eight normal adult horses. Methods: TSCP was performed in one randomly assigned eye. Sixty spots were treated at settings of 1500 ms and 1500 mW. Two horses were randomly selected for euthanasia at 2, 4, 12, or 24 weeks post-TSCP. Both eyes were enucleated and histologically evaluated. Intraocular pressure was measured by applanation tonometry prior to TSCP, immediately post-TSCP, twice daily for 7 days post-TSCP and th...
Zhang K, Ju Z, Zhang Y, Wang C, Mubalake S, Hu D, Zhang D, Li K, Chu H.The genus Gasterophilus (Diptera, Gastrophilidae) is an obligate parasite of the equine family that causes widespread myiasis in desert steppe. Based on four common naturally excreted Gasterophilus larvae collected systematically in the Karamaili Ungulate Nature Reserve from March to September 2021, this paper studies the population dynamics and ontogenetic laws of horse flies, and discuss the coexistence pattern and population dynamics prediction of horse flies. The results showed that the Gasterophilus larvae had obvious concentrated development period, and the time of population peaks was d...
Padalino B, Benedetti B, Felici M, Bicout DJ.To date, there is no official method for measuring horse welfare after transport. This study aimed to develop a scale to classify horses into four categories: good shape; light affected; affected; down (GLAD) based on their welfare impairment measured at unloading. To this end, 15 animal-based measures (ABMs), previously recorded from 1019 horses, were scored. Weight and severity scores provided by welfare experts, alongside the number of welfare principles highlighted by the ABM, were assigned to each ABM. The welfare impairment () of each horse was then calculated as the weighted sum of the ...
Arfuso F, Quartuccio M, Bazzano M, Fazio F, Piccione G.Knowledge of hematologic function in postparturient mares and foals is crucial for the monitoring of their health status and for the prompt diagnosis of pathologic conditions. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and select hematologic variables in mares and their foals during the first month after foaling. Methods: Blood samples were collected from each animal every 3 days from day 1 until day 30 after foaling, and tested for RBC count, HGB, HCT, MCV, and EOF. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc compari...
Ginther OJ, Douglas RH, Lawrence JR.Responses of 22 veterinarians to a questionnaire and the records of three brood-mare farms were examined to obtain information on twinning. The incidence rates of multiple ovulations on the three farms were 9%, 11%, and 22%. The multiple ovulation rate was reduced 42-67% in foaling mares compared to barren and maiden mares. Multiple ovulations were significantly more frequent in Thoroughbreds (19%) than in Quarter Horses (9%) and Appaloosas (8%). Both the questionnaire and the farm records indicated a high degree of repeatability of multiple ovulations and twin pregnancies within mares and wit...
Pace LW, Turnquist SE, Casteel SW, Johnson PJ, Frankeny RL.Five adult horses presented with acute clinical signs of watery diarrhea, excessive salivation, muscle tremors, ataxia, and depression. Four died within 24 hours and the fifth was euthanatized approximately 48 hours after onset of clinical signs. Necropsy finds in two of the horses included hyperemia of gastric mucosa, intestines filled with green to black watery fluid, and multifocal to coalescing, hemorrhagic 1.0-2.0-cm-diameter ulcers of the mucosa of the cecum and large colon. Histopathologic changes in the cecum and large colon consisted of mucosal necrosis and ulceration, vascular thromb...
Burns GA.At several locations along the equine cecum and colon, the outer longitudinal portion of the tunica muscularis is gathered into discrete bands of smooth muscle and connective tissue called "teniae". In this study, the disposition of the teniae ceci and coli was traced along the equine intestinal tract. It was discovered that, in several instances, arrays of teniae converge toward the valves and sphincters which separate the various intestinal compartments. The teniae may also provide support for and directionality to, peristaltic contraction waves. The tissue proportions of the teniae vary in ...
Tucker R, Parker RA, Meredith LE, Hughes TK, Foote AK.To describe the surgical removal of intra-articular loose bodies (LBs) from the cervical articular process joints (APJs) in five horses and to describe the outcome of the surgery. Methods: Short case series. Methods: Five client-owned horses with naturally occurring LBs within the cervical APJs. Methods: Medical records were reviewed of horses that were diagnosed with LBs of the cervical APJs on computed tomography (CT), where the LBs were subsequently removed surgically. Details of case selection and surgical technique were reviewed along with postoperative complications and clinical outcome....
Bowers K, Weinhandl JT, Anderson DE.Equine tibial fractures are relatively infrequent in racing and non-racing sport horses, but limitations in successful treatment of tibial fractures in adult horses result in relatively high mortality compared with other musculoskeletal injuries. The aetiology of tibial fracture can be classified into two general categories: traumatic impact or fatigue failure. Tibial stress fractures, also known as fatigue fractures, are often rated as the second most common stress fracture in racing Thoroughbreds; young age, early stage in race training, and initiation of training after a period of rest are ...
de la Rúa-Domènech R, Mohammed HO, Atwill ER, Cummings JF, Divers TJ, Summers BA, deLahunta A, Jackson C.To examine the regional variations in the distribution of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) in the United States and the factors that might explain those variations. Methods: Cluster investigation and case-control study. Methods: The study population consisted of 97 horses with histopathologically confirmed EMND and 698 controls with diagnosis of other spinal cord disorders at 21 US veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Data Base. Methods: The total horse population of the United States was divided into 21 regions, and the regional incidence rates of EMND from ...
Khalesi H, Sakha M, Veshkini A, Rezakhani A.Heart murmurs and valvular regurgitation are common in horses and often have no effect on their performance. However, when structural changes occur in the heart size, they can affect performance adversely. This study aimed to examine the correlation between cardiac valves disease and poor performance in athletic horses. A total of 300 athletic Thoroughbred and mix-breed horses including 164 mares and 136 stallions, with a history of poor performance, were selected. Horses with cardiac murmurs were identified and further cardiac examination including precise auscultation, base-apex electrocardi...
Crane MA, Khallaayoune K, Scantlebury C, Christley RM.Gastro-intestinal parasitism has been identified as a significant cause of disease in working equids in many countries. This randomized triple-blind trial was designed to assess the impact of an anthelmintic treatment programme (using oral ivermectin and fenbendazole) comparing treated and placebo control populations of working donkeys, mules and horses in field conditions in Morocco. In particular, we assessed animal body weight and condition score, together with a questionnaire-based owner evaluation of number of subjective animal health parameters. Faecal worm egg count was also measured. R...
Bergren AL, Credille BC, Epstein KL, Giguère S.To compare clinical data of horses with entrapment of the small intestine by the gastrosplenic ligament (ESIGL) to clinical data of horses with other strangulating small intestinal lesions. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Medical records (January 2001-December 2011) of horses that had exploratory celiotomy for acute abdominal pain associated with strangulating small intestinal lesions were reviewed. Signalment, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic variables, surgical findings and surgical procedures performed, postoperative data and short-term survival were recorded. R...
Snow DH.Anabolic steroids have been employed extensively in equine practice over the past 25 years. Their usefulness is largely dependent on subjective opinions, as only minimal studies have been carried out in horses. Therefore, their use will vary markedly between practitioners depending on their personal experiences and pressures by trainers to use them. They form part of rational therapy in a variety of conditions. In addition to use for increasing muscle mass, they are used to a varying extent in the raising of yearlings and in the training and racing of horses with the view of improving performa...
Pascoe RR.Within a group of 130 mares which, in the event, carried twin pregnancies, 29 (22.3 per cent) produced their twins following diagnosis of a single palpable follicle at service and a single pregnancy 42 days later. The whole group of 130 twin-pregnant mares gave birth to only 17 live foals (13 per cent). Breeding results for the following season were available for 102 of these mares, when 38 (37 per cent) produced live foals. Thus over the two seasons an average 23 per cent of this group produced live foals. In a second group, comprising 70 mares, twin pregnancy had been diagnosed in all of the...
Gillis JP, Taylor TS, Puckett MJ.A 5-year-old Arabian stallion was treated medically 6 days for proximal enteritis. On the sixth day, exploratory celiotomy verified the diagnosis and ruled out other intraluminal and extraluminal gastrointestinal tract obstructions. A gastrojejunostomy was performed. The horse had trouble maintaining and gaining weight in the first year after surgery, but 8 years after surgery, the owner reported that the horse was doing well.
Gonzalez GA, Betbeze C, Wills R, Eddy A, Mochal-King C, Fontenot RL.To evaluate corneal sensitivity and adverse events following subconjunctival administration of three local anesthetics in horses. Methods: Randomized, masked, crossover study. Methods: Twelve healthy adult mares. Methods: The subconjunctival space of the treated eye was injected with 0.2 mL of liposomal bupivacaine (1.3%), ropivacaine (0.5%), or mepivacaine (2%). All horses received each medication once and the contralateral eye received saline (control). Corneal touch threshold (CTT) was measured using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer before sedation, after sedation, and at specified intervals...
Lacombe VA.Seizures are a diverse and very common set of chronic neurologic disorders in humans and dogs but are less common in horses. Seizures refer to a specific clinical event (described as sudden and severe) regardless of the etiology, which includes both intracranial and extracranial causes. Therefore, after briefly reviewing some definitions, this article aims to describe the use of a standardized classification, which could facilitate a logical approach for the clinician to establish a diagnosis, as well as to use a consistent mode of communication. For instance, seizures can be classified by typ...
Parente EJ, Tulleners EP, Southwood LL.The effectiveness and best method to perform a partial arytenoidectomy in racehorses is unclear. This study was performed to evaluate the success of and complications that can occur after a unilateral partial arytenoidectomy with primary mucosal closure in Thoroughbred racehorses. Objective: Partial arytenoidectomy is an effective surgical procedure to return Thoroughbred racehorses, afflicted by arytenoid chondropathy or a failed laryngoplasty, to preoperative levels of performance. Methods: Seventy-six Thoroughbred racehorses admitted to the New Bolton Centre between 1992 and 2006 were asses...
Selim MB, Nóbrega FS, Facó LL, Filippo Hagen SC, De Zoppa ALDV, Arana Chavez VE, Corrêa L. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of a vegetal polymeric biomaterial intended for bone substitution in horses and to investigate the responses of the equine third metacarpal bone to biomaterial implantation. Methods:  Six horses were submitted to osteotomy on the dorsal aspect of the left and right third metacarpal bones; one bone defect was randomly selected for treatment with biopolymer, while the other was left untreated and served as a control. Bone density was monitored radiographically after surgery and bone biopsy fragments were collected at the end...
Hjortkjaer RK.In the first series of experiments enema containing a water soluble marker was given to two groups of horses fasted for 1 and 18 hours, respectively. The marker was only in 1 out of 14 experiments found orally of the pelvic flexure (Table II). Fasting seemed to facilitate the flow in oral direction. The results were discussed with the possible significance in the treatment of large intestinal impactions. In the second series the effect of enemas on water, electrolyte and acid-base status in the acute furosemide-dehydrated horse was studied. Moderate acidifying and hypokalemic effect was encoun...
Hansen S, Olsen E, Raundal M, Agerholm JS.Cerebellar abiotrophy (CA) is an uncommon hereditary neurodegenerative disorder affecting the cerebellar Purkinje cells. Equine CA has been reported in several breeds, but a genetic etiology has only been confirmed in the Arabian breed, where CA is caused by an autosomal recessive mutation. Methods: Clinical and histological findings consistent with CA are reported in an 8.5-month-old Icelandic filly. The filly showed a perceived sudden onset of marked head tremor, incoordination, ataxia, lack of menace response and a broad-based stance. Cerebrospinal fluid, hematological and biochemical findi...
Hunyadi L, Datta P, Rewers-Felkins K, Sundman E, Hale T, Fajt V, Wagner S.The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oclacitinib maleate as a top dress given to adult horses. Six adult horses with a mean weight of 528Â kg were administered a single dose of 0.5Â mg/kg oclacitinib maleate. Blood was collected prior to drug administration and at 15Â min, 30Â min, 45Â min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72Â h after treatment. Oclacitinib maleate plasma concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were found best to fit a one-compartment model. Mean C was 486Â ng/ml (range 423-549Â...
Legere RM, Wooldridge AA, Sandey M, Hanson RR, Cole R.This case represents the first reported case of Bipolaris hawaiiensis infection in an equid, and its aggressive clinical course. This case provides important descriptive and prognostic information for horses diagnosed with phaeohyphomycotic rhinitis. A 19-year-old American Quarter Horse mare was presented for second opinion of stertor and exercise intolerance of four-month duration. Endoscopy revealed generalized, proximal nasal edema, and computed tomography identified a soft tissue mass eroded through the rostral nasal bone. Biopsy of the mass was identified as a fungal granuloma caused by B...
Waller CC, Cawley AT, Suann CJ, Ma P, McLeod MD.Furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol) is a designer anabolic androgenic steroid that is readily available via the internet. It contains an isoxazole fused to the steroid A-ring which offers metabolic stability and noteworthy anabolic activity raising concerns over the potential for abuse of this compound in equine sports. The metabolism of furazadrol was studied by in vivo and in vitro methods for the first time. Urinary furazadrol 17-sulfate and furazadrol 17-glucuronide metabolites were detected in vivo after a controlled administration and compared with syntheticall...
Rose RJ.Complications from neurectomy have been well known for many years. A 16-year-old mare suffered bilateral luxation of the coffin joints following palmar neurectomy and was destroyed. Autopsy showed complete rupture of the deep flexor tendons, and the supporting ligaments of the coffin joints. Arthritis of the coffin joints, with erosion of articular cartilage was evident.
