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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Kinematics of the equine back: a method to study the thoracolumbar flexion-extension movements at the trot. This study was conducted to evaluate a method for quantifying the flexion-extension movements of the back of horses trotting on a track in the conditions of the clinical lameness examination. Using a 3-D kinematic analysis system, the successive positions of four markers placed at regular intervals between the withers and the tuber sacrale were recorded. To isolate the flexion-extension movements of the back, the positions of these four markers were recomputed in a trunk-related co-ordinate system of the horse. Then, for each frame, the equation of the third-order polynomial that best fitted t...
Tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus spp. from domestic animals. A total of 838 staphylococcal isolates representing 19 different species were obtained from cattle, cats, dogs, ducks, guinea pigs, horses, mink, pigeons, pigs, rabbits, and turkeys. From these 228 (27.2%) isolates were shown to be resistant to tetracycline and to carry one or two of the tetracycline resistance (tet) genes tet (K), tet (L), tet (M), or tet (O) with seven different distribution patterns. Additional resistances to one or more antibiotics were observed in 153 (67.1%) of the tetracycline resistant isolates. The tet (M) gene was found in 94.3% of the resistant S. intermedius isolat...
Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Equus and the evolution of alpha and theta globin genes. Sequences of the alpha1, alpha2 and theta globin genes from six equid species have been determined to investigate relationships within the genus Equus. Analyses using standard phylogenetic methods, or an approach designed to account for the effects of gene conversion between the alpha genes, gave broadly similar results and show that the horses diverged from the zebra/ass ancestor approximately 2.4 million years ago and that the zebra and ass species arose in a rapid radiation approximately 0.9 million years ago. These results from the alpha genes are corroborated by theta gene data and are in...
The role of neutrophil chemotactic cytokines in the pathogenesis of equine chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a chronic obstructive inflammatory disease affecting the small airways associated with hay dust exposure (Lowell, F.C., 1964. Observation on heaves. An asthma like syndrome in the horse, J. Allergy 35, 322-330). The disease corresponds histopathologically to a chronic bronchiolitis (Gerber, H., 1973. Chronic pulmonary disease in the horse, Equine Vet. J. 5, 26-33; Winder, N.C., Grünig, G., Hermann, M., Howald, B., von Fellenberg, R., 1989. Comparison of respiratory secretion cytology and pulmonary histology in horses, J. Vet. Med., A3...
Relative binding of therapeutic drugs by sera of seven mammalian species. The relative binding of acetaminophen, lidocaine, phenobarbital, procainamide, quinidine, and theophylline to sera of seven mammalian species was studied. Pooled commercial sera from cow, goat, horse, human, pig, rabbit, and sheep were supplemented with 5 and 10 mM concentrations of each drug. For each serum, each drug, and each drug concentration, equilibrium dialysis was performed in duplicate against phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 0.1 M, 4 degrees C). Percent drug bound to serum was calculated. Phenobarbital demonstrated more than 20% binding to goat, horse, human, and sheep serum at both 5 and ...
Macroscopic ‘degeneration’ of equine superficial digital flexor tendon is accompanied by a change in extracellular matrix composition. Injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required to gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this tendon usually occurs in the central core of the midmetacarpal region and may be preceded by localised degenerative changes. Post mortem examination of apparently normal equine flexor tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance in the central core, characterised by a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage to the collagen fibres. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the abnormal appearance is a...
A comparison of the Synthes 4.5-mm cannulated screw and the Synthes 4.5-mm standard cortex screw systems in equine bone. To determine risk of failure of the Synthes 4.5-mm cannulated screw system instrumentation in equine bone and to compare its application with the Synthes 4.5-mm standard cortex screw system. Methods: The maximum insertion torque of the cannulated and standard cortex screw systems were compared with the ultimate torsional strengths of the equipment. Pullout strength and ultimate tensile load of cannulated and standard cortex screws were also determined. Methods: Paired equine cadaver third metacarpal and third carpal bones. Methods: Maximum insertion torque and ultimate torsional strengths were...
Measurement of parathyroid hormone in horses. Measurement of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in horses was performed on plasma samples using 2 immunoradiometric assays: a human intact PTH assay and a rat amino-terminal PTH assay. The assays were validated by assessment of their precision, sensitivity and specificity, and also by evaluating PTH changes in the horse in response to variation in blood ionised calcium. Intra- and inter-assay variance, precision and sensitivity were similar for both human and rat assays; however, the rat assay was slightly more precise and sensitive than the human assay. Both assays detected an increase in PTH levels...
Endoscopy of the calcaneal bursa in horses. To describe endoscopic approaches to the calcaneal bursa and clinical findings in 2 horses with calcaneal bursitis. Methods: Cadaver evaluations and retrospective case reports. Methods: 12 cadavers and 2 adult horses. Methods: Cadaver specimens of the calcaneal bursa were evaluated with a rigid arthroscope and gross dissection to determine the endoscopic appearance of anatomic structures located within the bursa. The site(s) for placement of the arthroscope and instrument(s) was determined based on cadaver dissection and endoscopic examination. Results: Placement of the arthroscope 1 cm dorsal...
Surgical reduction of ileal impactions in the horse: 28 cases. To evaluate the seasonal influence, signalment, type of hay consumed, clinical examination findings, and outcome after surgery for horses with ileal impaction. Methods: A retrospective study. Results: Between 1988 and 1993, 28 horses had surgical correction of ileal impaction. There was a significantly higher rate of ileal impaction during the Fall (September-November, P = .0041 ). Mean duration of clinical signs of abdominal pain before referral was 15 hours. Transrectal palpation was used to localize the impaction in 11 horses. The ileal impaction was reduced by extraluminal massage aided by...
The effect of foot imbalance on point of force application in the horse. Foot imbalance is believed to be a common cause of musculoskeletal injury in the horse; its biomechanical effects are, however, poorly understood. Wedges (angle 3.7 and 5 degrees) were attached to modified shoes to elevate one aspect of both front feet of Thoroughbred-type horses. The point of force application during weightbearing was determined at trot using a forceplate system. A total of 8 horses were studied with a minimum of 4 providing data for each wedge condition. The results demonstrated that application of a standard steel horse shoe to a balanced foot has minimal effect on the poin...
Possible significance of cells within intraluminal collagen masses in equine oviducts. In addition to the unique feature of retention of unfertilized ova, the oviducts of mares frequently contain large intraluminal masses with a fibrillar component and some cells. The aim of this study was to identify the cells and examine their relationship to the extracellular components of these masses. Intraluminal masses were examined both in situ and flushed from the oviducts. The nature of the contained cells and their relationship to the fibrils were examined by light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In some mares the large masses distended the oviduct, bu...
Computed tomography of cholesterinic granulomas in the choroid plexus of horses. Cholesterinic granulomas are tumor-like masses in the choroid plexuses of horses. This report describes the computed tomographic findings in four horses with cholesterinic granulomas, including the clinical and the pathologic features. All four horses had bilateral cholesterinic granulomas in the lateral ventricles. Computed tomographic images clearly delineated the masses, the opacity of the granulomas, and the enhancement pattern after intravenous bolus injection of contrast medium; these factors varied considerably. Additional CT findings were symmetric or asymmetric widening of the lateral...
Septic osteitis of the distal phalanx: findings and surgical treatment in 18 cases. Eighteen cases of septic osteitis of the distal phalanx were diagnosed clinically and confirmed at surgery over a 6 year period (1990-1996). Focal bone lysis was the most common radiographic finding. Sequestra were identified in 4 horses, one of which was associated with a fractured plantar process. All the horses were treated surgically with open debridement. The septic process recurred in 4 horses: one was subjected to euthanasia due to navicular bursa infection, secondary to a pathological fracture, the other 3 horses responded to further debridement. A pathological fracture occurred in ano...
Flat, hurdle and steeple racing: risk factors for musculoskeletal injury. A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify and quantify risk factors for serious musculoskeletal injury sustained at 4 Australian metropolitan racetracks. During the period of study (August 1988-July 1995) there were 196 cases from flat racing, 52 cases from hurdle racing and 53 cases from steeplechases. The incidences of fatal musculoskeletal injuries per start for flat, hurdle and steeple races were 0.06, 0.63 and 1.43% respectively. Logistic regression identified harder track surfaces, horses being older than age 3 years, one racecourse (Flemington) and jumping races as si...
Thoracoscopy in the horse: diagnostic and therapeutic indications in 28 cases. Thirty-two thoracoscopies were performed in 28 horses. Sixteen horses were affected with pleuropneumonia whereas 12 were affected with various other thoracic conditions. The indications for thoracoscopy was diagnostic in 19 cases, therapeutic in 11 cases and both diagnostic and therapeutic in 2 cases. Twenty-six thoracoscopies were done standing whereas 6 were performed under general anaesthesia. The specific procedures performed during thoracoscopy were exploratory only (7), biopsy of the lung and lymph nodes (10), drain placement into pleural effusions (2) and abscesses (5), exploration prio...
Failure of psyllium mucilloid to hasten evaluation of sand from the equine large intestine. To examine the efficacy of psyllium mucilloid in evacuating sand from the equine large intestine. Methods: 12 clinically healthy pony geldings. Methods: Twelve ponies were assigned to 2 groups of six each. One group was treated with psyllium and the second was a control group. All ponies had an exploratory celiotomy and 10 g/kg body weight of sand was placed into the cecum. Ponies were fed a grain mixture alone at 1 g/kg (controls), a grain mixture plus psyllium pellets, each at 1 g/kg body weight (3 ponies), or fed a grain mixture and given psyllium powder by nasogastric tube at 1 g/kg body w...
Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. In Sweden, mares sometimes develop acute, often fatal, colitis when their foals are treated orally with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus (R.) equi infection. Clostridium (C.) difficile, or its cytotoxin, was demonstrated in faecal samples from 5 of 11 (45%) mares with diarrhoea. By contrast C. difficile was not found in the faecal flora of 12 healthy mares with foals treated for R. equi infection or in 56 healthy mares with healthy untreated foals. No other enteric pathogen was isolated from any diarrhoeic mare. Of 7 investigated treated foals, 4 had a high (1651.0, 1468.3, 273.0 an...
Intra-articular pressure, elastance and range of motion in healthy and injured racehorse metacarpophalangeal joints. The objective of this study was to determine if intraarticular pressure, elastance of the soft tissue forming the dorsal pouch, and range of motion in flexion measurements are significantly different in Thoroughbred metacarpophalangeal joints with clinical evidence of idiopathic synovitis, primary synovitis, synovitis/capsulitis, or osteoarthritis relative to clinically normal joints. Forty-two metacarpophalangeal joints, in 25 active or retired Thoroughbred racehorses, were categorised by palpation and visual inspection of the palmar pouch into one of 4 increasing grades of distention. Intra-...
Effect of moderate exercise on the severity of clinical signs associated with influenza virus infection in horses. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if exercising horses, infected with influenza virus, exacerbates the severity of clinical disease. Eight horses were trained on a treadmill for 42 days and then challenged with aerosolised influenza A/equine/Kentucky/91 (H3N8). Following challenge, 4 horses (exercise group) continued training for 28 days, while the other 4 horses (nonexercise group) were confined to their stalls. All horses developed clinical signs within 36 h of challenge (fever, coughing, and mucopurulent nasal discharge) and clinical scores were greater in the exercise group. ...
Shoulder joint luxation in large animals: 14 cases (1976-1997). To determine clinical and radiographic findings in and treatment and outcome of large animals with shoulder joint luxations. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: 5 horses, 3 goats, 1 calf, 1 sheep, 1 Himalayan tahr, 1 pot-bellied pig, 1 reindeer, and 1 white-tailed deer. Methods: Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to determine signalment, history, physical examination findings, type of luxation, treatment, and outcome. Owners and referring veterinarians were contracted for follow-up information. Results: Goats, sexually intact males, and animals < 1 year old were overrepresente...
Systemic infection by equid herpesvirus-1 in a Grevy’s zebra stallion (Equus grevyi) with particular reference to genital pathology. A severe multi-systemic form of equid herpesvirus-1 infection is described in an adult zebra stallion. There was multifocal necrotizing rhinitis, marked hydrothorax and pulmonary oedema, with viral antigen expression in degenerating epithelial cells, local endothelial cells and intravascular leucocytes of the nasal mucosa and lung. Specific localization of EHV-1 infection was seen in the testes and epididymides, including infection of Leydig cells and germinal epithelium, which would have facilitated venereal shedding of virus in life. The case provided a unique opportunity to study hitherto u...
Characterisation of the cardiovascular pharmacology of medetomidine in the horse and sheep. Medetomidine was administered to sheep and horses at a dose rate of 5 microg kg(-1) (i.v.). Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded. Medetomidine induced bradycardia and a biphasic blood pressure response consisting of a transient hypertension followed by hypotension. Administration of prazosin (an alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist; 100 microg kg(-1), i.v.) had no effect on the cardiovascular response to medetomidine (5 microg kg(-1), i.v.), but inhibited the cardiovascular response of methoxamine (an alpha1 adrenoceptor agonist; 75 microg kg(-1), i.v.). L-659,066 (an alpha2 adrenoceptor anta...
