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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Immunologic studies of a horse with lymphosarcoma. Immunological, clinical, and pathological investigations were conducted on a horse with lymphosarcoma. The immunological status was investigated by measuring the level of antibodies by single radial immunodiffusion test and the ability of lymphocytes to proliferate in response to mitogens. Multiple immunological abnormalities were noted in this horse. They were; (1) decreased IgM, IgG, and IgA levels in the serum despite hyperproteinemia; (2) increased in-vitro spontaneous lymphoproliferation which reflects augmented mitosis; (3) decreased lymphoproliferative response to T cell stimulants (e.g...
Rapid evolution of horse satellite DNA. The major satellite of the horse genome consists of about 1 million copies of a 221-bp tandem repeat unit. By fluorescence in situ hybridization it has been localized in the centromeres of 58 of the 64 horse chromosomes. The donkey genome contains a similar but not identical satellite. Strikingly, the equine repeat did not hybridize to DNA of the Grevy zebra, despite the divergence of the horse and zebra only 3 to 5 million years ago and the ability of these species to crossbreed. The evolution of satellite DNA in the Equidae is more rapid than that in other mammalian families, which may be ex...
Effects of bilateral ovariectomy via colpotomy in mares: 23 cases (1984-1990). Postoperative performance and behavioral patterns were investigated retrospectively in 23 client-owned mares after bilateral ovariectomy via colpotomy. The interval from surgery to postoperative inquiries ranged from 9 to 67 months. Information obtained from review of the medical record and client interviews included the reason for ovariectomy, postoperative complications, problems identified by owners after discharge of the mare from the hospital, postoperative level of athletic performance, postoperative signs of estrus, and overall owner satisfaction. Reasons given by owners for having mare...
Microdilution antimicrobial susceptibilities of selected gram-negative veterinary bacterial isolates. Gram-negative bacterial isolates (635) obtained from routine submissions to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory during 1983-1987 were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for the following antimicrobials using commercially prepared microdilution assay materials: ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G, spectinomycin, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, and tylosin. Results for isolates from cattle, dogs, horses, and pigs are presented. In only a fe...
Effects of diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, and xylazine on thiamylal anesthesia in horses. The cardiorespiratory effects of thiamylal (10 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and the effects of preanesthetic medication with diazepam, acepromazine, detomidine, or xylazine administered prior to a thiamylal dosage of 6 mg/kg, IV, were evaluated in 6 adult horses. The quality of recovery from thiamylal anesthesia also was evaluated. Intravenous administration of thiamylal at a dosage of 10 mg/kg increased heart rate, systemic arterial, pulmonary artery, and central venous blood pressures, as well as cardiac output and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2). The maximal rate of right ventricular ...
Fumonisin contamination of the 1991 Indiana corn crop and its effects on horses. No abstract available
Oviductal and uterine influence on the development of Day-2 equine embryos in vivo and in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to contrast the influence of the oviductal and uterine environments on development of Day-2 embryos. Embryos were transferred to oviducts or uteri of synchronous recipient mares, or were incubated in oviductal co-culture, in uterine co-culture or in defined culture medium. Significantly more (P < 0.02) embryos transferred to the oviduct versus the uterus survived until Day 11 after ovulation (5 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). Significantly more (P 0.1) in oviductal co-culture versus uterine co-culture (3 7 vs 6 7 , respectively), or in oviductal co-culture ve...
Effect of constant administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist on reproductive activity in mares: induction of ovulation during seasonal anestrus. The potential of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (goserelin acetate), delivered constantly for 28 days via a subcutaneous depot, to induce ovulation in seasonally anestrous mares, was investigated. Two experiments were conducted, in which a range of doses (30 to 240 micrograms/mare/d) was examined. Mares were selected on the basis of lack of substantial follicular development (follicle diameter < 20 mm determined ultrasonically) and low serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone. Constant administration of the GnRH agonist-induced ovulation in anestrou...
Granulomatous enteritis and Campylobacter bacteremia in a horse. A 10-month-old Standard-bred colt was examined because of weight loss, fever, and extensive subcutaneous edema of the ventral aspects of its trunk. Diagnosis of granulomatous enteritis was based on D-xylose malabsorption, hypoproteinemia, and rectal mucosal biopsy. Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus was cultured from jugular venous blood when the horse was admitted to the hospital and 24 hours later. Appropriate antimicrobial agents and glucocorticoids failed to effect clinical remission. After euthanasia, granulomatous enteritis was confirmed at necropsy but C fetus subsp fetus was not isolated ...
Pathological changes associated with equine arteritis virus infection of the reproductive tract in prepubertal and peripubertal colts. The nature and extent of changes associated with equine arteritis virus (EAV) infection of the reproductive tract was documented in 21 prepubertal and 15 peripubertal colts. This study was part of an investigation into the relationship between stage of reproductive tract maturity and susceptibility to the experimental establishment of persistent infection with EAV. After intranasal challenge with a field isolate of EAV, all colts developed clinical signs of equine viral arteritis (EVA) from which they recovered rapidly. Clinical signs during the acute phase consisted of fever, serous to mucopu...
First incidence of multilocular echinococcosis in a race horse in Japan. Nodular hepatic lesions caused by larval Echinococcus multilocularis were found in a four-year-old female thoroughbred race horse born and raised in Hokkaido. Before detection of the infection, the infected animal was transported around Honshu for racing. The present disclosure of hydatidosis in a race horse raises concern over the potential danger of spreading the infection throughout Japan by horses possibly infected in Hokkaido.
Early neutrophil but not eosinophil or platelet recruitment to the lungs of allergic horses following antigen exposure. Previous studies have shown that bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with allergic respiratory disease and showing clinical symptoms contains increased numbers of neutrophils. In some cases, the eosinophil count is also increased. In this study the time course of changes in lung function and the accumulation of radiolabelled leucocytes and platelets in the lungs of allergic and normal horses has been examined during a 7 hr allergen exposure. Antigen challenge had no effect on pleural pressure or the distribution of radiolabelled neutrophils, eosinophils or platelets in normal horses. In c...
Ethmoid adenocarcinoma perforating the cribriform plate in the horse. This clinical report describes an 8-year-old Thoroughbred mare that was presented for evaluation of a chronic, unilateral nasal discharge. Findings on physical examination, radiology, and video-endoscopy supported a clinical diagnosis of ethmoidal hematoma. After surgical ablation of the mass a defect was detected in the cribriform plate. At necropsy a 1.5 cm aperture was identified in the left cribriform plate allowing direct communication between the fundus of the nasal cavity and the cranium. Histology of the mass identified tissue consistent with an adenocarcinoma. History of profuse epist...
Microbiologic changes during antimicrobial treatment and rate of relapse of distal respiratory tract infections in foals. Despite the high incidence of distal respiratory tract infection of undetermined cause on farms, to our knowledge, the microbiologic effects of conventional antimicrobial treatment for this condition have not been studied. We evaluated the possible pathogenic role of bacterial isolates from the distal airways of foals with clinical respiratory tract disease, by correlating changes in their numbers (increase or decrease) with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic signs of disease resolution during treatment with antimicrobial drugs. We also determined qualitative changes in in vitro ant...
Comparison of IgE-binding antigens in horse dander and a mixture of horse hair and skin scrapings. Extracts of horse dander (HD) and horse hair and skin scrapings (HHSS) have been compared with respect to their content of proteins and carbohydrates. The protein content of HD is more than double that of HHSS, while the carbohydrate content is of the same order. SDS-PAGE and IEF, both combined with immunoblotting, and CIE/CRIE showed the IgE-binding ability of the proteins/glycoproteins present in the two extracts. SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting showed the presence of mainly the same IgE-binding bands in the two extracts. Nine were detected in HD, and seven in HHSS. Four of these were glycoproteins....
The relationship between cycle stage and results of uterine culture in the mare. A total of 368 uterine swabs were taken from mares in heat (n = 202) and from mares that were not in heat (n = 166). From 72 of the mares, two swabs were taken; one during either seasonal anoestrus or dioestrus, and one during oestrus. Swabs were taken during anoestrus/dioestrus in 94 other mares and during oestrus in the remaining 130 mares. Bacteriological cultures were done aerobically and classified as negative, insignificant or significant. There was a trend for more positive cytological specimens during oestrus than during anoestrus/dioestrus. The proportions of significant cultures were...
Application of polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (chitin) to veterinary practice. The sponge-, cotton-, and flake-type remedies made of chitin (chitin-sponge, chitin-cotton, and chitin-flake, respectively), and non-woven fabric of polyester (NWF) composited with chitin (chitin-NWF) were applied to various types of trauma, abscess, surgical tissue defect and herniorrhaphy in 147 clinical cases including 72 dogs, 38 cows, 33 cats, 2 rabbits, one monkey and one horse. Chitin-sponge was applied in 30 cases as filling agent of surgical tissue defect, and in 25 cases of trauma, 31 cases of abscess as wound dressing or tissue defect filling agent. In 77 out of 86 cases (89.5%), go...
Modulation of bronchial responsiveness in horses by phenylbutazone and furosemide. Effects of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and furosemide (FUR) on the respiratory tract of horses were evaluated, focusing on bronchial responsiveness. Four healthy Thoroughbreds were used and data were analyzed by use of a Latin square design. Histamine provocation tests (0.5, 1, 2, and 4 micrograms/min, i.v.) were done: (1) without prior treatment with PBZ or FUR, (2) 30 minutes after administration of PBZ (8 mg/kg, i.v.), (3) 1 hour after administration of FUR (1 mg/kg, i.v.), and (4) after administration of PBZ plus FUR. Pulmonary function tests (dynamic compliance, resistance, respiratory frequency...
Association of microbiologic flora with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic findings in foals with distal respiratory tract infection. Undifferentiated distal respiratory tract disease (nasal discharge, cough, pneumonia) in foals (1 to 8 months old) is a burdensome economic problem on breeding farms; yet, the infective agents associated with these episodes have not been well described. Possible causes of these episodes of illness were investigated by culturing specimens of proximal and distal airways of clinically diseased foals (n = 101), prior to any treatment, for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and viruses (rhinoviruses, equine arteritis virus, equine herpesvirus subtype 1 [EHV-1], influenza virus, and adenovirus). Pairs o...
Hemorrhagic myelomalacia following general anesthesia in a horse. An 18-month-old male Belgian horse was anesthetized and placed in dorsal recumbency for cryptorchidectomy. Xylazine was used for sedation and guaifenesin with thiamylal for induction of anesthesia. A surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained with halothane. During anesthesia, second-degree atrio-ventricular blocks, hypoventilation and a 1-minute duration rise of mean arterial pressure (80 to 130 mm Hg) occurred. Total anesthesia time was 1 hour. On recovery from anesthesia, the horse exhibited flaccid paralysis of the hind limbs and was only able to elevate himself to a dog sitting position....
[Recent information about the etiopathogenesis of paretic-paralytic forms of herpesvirus infection in horses]. From spring 1990 to summer 1991 we investigated 21 horses with clinical symptoms of EHV-infection by means of serological and virological methods including DNA-hybridization to identify the causative agents. The results indicated that, as already reported by us, EHV4 may also cause the paralytic form of the infection. The possibility of double infection with EHV4 and EHV1 cannot be excluded. In 3 out of 21 affected horses we could investigate brain tissue and/or spinal fluid by Dotblot hybridization with EHV1 and EHV4-DNA. The investigated samples of all three horses showed hybridization with ...
Equine cricoid cartilage densitometry. The density of the cricoid cartilage from 29 equine larynges collected from an abattoir was determined by dual photon absorptiometry (DPA). Densities of the right and left cricoid cartilages were highly correlated. No correlation was found between age of the horse and the density of the cricoid cartilage.
The isolation and identification of Potchefstroom virus: a new member of the equine encephalosis group of orbiviruses. Virus was isolated from the blood of horses (n = 5) showing fever and jaundice and was identified as equine encephalosis virus. In cross neutralisation tests, the isolates were shown to belong to a new serotype related to Gamil, one of the 6 known serotypes of equine encephalosis virus. The name Potchefstroom has been proposed for this new serotype.
Pulmonary haemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a common occurrence in race horses. Although blood in cases of EIPH has been suspected to originate from the bronchial circulation, which receives approximately 1% of the left ventricular output, physiological evidence has recently emerged to indicate that the pulmonary circulation, which receives the entire output of the right ventricle, is a more likely source. High transmural pulmonary capillary pressures have been shown to cause breaks in the capillary endothelium, basement membrane as well as in the alveolar epithelium. Blood constituents e...
In vitro interaction between oviduct epithelial and equine sperm. Coculture of stallion sperm with monolayers of equine oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) was evaluated. Monolayers were obtained from frozen-thawed OEC. Live sperm attached to the OEC in vitro, whereas sperm killed by heat treatment or glutaraldehyde fixation did not. Sperm attached to OEC showed flagellar motion for 4 d in vitro, during which time they gradually became released. Scanning electron-micrographs showed an intimate association between the sperm and OEC. Incubation of sperm for 4 h with either control, heparinized or OEC-conditioned medium (Tyrode's albumin lactate phosphate) resulte...
Furosemide magnifies the exercise-induced elevation of plasma vasopressin concentration in horses. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that furosemide administration before exercise would cause greater increases in plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration in exercising horses than exercise alone. Six adult, clinically normal, unfit mares underwent three randomly ordered 60 minute standard exercise tests on an equine treadmill to examine the effect of furosemide administration on plasma AVP concentration. In one trial, furosemide (1 mg kg-1) was infused four hours before exercise (FUR-4) and a placebo (10 ml saline) was infused two minutes before exercise; in another ...
