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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Use of lag screw fixation for repair of a central tarsal bone fracture in a horse. An 8-year-old Thoroughbred gelding was determined to have a sagittal fracture of the central tarsal bone. Lag screw fixation of the fracture enabled the horse to return to jumping, although degenerative arthritis of the distal intertarsal joint was apparent radiographically 17 months after the injury.
Osteoma of paranasal sinuses of a horse. A 2-year-old Quarter Horse gelding was examined for torticollis, facial protuberances over the frontal and maxillary sinuses, and persistent nasal discharge unresponsive to antibiotics. Radiograph revealed an osseous mass in the right paranasal sinuses. Histologic examination of the biopsied mass led to a diagnosis of osteoma. The mass was removed surgically in sections from the right frontal and maxillary sinuses through separate bone flaps, and sinuses were irrigated with saline solution for 8 days after surgery. Two weeks after surgery, radiography revealed small osseous opacities in the ri...
Gas chromatographic analysis of flunixin in equine urine after extractive methylation. A quantitative method for the analysis of flunixin, 2-(2-methyl-3-trifluoromethylanilino) nicotinic acid, in equine urine by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection has been developed. Flunixin and the internal standard, mefenamic acid, N-(2,3-xylyl) anthranilic acid, were analysed after extractive methylation of the carboxylic acid group using methyl iodide. The extraction and alkylation conditions of flunixin and mefenamic acid have been studied. The detection limit of the method was 0.25 mumol/l flunixin in urine (74 ng/ml). Flunixin was found to be conjugated to 96.5% in equi...
Lipoprotein (a) and plasminogen are immunochemically related. Earlier studies demonstrated that lipoprotein (a), a lipoprotein of high atherogenicity, possesses proteolytic activity. In this report, we provide evidence that the lipoprotein (a)-specific antigen, apoprotein (a) is immunochemically related to plasminogen. This was demonstrated by polyclonal antisera from rabbit, sheep and horse, and with three monoclonal antibodies from mouse. Using immunospecific adsorbers against lipoprotein (a), all plasminogen could be adsorbed from lipoprotein (a)-positive and apparently lipoprotein (a)-negative plasma. As an additional similarity to plasminogen, lipop...
Influence of the autonomic nervous system in the horse urinary bladder. alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors in detrusor muscle and bladder base of horses were investigated by in vitro responses of smooth muscle strips to exogenous agonist and antagonist drugs. Noradrenaline, isoprenaline and salbutamol induced relaxation of detrusor muscle strips which was significantly inhibited by propranolol and butoxamine suggesting that the response is mediated by beta-2 adrenergic receptors. In the urinary bladder base noradrenaline, phenylephrine and B-HT 920 induced strong contractile effects. These contractile responses were inhibited by the alpha antagonist phenoxybenzam...
A modified Cloward’s technique for arthrodesis of the normal metacarpophalangeal joint in the horse. A modified Cloward's technique was performed for arthrodesis of one metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in eight horses. Dorsal arthrotomies were performed medial and lateral to the common digital extensor tendon and two 16 mm holes were drilled through the joint. A perforated cylindrical stainless steel basket filled with cancellous bone was impacted into each hole. The limbs were supported in casts for 8 weeks. The joints were examined and radiographed at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 6 months, and 10 months. One horse was euthanatized at week 14 to assess the progress of the arthrodesis. In the other seven...
Detection of influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/equine influenza (H3N8) viruses. An antigen capture indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/equine/H3N8 viruses. Results from this assay were compared with conventional virus isolation in embryonated hens eggs.
Procoagulant activity in respiratory tract secretions from horses with chronic pulmonary disease. Cell-free supernatants (sol phases), obtained after centrifugation (50,000 x g for 45 minutes) of respiratory tract secretions from horses with chronic pulmonary disease, were assayed for procoagulant activity (PCA) in a one-stage clotting assay. Of the 103 specimens tested, 59% (61) contained PCA. Procoagulant activity was detected most often in respiratory tract secretions of severely affected horses and was correlated with the quantity of neutrophils in the respiratory tract secretions. In 12 of the 17 secretions tested, the clotting time was decreased in a dose-dependent manner. However, i...
Cardiovascular effects of hydralazine HCl administration in horses. Six standing awake adult horses were instrumented for measurement of mean arterial, central venous, and pulmonary arterial blood pressures (mm of Hg), thermodilution cardiac output (ml/kg/min), and pulmonary arterial blood temperature (C). Total peripheral resistance was calculated from these values. Base-line data were accumulated, and a single dose of hydralazine HCl (0.5 mg/kg) was administered IV. Horses were monitored for 420 minutes after hydralazine administration. Mean arterial and central venous blood pressures did not change from the base-line values. Cardiac output and heart rate we...
Effect of an interfering substance on determination of potassium by ion-specific potentiometry in animal urine. Analytical characteristics of photometry and ion-specific potentiometry for urine from sheep, horses, cows, dogs, and cats were determined, using solutions of sodium and potassium chloride. The performance of both methods were acceptable, but the ion-specific potentiometer (in the mode for urine analysis) was superior in terms of linearity of response and correlation between actual vs measured concentrations. Coefficients of variation of either method for repeated analyses of various concentrations of sodium and potassium were always less than 2.5%. The measurement of sodium concentration in u...
Distribution of ground reaction forces of the concurrently loaded limbs of the Dutch Warmblood horse at the normal walk. The distribution of the ground reaction forces (GRF) over the concurrently loaded limbs of the normally walking horse was determined from 'representative' GRF patterns of all limbs, which were plotted in correct time order after analysis of simultaneously taken high-speed film. This procedure visualises the GRF patterns of each of the four limbs in relation to the GRF pattern(s) of the one or two concurrently loaded limb(s) during a complete stride. In 15 clinically sound horses the mean averaged GRF data and temporal stride parameters showed an almost complete symmetry between both the foreli...
Evaluation of the post-partum mare in relation to foal heat breeding. II. Uterine swabbing and biopsies. Fifty-three post-partum (p. p.) periods were studied in 38 mares. Uterine samples were taken on
the 2nd and 5th days p.p. and thereafter every other day until ovulation. Uterine swabs were
examined for bacteria and neutrophils and uterine biopsy specimens for neutrophils and lymphocytes.
The occurrence of bacteria and leukocytes was most common on day 5 p. p. The dominant organism
on day 2 was E. coli and on day 5 P-haemolytic streptococci. Thirty-four mares were inseminated
during the first p. p. oestrus. Only the occurrence of neutrophils in day 5 biopsy specimens correlated
with foal ...
Further studies on the diagnostic value of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5′-nucleotidase in cattle, sheep and horses. The distribution of 5'-nucleotidase (5'-NT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) is similar in the tissues of the sheep, calf and horse, except that there is relatively less gamma-GT in calf liver than in the liver of the other two species. The liver lesion produced by the oral administration of chloroform is similar in the three species and is accompanied by the release of 5'-NT into the plasma of the sheep and calf but not of the horse. Conversely, gamma-GT is released into plasma of the horse but not of the sheep or calf. This difference is not related to the tissue distribution of ...
Detection of neurectomy by testing skin sensitivity using an electrical stimulus. A method for detection of neurectomy by electrical stimulation of the skin, distal to the neurectomy site, was tested for accuracy and feasibility. An electrical stimulation device was designed and tested to find the minimum peak voltage that would elicit a response in normal horses. Twenty seven horses were then tested at regular intervals following neurectomy and their responses recorded. Immediately following neurectomy there was an area of insensitivity with sharply defined borders extending in an arc from the back of the pastern down towards the bulbs of the heels. In the months following...
Effect of gentamicin sulfate and sodium bicarbonate on the synovium of clinically normal equine antebrachiocarpal joints. The effect of gentamicin sulfate, unbuffered and buffered with sodium bicarbonate, on synovial fluid and membrane of clinically normal equine joints was evaluated. Thirty-six adult horses with clinically normal antebrachiocarpal joints were allotted to 6 treatment groups of 6 horses each. One antebrachiocarpal joint in each horse was chosen for treatment. Group-1 horses were given gentamicin (3 ml; 50 mg/ml); group-2 horses were given sodium bicarbonate (3 ml; 1 mEq/ml); group-3 horses were given gentamicin (3 ml; 50 mg/ml) and sodium bicarbonate (3 ml; 1 mEq/ml); group-4 horses were not treat...
Effects of xylazine on cecal mechanical activity and cecal blood flow in healthy horses. Mechanical activity of the cecal body, lateral cecal arterial blood flow, carotid arterial pressure, and heart rate were measured in 6 conscious healthy horses 30 minutes before and for 120 minutes after IV administration of xylazine at dosages of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight, 0.55 mg/kg, and 0.275 mg/kg. Xylazine at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg reduced the mean motility index (the product of the mean amplitude of contractions and the total duration of contractile activity divided by the recording time) of the circular and longitudinal muscle layers for the first, second, third, and fourth 30-minute peri...
Influences of season and artificial photoperiod on stallions: luteinizing hormone follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone. Influence of day length on seasonal endocrine responses were studied using stallions (seven per group). Treatments included 1) control, with natural day length; 2) 8 h light and 16 h dark (8:16) for 20 wk beginning July 16, 1982 then 16:8 from December 2, 1982 until March 5, 1984 (S-L); or 3) 8:16 from July 16, 1982 until March 5, 1984 (S-S). Blood was sampled hourly for 5 h every 4 wk; sera were pooled within horse, and luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were quantified. Blood was collected every 20 min for 24 h every 8 wk and 2 wk before and after t...
Effects of xylazine and acepromazine on bronchomotor tone of anaesthetised ponies. The effects of xylazine (an alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist) and acepromazine (an alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist) on bronchomotor tone were investigated in seven anaesthetised, apnoeic ponies using a computer aided forced oscillation technique, which separates changes in bronchial calibre from changes in lung volume. Both agents produced bronchodilatation and a decrease in lung volume.
Surgical treatment of acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: a review of 51 cases. During a seven year period, 51 cases of acquired inguinal herniation in 50 stallions were treated surgically. In 25 cases the herniated loop was ileal, in the other 26 it was jejunal. In cases of strangulation, the vaginal ring was enlarged by incising the peritoneum and transverse fascia. Closure of the superficial inguinal ring was advisable to prevent the hernia recurring. In all cases unilateral castration was performed. Laparotomy was carried out in 33 cases; 22 required intestinal resection and in four cases a bypass was made. Follow-up at least six months postoperatively indicated that ...
Increased local IgA production in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The immunoglobulin (Ig) content of serum and tracheal lavage fluid was measured in 50 horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 40 control horses. The mean immunoglobulin: albumin ratios of the lavage fluids of both groups were significantly higher than the corresponding values for serum, which indicates significant local production of immunoglobulins in the lower respiratory tract. The IgA: albumin ratio of lavage fluid was significantly higher in diseased compared with normal horses, which implies increased local production of IgA in this disease. The IgG: albumi...
