Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Kaegi B.25 horses which entered the clinic for minor surgery, received ketamine (2.2 mg/kg i.v.) for induction of anesthesia after previous sedation with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg i.v.). As soon as the horses were in the lateral recumbency, the benzodiazepine derivate climazolam was administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. (10 horses) or 0.2 mg/kg i.v. (15 horses). The anesthesia was maintained with repeated injections of ketamine (1.1 mg/kg i.v. every 9-12 minutes). At the end of the surgery, 20 minutes after the last ketamine injection, Ro 15-3505, a benzodiazepine antagonist, was injected at a dose of 0....
Bennett MF.To test a claim that counts of the eggs of large strongyles or bloodworms, parasites of equines, are greater in morning fecal samples than in those from later in the day, and therefore, may be indicators of circadian variations in these worms, samples from one pony and nine horses were analyzed for strongyle eggs. Samples were collected twice per day, about 7:30 and again about 19:30, during two, 24-day periods. Individual counts varied from 0 to 1184. The mean of all 7:30 counts was 212.52; that of 19:30 counts was 236.03. The difference is not significant, and does not support the idea of ci...
Hermanson JW, Hurley KJ.The biceps brachii of horses is a complex muscle subdivided into two heads which may subserve distinct functions. The lateral head contains a large percentage of type I myofibers. This region is largely composed of short fibers (5-7 mm long) arranged in a pinnate fashion and heavily invested with connective tissue. The medial head contains fewer type I fibers and is composed of relatively longer myofibers (15-20 mm long), also arranged in a pinnate fashion but less heavily invested with connective tissue. It is hypothesized that the lateral muscle head of biceps brachii contributes to the post...
Adland-Davenport P, Brown MP, Robinson JD, Derendorf HC.Fourteen foals less than four days of age were treated with the aminoglycoside, amikacin sulphate, and either penicillin or ampicillin for septicaemia, pneumonia, and/or failure of passive immunoglobulin transfer. Serum amikacin concentrations were determined at three times during an 8 or 12 h dosing interval. A 7.0 mg/kg bodyweight dose of amikacin every 8 h was appropriate. Prematurity did not influence mortality. All seven premature foals survived, whereas four of the seven full term foals died. Uraemia in three foals was caused by urinary bladder rupture; amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity wa...
Bowling AT, Dileanis S.The C3 polymorphism of equine serum or plasma revealed by agarose gel electrophoresis can be diagnosed with protein stain following acid protein fixation. In addition to the three alleles previously described (C31, C32, C33), a fourth allele (C34) was found. Population data for 25 domestic breeds and Equus przewalskii are presented.
Rwambo PM, Issel CJ, Adams WV, Hussain KA, Miller M, Montelaro RC.Three ponies were inoculated with plasma containing 10(4.8) TCID50 of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and observed for 165 to 440 days. Each pony developed a febrile response within 3 weeks of infection during which a plasma viremia greater than or equal to 10(3.5) TCID50/ml was observed. Analyses of four isolates from sequential febrile episodes in a single pony were conducted by two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps and with monoclonal antibodies in immunoblots. Structural and antigenic alterations were observed in the envelope glycoproteins gp90 and gp45, with greatest variation in gp9...
Peiffer RL, Wilcock BP, Yin H.Histologic examination was made of 1,419 globes from domestic animals (964 dogs, 374 cats, 41 horses, and 40 cattle) with ocular disease; pre-iridal membranes (rubeosis iridis) were found in 98. The membranes originated as endothelial budding from the anterior iridal stroma and seemed to mature into fibrous or fibrovascular membranes that were often followed by hyphema or, occasionally, glaucoma. Pre-existent disease in the 98 affected globes included chronic endophthalmitis (27/98), chronic glaucoma (24/98), anterior uveal melanoma (15/98), ciliary body adenoma (14/98), neoplasms metastatic t...
Evermann JF.Retroviral infections of livestock have become of increasing importance due to their usefulness as comparative models for human retroviral infections and their effects upon animal health and marketability of animals and animal products nationally and internationally. This paper presents a perspective on the retroviruses of economic concern in veterinary medicine with emphasis on the importance of understanding the modes of virus transmission and the species specificity of the viruses. The retroviruses reviewed include the oncovirus, bovine leukosis virus, and the lentiviruses, equine infectiou...
Milne EM.Equine serum haptoglobin was separated by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and visualized by protein staining or Western blotting. Conventional protein staining revealed up to three bands in the pI range 4.17 to 4.44. The blotting technique, however, showed an anodal group of 8 to 10 bands with a pI range of 4.11 to 4.52 and a cathodal group of 4 to 6 bands with a range of 4.55 to 5.14. The blotting method revealed that equine haptoglobin migrates outside the prealbumin area, in contrast to previous reports.
Liebermann H.Sera collected from 124 horses were checked by means of the serum neutralisation test against equine Bern virus. Torovirusspecific antibodies were recordable from 35 percent of all horses tested. These results are likely to suggest that toroviruses are widespread in the GDR and occur not only in horses but in other domestic animals and in man, as well.
Gasthuys F, De Moor A, Parmentier D.The cardiovascular changes induced by several sedatives were investigated in five ponies with a subcutaneously transposed carotid artery by means of cardiac output determinations (thermodilution technique), systemic and pulmonary artery pressure measurements (direct intravascular method) and arterial blood analysis (blood gases and packed cell volume). The cardiovascular depression (decrease in systemic blood pressure and cardiac output) was long lasting (greater than 90 min) after administration of propionylpromazine (0.08 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.)) together with promethazine (0.08 mg/kg i.v.)...
Bowling AT, Gordon L, Penedo MC, Wictum E, Beebout J.We describe a method for agarose IEF under acid conditions in which a single gel can be used to diagnose from equine red cell lysates genetic variants for carbonic anhydrase (CA) and catalase (Cat). Family and population data for 4801 horses of 27 breeds and seven trap sites of Great Basin feral horses are presented to support the presence of a sixth CA allele, CAE, which has been recognized previously, but not described by published data. Allelic frequencies for the two systems suggest it may be appropriate to use this gel for parentage verification programmes or to obtain population data for...
Kanoe M, Inoue S, Abe T, Anzai T, Kamada M, Imagawa H, Kanemaru T.Clostridium perfingens was isolated from four of 29 healthy foals and from all twelve foals with gastrointestinal diseases. The range of viable counts of C. perfringens in the faeces was 10(1)-10(5)/g and in the intestinal specimens 10(1)-10(7)/g. Of 41 isolates of C. perfringens, 37 were considered to be type A. Enterotoxin of the organism was demonstrated in the intestinal contents of five of eight foals with enteric diseases. These findings suggested that C. perfringens is a likely pathogen of foal intestinal diseases.
Albu I, Georgia R, Georoceanu M.The Haversian canal system in the diaphysial compacta of the femur in 4 mammalian species (dog, pig, bovine, horse) was studied on the decalcified bone using a method developed by the authors. In the microscopic studies we found that in all species the network aspects vary with the depth of the compacta layer. In all layers, there is a background of longitudinal canals with more or less regular trajectories describing large curves. The anastomoses linking them are main elements that define the variety of the network aspects both from layer to layer and from species to species. The canal densit...
Cornick JL.A 2-year-old Trakehner filly with pulmonary histoplasmosis is presented. Clinical signs included weight loss, intermittent fever, dyspnea and depression. Diagnosis was based on thoracic radiography, transtracheal wash cytology and lung aspirate cytology. A 5-week regimen of Amphotercin-B administered intravenously resulted in clinical recovery and return of the animal to normal activity. A brief review of histoplasmosis in man and animal is included.
Loch W, Worthy K, Ireland F.Sixteen non-pregnant pony mares were divided into four groups of similar age and bodyweight (bwt). Groups were randomly assigned to one of four treatments consisting of oral administration of perphenazine (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg bwt, phenothiazine (10 mg/kg bwt) and a control group. Blood samples were taken by jugular venepuncture and plasma prolactin concentrations measured using an homologous assay for equine prolactin. Analysis of variance was conducted on data designed as a split plot over time. Perphenazine given orally (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg bwt) increased plasma prolactin concentrations when mea...
Auer DE, Ng JC, Seawright AA.The effect of oxygen derived free radicals (ODFR) upon the specific viscosity of equine synovial fluid was studied. ODFR were generated either by a mixture of ferrous iron and EDTA (Fe/EDTA) or by a mixture of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO). Incubation of the synovial fluid with both free radical generating systems decreased its specific viscosity. When the synovial fluid was incubated with Fe/EDTA the specific viscosity of the synovial fluid was reduced rapidly. By 2 mins, it was 53 +/- 3 per cent of the original specific viscosity and by 30 mins it was reduced to 39 +/- 5 per cent...
Steffey EP, Kelly AB, Hodgson DS, Grandy JL, Woliner MJ, Willits N.Cardiovascular and respiratory functions were serially characterized in 7 healthy, spontaneously breathing, adult horses (from which food had been withheld) during 5 hours of constant 1.06% alveolar halothane (end-expired halothane concentration of 1.06%; equivalent to 1.2 times the minimal alveolar anesthetic concentration for horses). To enable comparison of temporal results in relation to 2 body postures, horses were studied in lateral recumbency (LR) and dorsal recumbency (DR) on separate occasions. Temporal changes in results of measures of circulation previously reported from this labora...
Gleed RD, Dobson A, Hackett RP.In the quietly standing horse the bronchial arterial blood flow is low, 0.1-0.2% of the pulmonary arterial flow. In horses anaesthetized with halothane, the bronchial arterial flow is reduced by a greater fraction than that in the pulmonary artery. Thus the shunting through the bronchial circulation is decreased about 3-fold by anaesthesia, and cannot, therefore, contribute significantly to the increased alveolar-arterial gradient seen in dorsal recumbency. The results indicate bronchial vasoconstriction under anaesthesia.
Tajima M, Fujinaga T, Okamoto Y, Otomo K, Koike T.The relationship between the optimum concentration of mitogen which induces lymphocyte blastogenic response and the receptor occupancy by mitogen was investigated. The receptor occupancies which induced maximal blastogenic activity in equine, bovine and canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were 31.1 per cent, 26.5 per cent and 38.4 per cent with phytohaemagglutinin-P, and 48.2 per cent, 17.9 per cent and 24.5 per cent with concanavalin A, respectively. The data clearly show that each animal species had its own optimum concentration of mitogen for stimulation of PBL. Optimum concentration ...
Palmieri G, Sanna L, Asole A, Farina V, Bo Minelli L.The origin and course of the collateral sesamoidean (suspensory navicular) ligament of the horse and ass and its attachment to the distal sesamoid bone were studied by means of dissection. Particular attention was given to the topographic relations between this ligament and the deep digital flexor tendon. Numerous sensitive nerve endings are present in this anatomical district. The free and encapsulated nerve endings, displayed by impregnating techniques, are mostly concentrated in the ligament tract connected to the above-named tendon and close to its attachment to the distal sesamoid angle. ...
Watson ED, Sertich PL.Corpora lutea (CL) were collected from mares during early (Day 4-5), mid- (Day 8-9), and late (Day 12-13) dioestrus. Dispersed cell suspensions were obtained by enzymic digestion of tissue. Two distinct luteal cell populations (large and small) were observed. The proportion of small luteal cells significantly increased as age of CL advanced. Cells (2 x 10(6)) from CL which were incubated for 24 h secreted prostaglandin (PG) F, PGE-2 and 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha (the stable metabolite of prostacyclin). Higher concentrations of all PGs were produced by cells from CL at early dioestrus than from those ...
Lavoie JP, Madigan JE, Cullor JS, Powell WE.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of experimentally induced sublethal endotoxaemia in equine neonates. Four foals, between two and five days of age, were infused intravenously with 0.5 microgram/kg bodyweight of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin (LPS) over a 5 h period. A four-day-old and a five-day-old foal, similarly infused with sterile isotonic saline, served as controls. Clinical signs were monitored, blood samples obtained for evaluation of selected haematological and biochemical parameters; and haemodynamic parameters were recorded hourly during the infusion, as well ...
Shams el Din HE, el Nasri M.Seventeen isolates (4.27%) were recovered from 398 samples. Twelve isolates (4%) were obtained from 300 donkey nasal swabs, three (4.3%) and two (6.89%) isolates were recovered from 69 horse nasal swabs and 29 mare uterine washings, respectively. Nine isolates were lost during storage at -20 degrees C and the remaining eight were identified as mycoplasmas and their biological, biochemical and serological reactions were investigated. The isolates could be divided into two groups on the basis of glucose fermentation and arginine hydrolysis. The first group neither fermented glucose nor hydrolyse...
Young DW, Smyth GB.The predominant form of gastrin in the antral mucosa of the stomach of virtually all species previously examined is the 17 amino acid peptide little gastrin (G17). This report describes the occurrence in equine antral mucosa of an immunoreactive form of gastrin with elution properties on Sephadex G-50 superfine similar to human unsulfated big gastrin (G34-I). This putative equine big gastrin was a major component of the gastrin immunoreactivity present. A second peak of activity in equine antral mucosa eluted in an identical manner to human little gastrin (hG17-I). Inhibition curves of equine ...
Pringle JK, Ducharme NG, Baird JD.Ureterovesicular anastomosis resulted in resolution of the clinical signs of urinary incontinence in three horses with unilateral ectopic ureter. Follow-up of two of the horses ten months and three years later indicated no further urinary tract problems; the third horse died four days after surgery from intestinal infarction.Diagnosis can be readily confirmed by antegrade or retrograde ureterography, or endoscopic visualization of the ectopic ureteral openings. Nephrectomy appears indicated in cases of unilateral ectopic ureter with associated ipsilateral urinary tract infection or hydronephro...
Andrews FM.Early aggressive medical therapy in horses with acute rhabdomyolysis is essential to prevent further muscle damage and secondary complications, such as laminitis and acute renal failure. A variety of pharmacologic agents may be helpful in the treatment of this condition but may have adverse affects if hydration status is not corrected first or concurrently with oral or intravenous fluids. Early aggressive therapy will help prevent irreversible muscle damage that could lead to poor performance in the future.
Jann HW, Breshears MA, Allison RW, Pechman RD, Day J, Hart JC, Moorman VJ.Intestinal adenocarcinomas are rare but have been described in the literature. The present case is unusual in both its clinical presentation and in the distribution of metastatic lesions. The sequestrum formation and pathological fracture present are most commonly associated with osteomyelitis in horses and the details of the case highlight the need for differential diagnosis in these particular circumstances and of which clinicians should be aware.
Gottschalk RD, Kirberger RM, Fourie SL.In order to establish the incidence of vacuum phenomenon in horses' carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, stress-flexed radiographs were made of normal joints, joints with known pathology and in anaesthetised horses with joints under traction. Focal intra-articular radiolucencies were identified in normal stress-flexed carpal, metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. These radiolucencies can be confused with those associated with pathological conditions.
Murphy J.There is an inherent element of risk associated with "backing" and riding the previously unbroken horse. If training proceeds too quickly, conflict behaviors may result from the simultaneous application of too many cues. Automated horse walkers (AHW) facilitate the exercising of several horses concurrently at walk or trot for warm-up, cool-down, fitness programs, and rehabilitation purposes. The objective of this study was to investigate if backing the horse within the AHW was an appropriate training method. Ten horses (3-year-olds) took part in this study. They began training within the AHW w...
Bell LG, Lowe JE.A questionnaire was designed to determine the incidence of major injuries, severe colic, and acute laminitis in horses at American Horse Shows Association (AHSA) A- and B-rated shows, ie, those shows requiring a veterinarian in attendance. The questionnaire was sent to the show stewards and filled out by the attending veterinarians of the AHSA A- and B-rated shows held from January 1982 to October 1984. Of 2,952 questionnaires sent out, 799 (27%) were completed and returned by veterinarians; 99 of them were discarded because of incomplete or misleading information. The study revealed a low inc...
Nieth J, Krohn J.Aim of the study was to describe the echotexture and dimensions of the kidneys including the renal pelvis in neonatal foals using transabdominal sonography. Methods: In the course of a preliminary examination, sonographic examinations of the kidneys of 10 dead newborn foals were performed in order to determine their localization, measurement parameters, and echotexture. In subsequent necropsies, the kidneys were measured and the obtained values were compared with the sonographic measurements. A high level of agreement between the both measurement values could be demonstrated. In the main exami...
Wood JL, Kelly L, Cardwell JM, Park AW.The transmission of contagious equine metritis (CEM) on stud farms in Britain, Ireland and other European countries is prevented by following the recommendations in the Horserace Betting Levy Board's Code of Practice on CEM. A quantitative risk assessment was undertaken to estimate the likely impact of removing the recommendation, from the 2002 code, to culture endometrial or cervical swabs microaerophilically for the presence of Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative organism. The scientific literature was reviewed for evidence about the anatomical distribution of T. equigenitalis at differe...
Barneveld A.The pathogenesis of bone spavin and its implications for diagnosis and therapy are reviewed. The pathogenesis of spavin can be divided into three phases, which are characterised by fibrillation of cartilage, osteolysis and ankylosis respectively. It will depend on the degree of osteolysis whether diagnostic anaesthesia should be added to standard clinical and radiological examinations. Satisfactory results of treatment in the group of patients with severe osteolysis can only be obtained by arthrodesis of the distal tarsal joints. It is expected that biomechanical investigations will provide a ...
Melchert M, Aurich C, Aurich J, Gautier C, Nagel C.Stress at foaling has been demonstrated to delay birth. In this study, we followed the hypothesis that even a short delay of foaling increases catecholamine and cortisol release in foals, induces acidosis and impairs neonatal adaptation. Foaling was prolonged for 5 min by transferring mares to an unfamiliar environment at rupture of the allantochorion (group delay, n = 6) while control mares (n = 5) were left undisturbed. In their foals, times from birth to first standing and first suckling, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and salivary cortisol concentration were analysed. B...
Milne EM, Pemberton AD, Dixon PM, McGorum BC, Scudamore CL, Miller HR.The alpha 1-proteinase inhibitors of trypsin, Spi1, Spi3A, and Spi3B, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of horses were separated by electrophoresis, and their proportions were quantified in 12 control horses and 12 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A significantly lower proportion of Spi3B (P < 0.05) and higher proportion of Spi1 (P < 0.02 to P < 0.01) were detected in BALF, compared with serum, in control and COPD-affected horses and appeared to be attributable to reduced Spi3 activity in BALF. There was no significant difference between the control an...
Forterre F, Stoffel MH, Koch C, Precht C, Waschk M, Bürki A.Atlantoaxial instability has been reported in humans, dogs, equids and ruminants. The functional role of the atlantoaxial ligaments has only been described rudimentarily in equids and ruminants. The goal of the present cadaveric study was to compare the anatomy between the different species and to comparatively assess the role of the stabilizing ligaments of the atlantoaxial joint under sagittal shear loading in canine, equine, and bovine cervical spines. Methods: Three equine, bovine, and canine cadaveric specimens were investigated. Biomechanical testing was performed using a purpose built s...
Kafarnik C, Donaldson D, Payne R, Holloway A.A 13-year-old cob mare was presented with exophthalmos and periocular swelling of the left eye. The diagnostic work-up included ocular ultrasound, sonographic examination through the thinned frontal bone, radiography, standing computed tomography of the skull and exploratory osteoplastic surgery. Histopathology was consistent with an organized hematoma. An intradiploic hematoma of the frontal bone was diagnosed 5 years after head trauma, with progressive expansion and deformation of the skull resulting in exophthalmos. Exophthalmos with facial bone deformation was the only clinical finding of ...
Juul SM.During the period from 1.1. to 31.12.1988, 104 patients with injuries resulting from riding or other forms of direct contact with horses were examined and treated in a casualty department in the County of Vejle. Antecedent data from these patients were collected. The majority of injuries occurred on falling from the horse and involved particularly the upper part of the body. The commonest injuries were bruises which did not require special treatment. The relationships between concussion, fracture of the humerus and fracture of the clavicle and riding were investigated by odds ratio. Much fewer...
Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Perris EE, Edwards JF, David JB, Cohen ND, Reuss S.This report involves 6 cases in which medical records and post mortem findings were reviewed leading to the diagnosis of massive pulmonary thromboembolism (MPTE). All horses were mature and MPTE has not been recognised previously as a sequel to generalised systemic illness in mature horses. The clinical data and pathological findings of the cases are reported and the authors conclude that MPTE is an uncommon but important complication of medical and surgical disorders in mature horses. In 3 of the cases, the condition was nonfatal suggesting that some horses having developed PTE survive and th...
Breuhaus BA.To determine whether ingestion of fescue seed infected with the endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum would alter thyroid function in adult horses. Methods: Original study. Methods: 4 adult mares that were not pregnant and 6 adult geldings. Methods: Thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation tests were performed while horses received a standard diet and after infected seed (2.3 kg/d [5 lb/d]) had been fed for 1 and 2 months. Serum prolactin concentrations were measured to verify endophyte absorption. Results: Serum prolactin concentrations indicated that at least 8 of 10 horses absorbed the endop...
Durando MM, Reef VB, Birks EK.Thorough evaluation of myocardial function remains difficult to evaluate under exercising conditions. This study described right ventricular (RV) pressure dynamics during and immediately following exercise. Nine Thoroughbreds without evidence of cardiac disease completed treadmill exercise at 110% of the speed necessary to elicit VO2max while RV pressures were recorded. RV pressure dynamics were calculated at rest, maximal speed and at 10 s intervals for 2 min after exercise. Stress echocardiography was performed at rest and within 120 s after exercise. Mean dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin values were s...
Collard XR, Danse EM, Rombouts JJ.The treatment of acute complete (grade III) tears of the lateral ligaments of the ankle has generated much controversy in the medical literature. Functional treatment has become the standard treatment as it has been shown that there is no significant difference in long term results whatever the treatment (operative repair and cast, cast alone, or early controlled mobilization). Functional treatment includes only a short period of protection by tape bandage or brace and allows early weight-bearing. Major trauma with avulsion of bone and severe ligamentous damage on both medial and lateral sides...
Asakawa MG, Jamieson CA, David F, Johnson JP, Mehmood W, Oikawa MA.A 5-year-old Arabian broodmare with acute colic was diagnosed with lymphocytic ganglioneuritis of the coeliac-mesenteric ganglia and lymphocytic‒plasmacytic enterocolitis resembling inflammatory bowel disease. No significant pathogens were identified by aerobic culture or histopathological examination. The ganglia were multifocally infiltrated with small lymphocytes that were immunopositive for CD3 and negative for CD20 and CD79a antigens, indicating CD3+ T-lymphocyte-mediated coeliac-mesenteric ganglioneuritis. The findings suggest immune-mediated inflammatory bowel disease resulting in dis...
Sertich PL.Pregnancy was established by transcervical transfer of embryos from performance mares into recipient mares. Estrus was synchronized between donor (n = 17) and recipient (n = 43) mares. After a greater than or equal to 25-mm follicle was detected, donor mares were bred artificially daily until ovulation. Day of ovulation was recorded. Uterine flushes (n = 111) were performed on donor mares 7 days after ovulation, and recovered embryos were transferred transcervically to recipient mares within 2 hours. Embryos were recovered from 40.5% of uterine flushes. Of transferred single embryos, 65.7% res...
Mares were inseminated with motile spermatozoa suspended in 30-150 microliters Tyrode's medium directly onto the uterotubal papilla at the anterior tip of the uterine horn, ipsilateral to the ovary containing a dominant preovulatory follicle of > or = 35 mm in diameter, by means of a fine gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) catheter passed through the working channel of a strobed light videoendoscope. Insemination of 10, 8, 25, 14, 11 and 10 mares with, respectively, 10.0, 5.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.1 or 0.001 x 10(6) motile spermatozoa resulted in conception rates of, respectively, 60, 75, 64, 29,...
Schauvliege S, Van den Eede A, Duchateau L, Pille F, Vlaminck L, Gasthuys F.To investigate the influence of calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) on the cardio-respiratory effects of enoximone in isoflurane anaesthetized ponies. Methods: Prospective consecutive experimental trial. Animals Six healthy ponies, weighing 287 +/- 55 kg were included in this study. Methods: After sedation (romifidine, 80 microg kg(-1)), anaesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.06 mg kg(-1)) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg(-1)) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The ponies' lungs were ventilated to maintain normocapnia. After 90 minutes, a bolus of enoximone (0.5 mg kg(-1)) was administered, followed b...
Cox JE, Redhead PH.The long term effect of a single injection of 6,000 iu of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) was studied in two pony stallions. Peripheral plasma samples were analysed for testosterone and oestrone sulphate. Testosterone concentrations were markedly elevated for five days after injection in both stallions. No adverse effects of these high concentrations were observed on concentrations later in the experiment. There was an initial increase in oestrone sulphate in one stallion, after which concentrations decreased to below pre-injection levels. The other stallion (whose initial oestrone sulphat...
Minamijima Y, Niwa H, Uchida E, Yamamoto K.In the past decade, mass spectrometry has become an important technology for protein identification. Recent developments in mass spectrometry allow a large number of identifications in samples; therefore, mass-spectrometry-based techniques have been applied to the discovery of biomarkers. Here, we conducted a proteomic study to compare the proteomes in sera between healthy Thoroughbreds and Thoroughbreds with respiratory disease associated with transport (RDT). We found that four proteins, apolipoprotein F, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, lysozyme and protein S100-A8, were upregulated, whi...
Schicho A, Einwag D, Eickhoff A, Richter PH, Riepl C.Injuries to the spinal cord are not only dreaded because of the high risks existing during the acute phase, but also because of their potential long-term sequelae. Horseback riding also poses a high risk of spinal injuries. We therefore evaluated the most frequent characteristics of accidents leading to long-term sequelae, the primary long-term discomfort resulting from such injuries caused by horseback riding accidents and the way injured persons changed their behaviour after the accidents. Methods: Our study included all cases of horseback riding injuries registered in the Department of Trau...
