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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Incarceration of the small intestine by the epiploic foramen in fifteen horses. In 15 horses with acute abdominal disease, a diagnosis of incarceration of small intestine through the epiploic foramen was made, either at the time of exploratory celiotomy or at necropsy.The horses exhibited signs of moderate to severe abdominal pain and were suffering from hypovolaemic and/or endotoxic shock. Nasogastric intubation produced either gas or fluid, the pH of which was in the range of 5 to 7.2, indicating reflux of small intestinal content into the stomach. Consistent physical findings included absence of gut sounds on auscultation, dilated small intestine palpable on rectal exa...
Intra-osseous pressure of the equine third metatarsal bone. Intra-osseous pressure was measured in the third metatarsal bone of 8 pony foals at the age of 1, 3, 6 and 26 weeks of age, and on one occasion in the third metatarsal bone of 5 ponies aged 1-5 years; the animals were under general anesthesia and in lateral recumbency. Saphenous venous pressure and lateral superficial plantar metatarsal arterial pressure were also monitored throughout the procedure. There were no statistically significant changes in the epiphyseal, diaphyseal, venous or arterial pressures with increasing age of the foals. There was no statistically significant difference betwe...
Embryonic loss in pony mares induced by intrauterine infusion of Candida parapsilosis. Pony mares which were detected pregnant by transrectal ultrasonography received a single intrauterine infusion of either sterile saline (control, n = 12 mares) or 10(6)Candida parapsilosis (treated, n = 12 mares) between Days 11 to 14 postovulation. Subsequent embryonic loss was studied by daily ultrasonography of the mare's uterus, by serum progesterone levels, by endometrial swabs for cytologic and microbiologic examination and by endometrial biopsies that were taken after embryonic loss was detected. Significantly fewer (P<0.01) embryonic losses occurred in control than in treated mares (4 ...
Agents of equine viral encephalomyelitis: correlation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid antibodies. A survey was conducted by testing 115 paired equine serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples by hemagglutination-inhibition for antibodies to Powassan and snowshoe hare viruses, and by virus neutralization for antibodies to equine herpesvirus type 1. Twenty-five samples were from horses with spontaneous neurological disease and the remainder from horses euthanized because of various nonneurological disorders. All sera and cerebrospinal fluids were negative for antibodies to Powassan virus. Fifty-one sera (44.3%) and 15 cerebrospinal fluids (13.0%) had antibodies to snowshoe hare virus. Ninety-eig...
Examination of the horse with colic. The purpose of this detailed description of the clinical examination of the colic patient is to arrive at a specific diagnosis. However, this is hardly ever possible, but the practitioner should be in the position to establish the suspicion of an intestinal obstruction or to rule out its presence during the course of the development. Single clinical findings should not be interpreted in isolation but in relation to one another, so that a false diagnosis is not made. All clinical findings should be documented, so that when repeated examinations are carried out, findings can be compared with one...
Hemodynamic and respiratory responses in halothane-anesthetized horses exposed to positive end-expiratory pressure alone and with dobutamine. The influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the alveolar-arterial O2 tension difference [P(A-a)O2], physiologic right-to-left shunt fraction, physiologic dead space-to-tidal volume ratio, and hemodynamic variables was studied in halothane-anesthetized horses maintained in dorsal recumbency during controlled ventilation. Dobutamine was used to minimize the adverse cardiovascular consequences of PEEP. Six adult horses were anesthetized, using xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM), guaifenesin (50 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal Na (4.4 mg/kg, IV), and halothane (1.5 to 2% inspired) in 10...
Comparative pharmacokinetics of yohimbine in steers, horses and dogs. In steers, horses and dogs, the comparative pharmacokinetics of yohimbine were determined using model-independent analysis. The intravenous dose of yohimbine was 0.25 mg/kg of body weight in steers, 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg in horses, and 0.4 mg/kg in dogs. The mean residence time (+/- SD) of yohimbine was 86.7 +/- 46.2 min in steers, 106.2 +/- 72.1 to 118.7 +/- 35.0 min in horses, and 163.6 +/- 49.7 min in dogs. The mean apparent volume of distribution of yohimbine at steady state was 4.9 +/- 1.4 L/kg for steers, 2.7 +/- 1.0 to 4.6 +/- 1.9 L/kg for horses, and 4.5 +/- 1.8 L/kg for dogs. The total ...
Effect of butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, or metoclopramide on intestinal motility in female ponies. Effect of butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, and metoclopramide on jejunal and pelvic flexure myoelectric and mechanical activity in 4 female ponies was investigated. The agent to be tested or saline solution was administered IV at the start of a 6-hour recording trial. In the jejunum, duration between activity fronts of regular spiking activity, defined as the length of the migrating myoelectric complex (MMC), was measured. The average duration of the MMC during control trials was 150 +/- 46 minutes. The average duration of the MMC after meperidine, butorphanol, pentazocine, and metoclopra...
Recognition and management of ileus. Ileus may occur in horses of all ages secondarily to drug administration, colic, exhaustion, peritonitis, or metabolic disorders. Ileus most commonly occurs following abdominal surgery for colic and is a significant cause of postoperative mortality in these horses. The most common clinical signs of ileus are decreased or absent intestinal sounds and gastric reflux. Ileus is treated by eliminating the initiating causes, correcting metabolic imbalances, decompressing distended bowel, providing analgesia, stimulating motility with drugs, and regulating exercise and feed and water intake.
Severe Synovitis in Two Horses due to the Use of Irrigating Solutions Containing Methanol and Formaldehyde. Two horses were examined because of chronic lameness, which followed arthroscopy in one case, and tendon sheath lavage in a second case. Clinical investigations linked both cases to the use of irrigating fluids containing preservatives. The clinical signs were reproduced in a Shetland pony by injection and lavage of the carpal joints with the same fluid. Lameness was slow in onset and accompanied by profound periarticular fibrosis. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of a severe, erosive, noninfectious arthritis that may have an immune-mediated component. Clinicians should read produ...
Establishment of equine T-lymphocyte cultures dependent on recombinant human interleukin-2. Long-term equine lymphocyte cultures were initiated and maintained in continuous culture with medium containing recombinant human interleukin-2. Cultures were successfully maintained with lectin activation signals and recombinant human interleukin-2 or with recombinant human interleukin-2 alone. All cell cultures that were characterized had a T-lymphocyte phenotype and had lectin-dependent or -independent cytotoxicity directed to various cell types. These findings demonstrate that long-term equine T-lymphocytes cultures can be initiated and maintained easily.
Incomplete palmar fracture of the proximal extremity of the third metacarpal bone in horses: ten cases (1981-1986). In 4 adult horses, simple, nondisplaced, incomplete fracture of the proximal extremity of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) was identified radiographically only on the dorsopalmar projection. Lameness was slight to moderate. Although nerve blocks of the foot and fetlock did not alter the lameness, high palmar regional nerve block improved the gait in 1 of the 2 horses on which it was performed. Pain on palpation or swollen distal accessory (inferior check) ligament, flexor tendons, and suspensory ligament were not found in any horse. The fracture was localized to the palmar surface of the proxim...
[An impacted bladder stone]. A case of colic in a Haflinger gelding is reported. This was due to a calculus in the penis. The operation is described.
Diaphragmatic O2 and lactate extraction during submaximal and maximal exertion in ponies. Diaphragmatic O2 and lactate extraction were studied in 10 healthy ponies at rest and during treadmill exercise. The phrenic vein was aseptically catheterized via a lateral thoracotomy 8-35 days before the study. Arterial and phrenic venous blood samples were obtained simultaneously at rest and at 30-s intervals during 4 min of exertion. Three levels of exertion were studied (moderate, 10 mi/h; heavy, 15 mi/h; maximal, 20 mi/h), and a rest period of at least 90 min was allowed between them. Each pony was studied twice at least 2-3 days apart. At rest the diaphragmatic venous PO2, O2 saturation...
Effect of feeding on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of the horse. The effect of feeding frequency and associated meal size on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in seven horses was examined. A daily maintenance ration of hay-grain pellets was provided either as a multiple feeding regimen (MF), in which the ration was divided into six equal portions fed at 4-h intervals, or as a single large feeding (SF) given from 9 A.M. until 11 A.M. Plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (PAC), cortisol (PCC), protein concentration (TP), packed cell volume (PCV), and serum sodium and potassium were measured serially. To prevent significant RAAS stimulation d...
Regional distribution and species variation of prolactin binding sites in the brain. The binding of 125I-labeled ovine prolactin (125I-oPRL) to membranes from different brain regions of pigeon, rabbit, rat, pig, calf, horse, and ewe was studied. The hypothalamus from rabbit, pig, horse, and pigeon showed a low but specific binding for 125I-oPRL clearly different from the other brain regions examined (cortex and cerebellum), whereas in the brain from rat, calf, and ewe the binding was very small and quite uniform in the various regions. Also the membranes from choroid plexus of rabbit, pig, calf, and horse showed an evident specific binding for prolactin. The binding of 125I-oP...
Estimation of human reproductive risk from animal studies: determination of interspecies extrapolation factors for steroid hormone effects on the male. The problem of extrapolating effects of reproductive toxins on experimental animals to predict the doses that would produce infertility in human males is discussed using published data on effects of testosterone and estradiol on sperm production in the rat, rabbit, rhesus monkey, ram, stallion, and humans. This analysis indicates that calculation of the dose of testosterone that reduces human sperm counts by a given percentage is best done using the dose administered to laboratory animals expressed on the basis of body weight, as opposed to some other parameter such as body surface area. A sur...
Iron toxicity in neonatal foals. Newborn Shetland foals died of acute hepatic failure following oral administration of approximately 16 mg/kg body weight ferrous fumarate. Lesions in these foals were indistinguishable from lesions in foals given an oral digestive inoculant containing ferrous fumarate and were also similar to the syndrome characterised as 'toxic hepatopathy' in foals in the United States in 1983. We conclude that foals are susceptible to toxicity from low doses of iron compounds in the first few days of life. Vitamin E and selenium deficiency may contribute to this susceptibility.
