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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Ovarian activity in fillies treated with anabolic steroids prior to the onset of puberty. This study investigated the effects of zero, low (0.55), medium (1.1) and high (2.2 mg/kg LW) boldenone undecylenate on the reproductive physiology of sixteen fillies from the ages of 7 to 11 months until 2 years. Ovarian activity measured by cross-sectional area, total number of ovulations, total number of follicles and the number of large follicles (greater than 30 mm in diameter) was significantly reduced by steroid treatments. Of fillies that ovulated during the first breeding season, the age of first ovulation and the second breeding season was significantly delayed in the high dose group...
Renal clearance, urinary excretion of endogenous substances, and urinary diagnostic indices in healthy neonatal foals. Urine (U) and serum (S) were obtained every 2 hours during a 12- or 24-hour period from eight healthy 96-hour-old pony or horse foals. Dams' milk samples were obtained concurrently. Urine volume was measured during this 12- or 24-hour period. The mean amount of urine produced was 148 +/- 20 ml/kg/day. Baseline urinalyses were evaluated on all foals at two days of age, before any manipulation. Urine generally was dilute (less than 1.008) but the specific gravity was as high as 1.027 in one normal foal. Continuous (12 or 24 hour) urinary catheterization resulted in bacteriuria but not white bloo...
Plasma progestagens in the mare, fetus and newborn foal. This study used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify and measure plasma progestagens. The method included deuterated internal standards, e.g. [17,21,21,21-2H]-5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, solid-phase extraction, derivatization (methoxime/t-butyldimethylsilyl) and GC/MS. Full-scan screening identified 3 5-pregnenes, 2 4-pregnenes and 7 5 alpha-pregnanes (no 5 beta-pregnanes). The selected ion mode was used for routine quantitation from calibration curves; response was linear (r greater than 0.98) from 2 to 2000 ng equivalents/ml (0.5 ng/ml method sensitivity) and intra- and ...
Continuous infusion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) advances the onset of oestrous cycles in thoroughbred mares on Australian studfarms. Continuous infusion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) has been shown to induce oestrus and ovulation in experimental mares in seasonal anoestrus. The present study sought to apply this form of treatment to anoestrous mares subjected to normal management procedures on 15 commercial Thoroughbred studfarms in Australia. The GnRH was delivered via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps (OMP) at dose rates of 100 ng/kg/h and 200 ng/kg/h. The ovaries of treated mares were palpated on the day of OMP insertion (Day 0) and blood samples were collected twice weekly from a proportion of mares...
Paneth cell degranulation and lysozyme secretion during acute equine alimentary laminitis. The equine Paneth cell response to a shift in the microbial balance of the intestinal tract was studied by inducing an acute episode of alimentary laminitis in 6 mature ponies. The normal bacterial population of the gut was modified by administration of a carbohydrate-rich ration. During acute laminitis a dramatic degranulation of the Paneth cells occurred in the intestinal glands throughout the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Bacteriocidal lysozyme, which was immunohistochemically identified as a component of the Paneth cell secretory granule, was evident in the glandular lumina and in degranul...
Measurements of glycosaminoglycans in follicular, oviductal and uterine fluids of mares. Eighteen fertile mares were used to determine the effects of the oestrous cycle and location in the reproductive tract on the amount and concentration of glycosaminoglycans in luminal fluids. Ovariohysterectomies were performed in 3 groups of 6 mares on Day 3 of behavioural oestrus, within 6 h after ovulation or on Day 8 of dioestrus. The lumina of the uterine horns and oviducts ipsilateral and contralateral to the active ovary were flushed and fluid was aspirated from the dominant follicle in the oestrous preovulation group. Glycosaminoglycans and protein concentrations were measured in these...
The use of the walking cast to repair fractures in horses and ponies. The walking cast was used to repair 46 fractures of long bones (distal radius and tibia, metacarpus and metatarsus) and 10 fractures of first phalanx of 35 horses and 21 ponies. The walking cast proved to be highly effective. Even heavily comminuted and 'hopeless' fractures, which could not be treated with osteosynthesis, were treated successfully, because the weight of the animal, a common failure factor in large animal orthopaedics, was relieved from the injured leg. Immediate full weight bearing was possible post operatively. In five cases the walking cast was used in combination with osteo...
Viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos following culture in a static or dynamic system. The viability and ultrastructure of equine embryos were assessed following culture in a static or perifusion system. The percentage change in diameter was greater (P less than 0.025) for embryos in the static treatment (71%) than in the perifusion treatment (33%). Fluorescein diacetate (FD) scores, the percentage of fluorescing cells (FC) and fluorescent intensity (FI), also were greater (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.01) following static culture than for embryos cultured in the perifusion system. Four of 9 control embryos resulted in pregnancies but no embryos cultured in either system p...
Digital signal analysis of cardiac events in horses and ponies. We have developed a digital signal analysis technique which can be used to evaluate various cardiac events in ponies and horses at rest and during exercise. The algorithm is designed to identify R-wave peaks on the surface electrocardiogram, consistent reference points on the left ventricular pressure waveform and the initiation of the QRS complex on the epicardial electrogram. We have used the technique to evaluate data from 10 horses and ponies at rest, during strenuous exercise and during experimentally-induced coronary artery occlusion. The technique provided rapid and accurate beat-by-bea...
Onset of luteal activity in foaling and seasonally anoestrous mares treated with artificial light. Sixty-four mares (27 foaling, 37 barren or maiden), mainly Finnhorses, were subjected to treatment with 14.5 h of light and 9.5 h of darkness, starting at the beginning of December. The onset of cycling in non-foaling mares was estimated by weekly serum progesterone determinations. All of the non-foaling mares cycled in the middle of March. They started to cycle on average in the middle of February, 11.1 weeks after the beginning of the trial. There were statistically significant differences in relation to breed (Finnhorses started to cycle 2 weeks later than warm blooded, p less than 0.02) an...
Non-invasive assessment of the incidences of pregnancy and pregnancy loss in the feral horses of Sable Island. Field observations of 400 totally unmanaged feral horses on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, were complemented by oestrogen determinations in faecal samples from 154 identified females over a 4-year period (454 mare-years). Of mares that were sampled throughout the year and subsequently produced foals, 92.1% exhibited elevated faecal oestrogens between 15 October and 30 March. The results confirm that faecal oestrogens are a useful indicator of pregnancy after approximately 120 days gestation. Distribution of foaling resembled that seen in other feral populations, with 95% of births occurring from A...
In vitro comparison of Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses with regard to local fatigue failure of the third metacarpal bone. In vitro local fatigue testing of the third metacarpal bone from Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses was performed, using fully reversed cyclic bending. Strain number of cycle data were accumulated and indicated that significant difference did not exist between the 2 breeds. It was concluded that the marked difference in the incidence of fatigue failure in the third metacarpal bone (bucked shins, dorsal metacarpal disease) seen in Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds was not related to any differences between the 2 breeds in mechanical properties of the bone.
The corpus luteum: source of oestrogen during early pregnancy in the mare. Thirty pregnant mares were assigned to 3 groups: Group 1 (n = 10) mares served as controls; Group 2 (n = 10) mares were treated with altrenogest (44 mg/day) from Day 16 to 80 and Group 3 (n = 10) mares were treated with a luteolytic dose of PGF2 alpha on Day 16 followed by altrenogest (44 mg/day) until Day 80. Concentrations of progesterone and chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) in plasma and oestrogen conjugate (OC) in urine were determined between Days 16 and 80 of gestation. In Group 3, complete luteolysis occurred in all 10 mares following administration of PGF2 alpha. Six of the 10 mares did no...
Nonlinear algorithm for identification of a fiducial marker for various cardiac events. We report on a nonlinear algorithm which identifies R-wave peaks on the surface electrocardiogram, consistent reference points on the left ventricular pressure waveform and the initiation of the QRS complex on the epicardial electrogram. The algorithm has been used to evaluate data from horses, ponies, dogs and humans at rest and during exercise. It permits rapid, accurate evaluation of data on a beat-by-beat basis even with noisy signals and varying waveform configurations. The algorithm facilitates the acquisition of detailed information previously difficult or impossible to obtain by more c...
Control of onset of breeding season in the mare and its artificial regulation by progesterone treatment. Mean plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels and their pulse frequencies and the size of the largest ovarian follicle increased during spring in 12 mares studied twice monthly from deep anoestrus to the occurrence of the first ovulation of the breeding season. Mean FSH levels were reduced significantly in deep anoestrus and when a pre-ovulatory follicle was present, whereas mean LH levels were highest close to ovulation. Five of these 12 research mares and 20 of 40 maiden or barren Standardbred mares at a commercial studfarm were given daily intramuscular ...
Ovarian teratoma and granulosa cell tumor in two mares. Simultaneous and successive occurrence of ovarian teratoma and granulosa cell tumor is reported in 2 mares. Simultaneous occurrence of the tumors may obscure clinical diagnosis. Whereas size, unilaterality, and the cystic nature of each may be similar, differentiating features include the potentially palpable presence of bone, cartilage, or teeth in teratoma, and the hormone-induced behavioral and reproductive effects of granulosa cell tumors. Thorough examination of surgical specimens may reveal the existence of a neoplastic process, previously obscured by the more obvious presence of another...
Identification and opsonic activity of immunoglobulins recognizing Streptococcus zooepidemicus antigens in uterine fluids of mares. A direct ELISA was used to measure immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes G, Gt, A, and M recognizing Streptococcus zooepidemicus epitopes in uterine lavage fluids collected during the early post ovulatory period. A S. zooepidemicus isolate, used as the plate antigen in this assay, was inoculated into the uteri of 8 mares (3 resistant and 5 susceptible to endometritis) at oestrus prior to ovulation during Oestrous Cycles 1, 3 and 5. Resistant mares aged 2-5 years were nulliparous, with clinically normal reproductive tracts as determined by physical examination, bacteriological culture of the uterus, and...
Effect of interval between doses on response of the pony to sodium bicarbonate. Three pony geldings were given sodium bicarbonate orally in order to study the effect on blood pH and bicarbonate and to determine if frequency of dosing influences the response. In a preliminary study, it appeared that a carry-over effect might occur if the interval between dosing was only 2 days. The ponies received 2 doses of sodium bicarbonate (400 mg/kg) 7 days apart in trial one and then in trial two they received 2 doses of sodium bicarbonate 4 days apart. The sodium bicarbonate was mixed with 2 liters of warm water and given through a nasogastric tube on each trial day. Blood samples w...
Low dose calcium heparin in horses: plasma heparin concentrations, effects on red blood cell mass and on coagulation variables. Low dose calcium heparin was administered subcutaneously at 12 hourly intervals to six healthy horses at an initial dose of 150 iu of heparin/kg bodyweight (bwt) and at a maintenance dose of 120 iu/kg bwt. All injections were given at 0900 and 2100 h. Blood samples for monitoring plasma heparin concentrations were obtained prior to, at 2 hourly intervals for 84 h (treatment period), and at Hours 24, 32, 48 and 96 of the control period. Blood samples for monitoring red blood cell (RBC) mass, plasma antithrombin III activity (AT III), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin ti...
Cranial thoracic masses in the horse: a sequel to pleuropneumonia. The formation of cranial thoracic masses (CTM) as a sequel to infectious pleuropneumonia is described. Using ultrasound, masses were diagnosed subjectively as abscesses or loculations. Eight of 99 cases with pleuropneumonia had CTM. Clinical signs associated with the presence of a CTM included increased heart rate, jugular distention, forelimb 'pointing' and caudal displacement of the heart. Techniques used for diagnostic ultrasonographic examination of the cranial thorax are described. Five of the eight horses with CTM responded to conservative medical management; the other three required per...
Onset of luteal activity in non-foaling mares during the early breeding season in Finland. The luteal activity in mares was studied in the Equine Research Station (ERS) and in trotting stables (TS) in South-Finland. The mares were Standardbreeds in the TS and mainly Finnhorses in the ERS. Between January and June blood was collected once a week for serum progesterone determinations. The mares in the ERS were distributed in 1 of 3 groups: three-years old not yet in training (N = 38), brood mares (N = 21) and mares in training (N = 47). A 4th group was the mares in training in the trotting stables (N = 73). Every 5th mare in the ERS and every 4th mare in the trotting stables were cycl...
Analysis of horse and donkey gonadotrophin genes using Southern blotting and DNA hybridization techniques. The number of genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and hormone-specific beta-subunits of the equine gonadotrophins (FSH, LH and CG) were investigated in the horse (Equus caballus), donkey (E. asinus) and 2 horse x donkey hybrids (the mule and hinny). The Southern technique, involving restriction enzyme digestion, blotting and DNA hybridization to 32P-labelled DNA probes was used to estimate the copy number for each gene and to assess the extent to which equids resemble primates, the only other animals that secrete a CG during pregnancy. These methods indicated that, in common with mammals, ...
Effects of an infusion of dopamine on the cardiopulmonary effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin in anaesthetised horses. Horses with colic may be endotoxaemic and subsequently develop hypotension during anaesthesia for surgical operation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dopamine as a means to improve cardiovascular function in anaesthetised endotoxaemic horses. Nine horses (five in group 1 and four in group 2) were anaesthetised with thiopentone and guaifenesin and anaesthesia was maintained with halothane. After approximately one hour, facial artery pressure, heart rate, pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac output, temperature, pHa, PaCO2, PaO2, base excess, packed cell volume, plasma protei...
Electrophoretic characterization of human, equine and bovine transferrins. 1. Human, bovine and equine transferrins have been characterized with respect to mol. wt, and behavior on urea-polyacrylamide gels, and isoelectric focussing gels. 2. As shown by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis human transferrin has one major polypeptide whereas both bovine and equine transferrins have two polypeptides. 3. The transferrins show multiple banded patterns on urea-polyacrylamide and isoelectric focussing gels, particularly when iron saturated. The various forms are not resolved by neuraminidase treatment.
Expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 molecules on early trophoblast. The expression of class I Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules by early trophoblast of intraspecific horse and donkey, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey-in-horse conceptuses was determined using a rat monoclonal antibody (MAC 291) in a peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. Most non-invasive allantochorion of horse, donkey and mule conceptuses did not express class I MHC molecules at any stage of gestation except in small isolated patches of pseudostratified trophoblast lying adjacent to the openings of endometrial glands. In contrast, MHC class I molec...
Glycosaminoglycans in horses with osteoarthritis. Horse articular cartilage glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were measured in synovial fluids from 48 joints affected with osteoarthritis (OA), 22 normal joints, four joints with osteochondritis, three joints with traumatic arthritis and seven joints infected with bacteria. Serum and urine from individual horses were also examined for the presence of GAGs. High levels of GAGs were found in synovial fluids (SF) from horses with OA. In each case, the level was higher in the synovial fluid than in the serum or urine from the same horse. Horses with OA showed high GAG levels in SF, serum and urine compared...
