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Topic:Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Diagnosis of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in horses by immunoglobulin M and G capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sahu SP, Alstad AD, Pedersen DD, Pearson JE.Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used as possible adjuncts to hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) tests to differentiate between reaction to recent exposure to eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus and those due to prior vaccination. Serum samples were evaluated by the IgM-capture ELISA, and the results were compared with those of HI and VN tests. Of 381 serum samples, 51% (195 samples) were positive by HI test (> or = 1:40) and 54% (205 samples) were positive by VN test (> or = 1:10), but only 3...
Equine fetal kinetics: entry and retention of fetal hind limbs in a uterine horn.
Theriogenology    January 1, 1994   Volume 41, Issue 4 795-807 doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90496-6
Ginther OJ, Williams D, Curran S.Transrectal ultrasonic examinations were made in 31 pregnant pony mares once a week during Months 6 to 11. Each uterine horn was divided into 3 approximately equal segments (caudal, middle, cranial). The percentage of examinations with cranial fetal presentation increased (P<0.05) progressively from 58% at Month 6 to 99% at Month 9 and was followed in all mares by entry of the fetal hind limbs into one uterine horn. The mean number of uterinehorn segments with limb parts increased (P<0.05) between each set of consecutive months from Month 6 to Month 10. Initially (Months 7 and 8), retrac...
Frequency and morpho-structural organization of the thyroid gland isthmus in horses, donkeys and small ruminants.
Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale    January 1, 1994   Volume 70, Issue 1-2 1-4 
Zedda M, Acone F, Bo Minelli L, Sanna L.No abstract available
Proteolytic enzymes in equine joints with infectious arthritis.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1994   Volume 26, Issue 1 48-50 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04330.x
Spiers S, May SA, Harrison LJ, Bennett D, Edwards GB.Significant amounts of collagenase and caseinase activity were detected in infected synovial fluid samples. Partial characterisation of the enzymes by gel filtration suggested that synovial fluid from cases of infectious arthritis may contain enzymes from both the synovial cells and neutrophils. This finding was also supported by analysis of sequential synovial fluid samples from 4 infected joints. In 3 joints the concentration of caseinase and in 1 joint collagenase paralleled the decline in total nucleated cell count. However, in 3 joints the concentration of collagenase remained high after ...
[The genital microflora in the stallion–microbiological study of presecretion samples from 1972 to 1991].
DTW. Deutsche tierarztliche Wochenschrift    January 1, 1994   Volume 101, Issue 1 18-22 
Scherbarth R, Pózvári M, Heilkenbrinker T, Mumme J.From 1972 to 1991, presecretion on an average of 183 stallions per year had been examined. Facultatively pathogenic germs were ascertained in 13.5% of the samples. However, the portion showed considerable annual fluctuation, as did the percentage of the different kinds of germs. In most of the cases, only minimal growth had been observed in culture. Except for the total percentage, these results are contradictory to those we found during the examination of cervical swabs of mares. In order to ascertain the importance of the respective results and to render possible a correct interpretation, th...
Animal models of Cushing’s disease.
Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM    January 1, 1994   Volume 5, Issue 1 21-28 doi: 10.1016/1043-2760(94)90117-1
Kemppainen RJ, E Peterson M.Cushing's disease, defined as hyperadrenocorticism resulting from excessive secretion of pituitary ACTH, occurs spontaneously and quite commonly in dogs and horses. In dogs, as in humans, the disease is usually associated with a small tumor of the pituitary pars distalis. However, the disease may arise occasionally (dogs) or exclusively (horses) from tumors or hyperplasia of the pituitary pars intermedia. In dogs, pars intermedia tumors may arise from one of two proopiomelanocortin-containing cell types that are present in normal tissue.
The equine placenta and equine chorionic gonadotrophin–an overview.
Experimental and clinical endocrinology    January 1, 1994   Volume 102, Issue 3 235-243 doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1211287
Hoppen HO.Chorionic gonadotrophins seem to be unique for primate and equid species. Unlike primates, the equine conceptus does not implant in the maternal uterine endometrium until around day 37 of pregnancy. At this time specialized cells of the trophoblast, organized in the embryonic girdle, invade the endometrium and become established in the endometrial stroma, forming the so-called endometrial cups. This migration of girdle cells is accompanied by their morphological transformation into large decidual-like cells and by the appearance of a gonadotrophic hormone in the mare's blood. There is convinci...
[Trichinellosis in slaughtered and wild animals in Switzerland using a digestion method and a serologic method (E/S-ELISA)].
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde    January 1, 1994   Volume 136, Issue 9 298-308 
Jakob HP, Eckert J, Jemmi T, Gottstein B.For many decades trichinellosis has not been reported among Swiss domestic pigs. Considering the fact that Trichinella occurs in a sylvatic cycle in Switzerland, a study was designed to reevaluate the present epidemiologic situation by investigating 10,904 fattening pigs, 218 pigs with free access to pasturage or being kept on an alp, 104 domestic boars, 106 horses, 44 wild boars and 538 foxes using a direct and an indirect diagnostic technique (digestion method and serology with ELISA and an excretory/secretory antigen, respectively). The digestion method was performed according to EC-guideli...
The relationship of daily sperm production with number of Sertoli cells and testicular size in adult horses: role of primitive spermatogonia.
Journal of reproduction and fertility    January 1, 1994   Volume 100, Issue 1 315-321 doi: 10.1530/jrf.0.1000315
Johnson L, Carter GK, Varner DD, Taylor TS, Blanchard TL, Rembert MS.The number of Sertoli cells is important in spermatogenesis as noted by significant correlations between the number of Sertoli cells and the number of germ cells observed as early as type B2 spermatogonia in the horse. However, the stage within spermatocytogenesis at which these relationships first occur is unclear. The relationships between the number of Sertoli cells and parenchymal weight and the number of germ cells during the mitosis of spermatogenesis were determined in 184 adult horses to identify the developmental stage (that is, the earliest germ cell) at which significant relationshi...
The development of Babesia (Theileria) equi (Laveran, 1901) in the gut and the haemolymph of the vector ticks, Hyalomma species.
Parasitology research    January 1, 1994   Volume 80, Issue 4 297-302 doi: 10.1007/BF02351869
Zapf F, Schein E.The development of the piroplasm Babesia equi was studied by light microscopy in the gut and the haemolymph of three different Hyalomma species during and after the nymphs had engorged on parasitaemic horses. The stock of B. equi used was isolated from a horse imported from Turkmenistan (CIS) in 1991. The existence of gamogony was identified by the occurrence of gamonts and gametes in the gut contents of the nymphs at between 3 and 4 days after infestation of the nymphs, before the ticks dropped off the experimentally infected horses. Zygotes and kinetes were observed in the intestinal cells f...
Assessment of vertebral canal diameter and bony malformations of the cervical part of the spine in horses with cervical stenotic myelopathy.
American journal of veterinary research    January 1, 1994   Volume 55, Issue 1 5-13 
Moore BR, Reed SM, Biller DS, Kohn CW, Weisbrode SE.Magnification of cervical radiographs prevents accurate interpretation of vertebral canal absolute minimum sagittal diameter (MSD) values and application of the established MSD values for diagnosis of cervical stenotic myelopathy (CSM). Variability in MSD determination in human beings, owing to radiographic magnification, is minimized by assessing a ratio of the vertebral canal diameter to the sagittal width of the vertebral body. This relative measurement technique improves the accuracy of diagnosis of cervical spinal stenosis in human beings. The MSD of the vertebral canal was determined in ...
Uremic encephalopathy in a horse.
Veterinary pathology    January 1, 1994   Volume 31, Issue 1 111-115 doi: 10.1177/030098589403100116
Bouchard PR, Weldon AD, Lewis RM, Summers BA.No abstract available
The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes: in vitro studies.
Veterinary research communications    January 1, 1994   Volume 18, Issue 5 373-381 doi: 10.1007/BF01839288
Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Geor RJ.The effects of various concentrations of furosemide and pentoxifylline on equine RBC in vitro were evaluated to facilitate better understanding of the potential effects of these drugs on blood flow properties. Furosemide induced increased mean cell volume (MCV), increased RBC potassium concentration, increased whole blood viscosity, and decreased the RBC filtrability. These data indicate that furosemide may block the RBC membrane transport pathways resulting in potassium and water retention. The increase in size and the resultant decrease in the surface-area-to-volume ratio may have caused the...
Freezability and fertility results with uncentrifuged stallion semen.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica    January 1, 1994   Volume 35, Issue 4 377-382 doi: 10.1186/BF03548311
Heiskanen ML, Hilden L, Hyyppä S, Kangasniemi A, Pirhonen A, Mäenpää PH.The first (1 to 3) sperm-rich fractions of the ejaculate were collected from 4 stallions using an open-ended vagina. The volume of the collected fractions was 12 +/- 8 ml with a density of 475 +/- 200 million spermatozoa/ml. Before freezing, the semen was diluted with a skim-milk based extender 1:1 to 1:8 (volume of semen: volume of extender), depending on the initial sperm concentration to achieve a final concentration of 100 million/ml. The total number of spermatozoa in an insemination dose ranged from 0.7 to 1 billion spermatozoa. Within 12 h after ovulation, 48 mares were inseminated in 7...
What is your diagnosis? Radiographic diagnosis–dorsal subluxation of cervical vertebrae 2 and 3.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    January 1, 1994   Volume 204, Issue 1 47-48 
Nelson KM, Scarratt WK, Moon ML, Robertson JL.No abstract available
Kinetics and haematological effects of erythropoietin in horses.
Veterinary research    January 1, 1994   Volume 25, Issue 6 568-573 
Jaussaud P, Audran M, Gareau RL, Souillard A, Chavanet I.A plasma kinetic study of erythropoietin (EPO) was carried out in 4 horses after subcutaneous administration (30 IU/kg bwt) of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). At standardized intervals for 48 h before injection and for 60 h post-administration, the EPO plasma levels were determined with an immunoradiometric assay based on a sandwich technique. The peak plasma concentration (30-113 mIU/ml) was observed after a delay ranging from 6 to 9 h post-administration and the drug levels reached a physiological value around 60 h following rhEPO injection. Moreover, reference values for plasma EP...
Development of homologous radioimmunoassays for equine growth hormone and equine prolactin and their application to the detection of circulating levels of hormone in horse plasma.
Reproduction, nutrition, development    January 1, 1994   Volume 34, Issue 4 309-328 doi: 10.1051/rnd:19940404
Cahill CM, Van der Kolk H, Goode JA, Hayden TJ.Highly purified and well-characterised preparations of equine prolactin and growth hormone from equine pituitary glands were employed to set up highly sensitive and specific homologous radioimmunoassays (RIA) for the measurement of hormone in horse plasma. The limit of sensitivity of the GH RIA was 1.2 ng/ml with mean intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) of 6.6 and 10%, respectively. The sensitivity of the equine prolactin (ePRL) RIA was 0.5 ng/ml with mean intra and inter-assay CV of 9.1 and 15.6%, respectively. Dose-response curves of a crude pituitary gland extract and plas...
[The former place of execution of the Lucerne herd in Emmen (1562-1798)(1562-1798) and slaughter yard belonging to it (1562-1866): pathologico-anatomic findings in excavated animal bones].
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde    January 1, 1994   Volume 136, Issue 1 24-37 
Häni H, Lang J, Ueltschi G.During archaeological excavations of the former knackers yard in Emmen (Canton Lucerne) skeletons and individual bones of more than 700 animals were recovered. 110 bone samples had lesions and were examined macroscopically and radiologically, 100 were from horses, 9 from dogs and only one from cattle. According to morphological and etiopathogenetical criteria, lesions are presented in the following groups: tooth irregularities (10), degenerative changes in bones and joints due to overload and aging (80), trauma and infection (10), other lesions (10). Over 80% of pathological bone samples prese...
Acquired equine motor neuron disease.
Veterinary pathology    January 1, 1994   Volume 31, Issue 1 130-138 doi: 10.1177/030098589403100122
Valentine BA, de Lahunta A, George C, Summers BA, Cummings JF, Divers TJ, Mohammed HO.No abstract available
Trichinellosis in Greece (1992-1993).
Wiadomosci parazytologiczne    January 1, 1994   Volume 40, Issue 4 396 
Feidas S.No abstract available
[The emergency stand–a veterinary support apparatus from olden times].
Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde    January 1, 1994   Volume 136, Issue 1 21-23 
Jenny U.No abstract available
Fertilization rates in superovulated and spontaneously ovulating mares.
Theriogenology    January 1, 1994   Volume 41, Issue 7 1411-1423 doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90192-l
Dippert KD, Jasko DJ, Seidel GE, Squires EL.Embryo recovery per ovulation has been shown to be lower in superovulated mares than in untreated controls. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine whether follicles stimulated with superovulatory treatment ovulate or luteinize without ovulation, 2) determine fertilization rates of oocytes in oviducts of superovulated and control mares, and 3) evaluate viability of early stage embryos from superovulated and control mares when cultured in equine oviductal cell-conditioned medium. Cyclic mares were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n=14 per group) on the day of ovulation (Day 0): Gro...
A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of fenoprofen in equine plasma and urine.
Biomedical chromatography : BMC    January 1, 1994   Volume 8, Issue 1 29-31 doi: 10.1002/bmc.1130080108
Delbeke FT, Debackere M.A high performance liquid chromatographic method to measure plasma and urine fenoprofen levels in equine biofluids is described. Liquid-liquid extraction with diethylether was used to isolate the drug from plasma and urine. The accuracy and reproducibility of the method were within acceptable limits over the concentration range 0-10 micrograms/mL and 0-20 micrograms/mL respectively from plasma and urine. Detection limits were 0.05 microgram/mL (2 mL plasma) and 0.2 microgram/mL (0.5 mL urine). This procedure was applied to ascertain the pharmacokinetics of a 3 g dose of fenoprofen calcium in a...
Medically important arboviruses of the United States and Canada.
Clinical microbiology reviews    January 1, 1994   Volume 7, Issue 1 89-116 doi: 10.1128/CMR.7.1.89
Calisher CH.Of more than 500 arboviruses recognized worldwide, 5 were first isolated in Canada and 58 were first isolated in the United States. Six of these viruses are human pathogens: western equine encephalitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) viruses (family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) and Powassan (POW) viruses (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus), LaCrosse (LAC) virus (Bunyaviridae, Bunyavirus), and Colorado tick fever (CTF) virus (Reoviridae, Coltivirus). Their scientific histories, geographic distributions, virology, epidemiology, vectors, vertebrate hosts, transm...
Imipramine and xylazine-induced ex copula ejaculation in stallions.
Theriogenology    January 1, 1994   Volume 41, Issue 5 1005-1010 doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(05)80023-8
McDonnell SM, Odian MJ.This study is a part of our ongoing work toward developing pharmacological methods for enhancing and inducing ejaculation in stallions with ejaculatory dysfunction. We evaluated a combination treatment of imipramine hydrochloride followed 10 minutes later by xylazine hydrochloride for the induction of ex copula ejaculation. Eight pony stallions each underwent 6 treatment trials conducted at 4-day intervals. The trials were conducted in the animals' stalls, where they were observed for 90 minutes following treatment. To evaluate the effect of pretreatment sexual stimulation on the rate of ejacu...
Cross-validation of cyanogen bromide-peptide ratios to measure the proportion of type II collagen in pepsin digests of equine articular cartilage, meniscus, and cartilage repair tissue.
Analytical biochemistry    January 1, 1994   Volume 216, Issue 1 195-204 doi: 10.1006/abio.1994.1025
Todhunter RJ, Wootton JA, Altman N, Lust G, Minor RR.Collagen type I and type II were purified from equine flexor tendon and articular cartilage, respectively. Equal amounts of these collagens were cleaved with cyanogen bromide, and 11 mixtures containing increasing proportions of type II collagen were separated in seven identical sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The density of bands was measured in wet gels and the peak areas were used to form six ratios of peptide bands that had polynomial relationships with the known proportions of type I and type II collagen in the mixtures. Calibration curves for determining the proportion of typ...
Epidemiology of equine Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1994   Volume 26, Issue 1 14-17 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04323.x
Xiao L, Herd RP.Prevalence and infection patterns of Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in horses were studied by a direct immunofluorescence staining method. Faecal examinations of 222 horses of different age groups revealed Cryptosporidium infection rates of 15-31% in 66 foals surveyed in central Ohio, southern Ohio and central Kentucky, USA. Only 1 of 39 weanlings, 0 of 46 yearlings, and 0 of 71 mares were positive. Giardia infection was found in all age groups, although the infection rates for foals were higher (17-35%). Chronological study of infection in 35 foals showed that foals started to excrete...
The frequent occurrence of thyroid tumours in aged horses.
Journal of comparative pathology    January 1, 1994   Volume 110, Issue 1 57-64 doi: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80270-8
Dalefield RR, Palmer DN.Thyroid tumours have been described as "moderately common" in horses, but diseases associated with them are rare and the actual incidence has not been reported. A survey of thyroids from 29 horses aged 12 to 32 years revealed gross lesions in 11 animals, all older than 17. Most lesions were microfollicular adenomas. There was no evidence that the horses suffered from long-standing iodine deficiency or diffuse hyperplasia. Adenomas were more common than hyperplastic nodules and it is unlikely that the former arose from the latter. One thyroid adenocarcinoma was discovered. Progression from thyr...
Evaluation of myeloperoxidase concentrations in experimentally induced equine colonic ischaemia and reperfusion.
Equine veterinary journal    January 1, 1994   Volume 26, Issue 1 67-69 doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04334.x
Yarbrough B, Snyder JR, Harmon FA, O'Connell KA.No abstract available
Cryopreservation of equine oocytes by 2-step freezing.
Theriogenology    January 1, 1994   Volume 42, Issue 7 1085-1094 doi: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90856-7
Hochi S, Fujimoto T, Choi YH, Braun J, Oguri N.Immature equine oocytes were frozen-thawed with ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propanediol (PD) or glycerol (GL) in PBS and cultured to assess the rate of in vitro maturation (Experiment 1). Compact-cumulus oocyte complexes were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and equilibrated for 10 min in the freezing medium containing 10% (V/V) cryoprotectant and 0.1 M sucrose. The 0.25-ml straws, loaded with 10 to 30 oocytes, were seeded at -6 degrees C and cooled to -35 degrees C at 0.3 degrees C/min before being plunged into liquid nitrogen. The straws were thawed rapidly in a 37 degrees C waterbath for...