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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Neoplasia. Equine tumors are rather uncommon; however, of the body regions, the head is a relatively common location for neoplasia, including sarcoids and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, tumors of the sinus/nasal cavity, and bony tumors of the head. Tumors discussed in the article include odontogenic and bony tumors; sarcoids; tumors of the guttural pouch and pharyngeal and oral mucosa; tumors of the larynx; and tumors of the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages. In general, tumors involving deeper structures of the head carry a poor prognosis; however, some tumors such as sarcoids, ossifying fibro...
Neurologic evaluation of the equine head and neurogenic dysphagia. Neurologic evaluation should be performed in horses with diseases of the head. Although neurologic examination should focus on assessing behavior, mental status, and cranial nerve evaluation, evaluation of neurologic function of other body regions should be performed. Neurologic evaluation of the head can be performed expediently by practitioners to provide useful diagnostic and prognostic information. The numerous causes of dysphagia can be classified as obstructive, painful, or neurogenic. Common causes of neurogenic dysphagia are summarized, and methods for initial diagnosis and management ...
Serum levels of testosterone and oestrogens in normal and infertile stallions. The serum concentrations of testosterone and oestrogens were determined in stallions classified as geldings, normal (according to age) or infertile (azoospermic). There were significant differences in testosterone and oestrogen levels between the groups. Normal concentrations of testosterone and total oestrogens were attained after 16 months of age. Castrated and immature horses ( 4 years). The results suggest that serum levels of testosterone and total oestrogens may provide a sensitive index of the endocrine function of the testis in male horses.
[Pain prevention and pain treatment in small and large domestic animals]. The aim of this article is to emphasize the need for analgesic medication in animals in possibly painful situations, especially in the postoperative period. The two large groups of compounds used as analgesics--the opiates and the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)--are described with special reference to their pharmacokinetics, side-effects and toxicity, their mechanism of action, their indications and contraindications. Recommended doses of the different drugs available are given for the dog, the cat, the horse, the swine and the small and large ruminants.
Effect of influenza A/equine/H3N8 virus isolate variation on the measurement of equine antibody responses. This study has tested the effect of using homologous or heterologous equine influenza A virus isolates to evaluate serum antibody levels to influenza A virus in vaccinated and naturally-infected horses. In addition, the potential effect of antigenic selection of virus variants in egg versus tissue culture propagation systems was studied. Serum antibody levels in samples from horses recently infected with a local influenza A virus isolate (A/equine 2/Saskatoon/1/90) or recently vaccinated with a prototype isolate (A/equine 2/Miami/1/63) were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition and by single...
Clinical examination of the equine head. Examination of the equine head should be a routine part of any complete physical examination. It can be performed rapidly and efficiently while providing important information about the health and function of several major body systems.
[Post-epizootic activity of Western equine encephalitis virus in Argentina]. It is shown here the WEE virus activity in ARgentina in 1983-1986 post-epizootic period. A surveillance system was established by the equine case notification and the sentinel animal method. Among the thirteen equine focus notified between September 1983-September 1985 in Córdoba and Santa Fe Provinces, 5 presumptive cases out of 16 sick horses were confirmed by the hemagglutination inhibition test for WEE epizootic virus. Twenty eight notified human cases were studied with negative results. The neutralizing antibody (Ac NT) prevalence among sentinel horses in Córdoba Province (4%) was lower...
Congenital diseases of the equine head. Many questions concerning heritability arise when a veterinarian is asked to supervise and treat disease of congenital origin. Genetic counseling, ethics, and legality are often confronted in discussions between animal health professionals and laymen in animal industry. Guidelines have been offered as in the 1984 statement of the Judicial Council of the American Veterinary Medical Association: "Performance of surgical procedures in all species for the purpose of concealing genetic defects in animals to be shown, raced, bred, or sold as breeding animals is unethical. However, should the health ...
Seroepidemiological survey of chlamydial infections in light horses in Japan. To investigate the overall prevalence of chlamydial infections in light (i.e. non-draught) horses in Japan, 599 sera obtained from 12 localities in 1991 were tested for complement fixation antibodies. The mean antibody positive rates of the all sera were 15.2% (91/599) and the regional positive rates were higher in Honshu (19.1%, 48/251) and Kyushu (20.0%, 20/100) than in Hokkaido (9.3%, 23/248). In Honshu, the highest rate (56.0%, 28/50) was observed in Utsunomiya. Analysis of the positive rate in different age groups showed that the 2-5 years age-group had the highest prevalence of chlamydia...
Some aspects of perinatal maturation and adaptation. Physiological challenges facing the perinatal individual are huge. This is partly because of the marked and abrupt change from the intrauterine to the extrauterine environment, but also because the physiological responses to that change depend upon systems whose maturation is affected markedly by birth. Perinatal maturation appears, therefore, both to precede and accompany the physiological adaptations required for neonatal survival. This review does not provide a comprehensive coverage of perinatal physiology but directs attention towards evaluating constraints on foetal and neonatal thermoge...
Growth hormone (GH) secretory pattern and GH response to GH-releasing factor (GRF) or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in newborn foals. The present study was undertaken to assess GH secretory profiles in 12 light-breed foals and their dams during forty days after delivery, and the possible influence of GRF and TRH on plasma GH concentrations in these newborn foals. GH secretory pattern was pulsatile in one day- as well as in forty days-old foals. The number of secretory spikes (10 per 24 h) did not vary between days 1 and 40. In the same times, GH secretion did not show any circadian rhythm either in foals or in their dams. Mean daily plasma concentrations (measured through blood samples collected every 20 min for 24 h) were l...
Proto-oncogene of genomic DNA, related to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene, from clinically normal domestic animals. Genomic DNAs of cattle, horses, pigs, dogs, cats and chickens were surveyed using Southern blot hybridization analysis, with a human EGFR cDNA fragment. Several bands with different numbers and molecular weights were observed under the condition of low stringency in the individual animal species. The bands showing DNA polymorphism were observed among bovine genomic PstI-digested DNAs from 4 individuals and EcoRI-digested genomic DNAs from 4 chickens. These results may provide basic data which are useful for analysis of tumorigenetic mechanisms in domestic animals.
Pharmacokinetics and concentrations of ceftiofur sodium in body fluids and endometrium after repeated intramuscular injections in mares. Each of 5 healthy mares was given 5 consecutive IM injections of ceftiofur sodium (2 mg/kg of body weight; 50 mg/ml) at 12-hour intervals. Ceftiofur concentrations were measured serially in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine, and were measured in CSF and endometrial tissue after the fifth dose. Mean elimination rate constant was 0.354 +/- 0.101 h-1 and elimination half-life was 2.49 +/- 0.49 hour. Mean serum ceftiofur concentrations peaked approximately 1 hour after each injection. The highest mean ceftiofur concentration was 5.09 micrograms/ml at 1 hour after the fifth dose fo...
Correlations between histologic endometrial lesions in mares and clinical response to intrauterine exposure with Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The relationship between histologic lesions in endometrial biopsy specimens and susceptibility to chronic uterine infection (CUI) in mares was investigated. Mares were allotted to 4 groups on the basis of degree of endometrial lesions. Mares in group 1 (n = 6) had no pathologic changes, mares in group 2 (n = 5) had only mild pathologic changes, group-3 mares (n = 7) had moderate changes, and group-4 mares (n = 7) had severe inflammatory and fibrotic endometrial changes. Susceptibility to CUI was determined by the inflammatory response to intrauterine inoculation of 5 x 10(6) Streptococcus zooe...
Hemorrhage into the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) associated with rupture of the longus capitis muscle in three horses. Three horses were determined to have hemorrhage into a guttural pouch unassociated with mycosis, empyema, neoplasia, or foreign body. The source of the hemorrhage appeared to be the rupture of the longus capitis muscle and its associated vascular supply.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in a two month old foal. A foal, small and jaundiced from birth, succumbed after two months to chronic hepatic damage which was characterised by fibrosis, biliary ductular hyperplasia and the presence of pleomorphic hepatocytes containing either a single large nucleus or multiple nuclei. The fixed liver contained sulfur-bound pyrroles, which are derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids. During pregnancy the pasture was heavily infested with the pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plant, Senecio madagascariensis. The hepatic disease affecting the foal appears to have been initiated by consumption of the alkaloids by the mare...
[Spavin in horses–clinical, radiological and scintigraphic findings]. Both hock joints were examined clinically, radiologically and scintigraphically in 80 horses with special regard to bone spavin. The positive x-ray and bone scan results corresponded in most cases. It was evident that there was no correlation between degree of lameness and/or extent of radiological findings and increased radioactive uptake in the joint. Scintigraphic evaluation may demonstrate early changes at the onset of bone spavin as well as the frequent bilateral nature of the condition.
Quantification of histamine in plasma and pulmonary fluids from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, before and after ‘natural (hay and straw) challenges’. A commercial radioimmunoassay kit was used to quantify histamine concentrations of plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) of normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), before and after 'natural (hay and straw) challenge' (NC). There were no significant changes in the concentrations of histamine in plasma or BALF at 0.5 or 5 h after NC, but the PELF histamine concentration of COPD affected horses was significantly increased at 5 h, but not at 0.5 h, following NC. As the histamine concentrations of whole BALF lysa...
Ultrasonographic observations of the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region of horses. Observations were made in dorsal and sagittal planes of the ultrasonographic mean gray scale of the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal regions of 5 Thoroughbred geldings, during weight bearing and nonweight bearing. In images made when the horses were nonweight bearing, the mean gray scale of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and accessory ligament was significantly reduced, but that of the interosseous medius muscle (suspensory ligament) was not. When relaxed, collagen fiber bundles in the tendons and ligaments acted as diffuse, rather than specular, reflectors of ul...
Paranasal sinuses. Numerous conditions, including trauma, infection, neoplasia, and developmental problems, can affect the paranasal sinuses. Successful resolution of these problems is predicated upon a thorough diagnostic workup to ensure the most accurate presumptive diagnosis. Surgical intervention is enhanced by using approaches that allow wide access to sinus compartments. Rigorous postoperative management is also important to a successful outcome.
Trichophytobezoar as a cause of transverse colon obstruction in a foal. A 5-week-old belgian colt was examined for colic of 12 hours duration after several episodes of diarrhea. Physical examination revealed signs of abdominal pain, mild dehydration and normal auscultable borborygmi in all abdominal quadrants. Distention of the cecum, large colon and small intestinal was evident on abdominal radiographs. The foal was treated medically as the owners declined surgery. The colt was euthanized because of continued deterioration and failure to respond to medical therapy. Post-mortem exam revealed the presence of a trichophytobezoar obstructing the distal part of the tr...
[Equine influenza outbreaks with viral antigenic drift in Berlin 1988-1991]. In this paper three outbreaks of equine influenza in Berlin (Germany) in the years of 1988, 1989 and 1991 are discussed, reporting mainly clinical, hematological, virological and some epizootiological aspects. We have detected variations from the traditional pattern of equine influenza, whereby the main clinical symptoms like cough or fever were absent in several cases. If cough was found, it was moist. Furthermore a mucous nasal discharge was present in a number of cases for a period of 4-5 days. Extreme neutropenia, lymphocytosis and predominantly an unchanged level of monocytes were observe...
Miscellaneous conditions of the equine head. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is associated with horses that are fed diets with an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus or diets containing oxalates. Clinical signs include a shifting lameness, with tenderness of the joints, reluctance to move, or a stiff, stilted gait. Some horses may have broadening of the nasal bones, enlargement of the maxilla and/or the mandible, or a ridge over the nasal bones. Diagnosis may include physical examination findings; analysis of feed; and clinical pathologic data, which may include normocalcemia, normal to increased serum phosphorus, and increased...
Radiographic examination of the equine head. Radiographic examinations of the equine head can be performed with portable x-ray machines. The views comprising the examination depend on the area of the head being examined. With a knowledge of radiographic anatomy and radiographic signs of disease, valuable diagnostic information can be obtained from the radiographic examination. In addition, the radiographic information can also be used to develop a prognosis and determine the most appropriate therapy.
Clinical anatomy of the equine head. This topical presentation emphasizes the structures most likely to be encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the equine head. Most of the approaches are from superficial to deep. Anatomic variations associated with aging are described. The larynx and guttural pouches are not included in this article.
