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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Endometritis, a common cause of infertility in mares. Infertility, resulting from failure to conceive during the preceding breeding season, was caused by various forms of endometritis in forty-four mares of Highland and Arabian breeds in Yugoslavia. Chronic mucopurulent and latent catarrhal endometritis occurred most frequently. Douching of the uterus on alternate days for 9 days with warm and cold sterile salt solutions (ranging from 7% to 1% w/v) in the early autumn resulted in conception in 47-7% of mares at an average of 15-2 days after the onset of treatment, and another 36-7% becoming pregnant in the following spring. Mating at the wrong st...
Studies on dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate toxicity: clinical, gross and microscopic pathology in the horse and guinea pig. Concentrations of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (DSS) ranging from three to five times the recommended dosage produced severe diarrhea, rapid dehydration and death in seven horses and 66 guinea pigs when administered experimentally per os. Clinicopathological findings indicated hemoconcentration in both horses and guinea pigs. There was a leucocytosis in the guinea pigs given the highest dosages. In all cases the principal finding at necropsy was extreme fluid distention of the intestinal tract. There was histopathological evidence of epithelial denudation and vascular stasis. The LD50 in the ...
The use of prostaglandin F2alpha-tham salt in mares in clinical anoestrus. Seventy-three Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares in clinical anoestrus during the breeding season were treated with PGF2alpha. The mares were divided into four categories; foaling, barren, maiden and unknown. The response was consistent in all groups. Mares at Days 2 to 4 of dioestrus showed no decrease in plasma progesterone levels, and those at Days 6 to 8 showed a return of progesterone to baseline levels (less than 1 ng/ml) in 24 to 48 hr after treatment. Plasma progesterone levels returned to basal levels in 24 to 48 hr in 93% of mares; progesterone levels had not changed by 96 hr in 7% ...
Observations on reproductive performance in the yearling mare. Reproductive performance was studied in 137 yearling mares run with stallions in small groups for 3 months between June and August in 1968 to 1971 (four breeding seasons). Pregnancy diagnosis by repeated rectal palpation and qualitative tests for PMSG, showed that ninety-five mares conceived of which forty-four aborted spontaneously between Days 30 and 160 of gestation. Laboratory examination of twenty-one aborted fetuses failed to show any infectious agents. Serial quantitative and qualitative tests for PMSG in aborting animals gave results similar to those observed in mares with normal pregn...
Infection of the horse fetus. Many infections of the equine placenta and fetus result from ascending spread along the cervical canal. Most abortions due to infection occur during the later stages of pregnancy and the possible effects of intrauterine infection on the developing fetus and young foal are discussed.
Oestrus, ovulation and plasma hormones after prostaglandin F2alpha in mares. The luteolytic effect of PGF2alpha, administered by intrauterine infusion or subcutaneous injection during early dioestrus, was observed in mares of mixed breeds. An infusion of 10 mg on Days 7 to 9 after ovulation caused a sharp fall in plasma progesterone levels and induced oestrus and ovulation. Oestrus was significantly longer than in the natural cycle but the time of ovulation in relation to the end of oestrus was normal. The time of return to oestrus following luteolysis was not dependent on the amount of PGF2alpha within the range of doses given. Luteolysis could be induced as early as ...
Relationship between luteal function and metabolic clearance and production rates of progesterone in the mare. The functional activity of the equine CL was measured by its ability to convert [4-14C]3beta-hydroxy-5-en-20-one to [4-14C]pregn-4-en-3,20-dione. The capacity of homogenates of CL of different ages followed the temporal pattern of plasma progestagen concentrations. In ten mares which ovulated twice at intervals of 0 to 9 days in the same cycle, the conversion capacity of the CL from the second ovulation was similar to that from the first ovulation. After adjusting for age, the CL from the first of two ovulations had a similar conversion capacity as that resulting from a single ovulation. Plasm...
Studies on the preservation of raw and frozen horse semen. Retention of high motility of horse spermatozoa preserved at 4 degrees C was improved by a semen extender. Raw semen preserved for 2 to 8 hr at 4 degrees C gave an average conception rate of 67-3% but preservation for 1 to 2 days gave an extremely low conception rate. The conception rate from deep-frozen semen during 8 years was 56-3%.
Identification of multiple equine infectious anemia antigens by immunodiffusion reactions. Equine infectious anemia (EIA) cell antigens prepared from infected equine spleen, equine leukocyte cultures or a persistently infected equine dermis cell line contained at least two serologically reacting components. For convenience one component was designated as soluble antigen (SA) and the other as cell-associated antigen (CAA). The SA appeared as a single component when it was prepared from EIA virus precipitated from infectious tissue culture fluid with polyethylene glycol and ether treated but it was mixed with CAA when the source was infected cells. Cytolytic or mechanical disruption o...
The site of ovulation in the mare. Serial photography of the ovary of a mare by periodic surgical exteriorization of the ovary and peritonescopy in situ revealed that the ovulatory fossa is the site of ovulation in this species.
The ultrastructure of endometrial cups in pregnant mares. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques were used to study the various epithelial cells in the endometrial cups of ten pregnant mares, and in the uterine epithelium of one non-pregnant mare. Evidence was obtained which suggested that epithelial gland cells within the endometrial cups, as distinct from the hypertrophied decidual-like cells in the cup, may synthesize PMSG. The suggestion does not agree with the findings of other workers in the fetal origin (chorionic girdle cells) of this gonadotrophin.
An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the interstitial cells in the gonads of the fetal horse. Gonadal tissue obtained at about 50-day intervals from Days 60 to 300 of gestation was examined histologically, histochemically and in the electron microscope. The marked enlargement of the gonads (ovaries or testes) reached a peak around Day 250 and was caused by hypertrophy and hypoplasia of interstitial cells. These cells had all the ultrastructural characteristics of a steroid-secreting cell but delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) was not detected at any stage of their development. There was no significant change in the ultrastructure of the interstitial cells between Day...
Morphology and pathology of the equine umbilical cord. A brief description is given of the morphology of the umbilical cord and some variations encountered. In 95% of normal Thoroughbred foals the cord measures less than 84 cm. Factors which govern cord length are not known. Seven pathological conditions involving the umbilical cord are described. Increased length is the most common abnormality and predisposes to three potentially lethal conditions, strangulation of the cord around the fetus, excessive torsion, and allantochorionic necrosis at the cervical pole.
Neuropathology of the convulsive foal syndrome. Brains from eighteen Thoroughbred foals suffering from the convulsive foal syndrome were examined neuropathologically and compared with brains from nine foals dying from different causes. In the brains of nine convulsive foals there was necrosis of the cerebral cortex, accompanied in three by severe necrosis of the diencephalon and brain stem; haemorrhage into the cerebral cortex was also present in most of this group. In the other nine brains from convulsive foals there was haemorrhage, often severe, especially in the white and grey matter of the cerebral cortex and in the cerebellum. Minimal...
Factors influencing foaling percentages in Australian mares. Foaling figures for Thoroughbred mares in Australia show a puzzling disparity between conception and foaling rates in the second half of the 22 years of official data collection between 1950 and 1972. In the first 9 years of the survey, the live foal percentages rose in parallel with conception rates, but then a divergence of the figures occurred with the conception rate continuing to improve by 6-25% while the foaling rate improved by only 0-01% over the same period. An hypothesis supported by data from two studs is considered that stress factors additional to those experienced by mares in th...
An intersex (male pseudohermaphrodite) horse with 64XX/XXY mosaicism. The clinical, pathological and chromosomal findings in a male pseudohermaphrodite horse are reported. This animal appeared to be a female but showed strong male sexual behaviour. A small penis emerged from a rudimentary vagina. Two small testes were present in the abdomen and undifferentiated seminiferous tubules contained only supporting cells. No uterus was found. Culture of peripheral blood leucocytes revealed a 64XX/65XXY mosaicism.
Semen characteristics in thyroidectomized stallions. Three Quarter-horse stallions were surgically thyroidectomized at 18 months of age. Weekly semen collections were made from these and three control stallions from 25 to 39 months of age. Although the induced state of hypothyroidism in young stallions has a depressing effect on libido and general animation and can be corrected by thyroprotein supplementation, semen characteristics, testicular histology and fertility are not affected by the operation.
Evaluation of xylazine as a sedative and preanesthetic agent in horses. Xylazine administered intramuscularly (IM) to horses at the dose level of 2 mg/kg was an effective sedative and preanesthetic for thiamylal sodium narcosis or thiamylal sodium and halothane anesthesia. Evaluation of response of cardiovascular, respiratory, and hepatic function did not indicate serious untoward effects, although cardiac and respiratory rate decreased, calculated vigor of left ventricular contraction decreased, calculated peripheral vascular resistance increased, and transient innocuous cardiac arrhythmias occurred. Effects of the anesthetics used on respiratory function (blood ...
Immunoglobulin metabolism in the neonatal foal. The proteins IgG and IgG(T) are the predominant immunoglobulins in equine colostrum. Their distribution and catabolism were studied in the newborn foal using an isotopic tracer technique. More precise quantitation of the absorption of these immunoglobulins from colostrum is now possible.
The cycle of oestrus, ovulation and plasma levels of hormones in the mare. The duration of the oestrous cycle and day of ovulation were recorded in six mares which were used for concurrent assay of plasma levels of sex steroids and pituitary LH concentration. Peak of progesterone were reached during dioestrus and those of oestradiol and androstenedione occurred 2 days before ovulation and were in decline on the day of ovulation. Plasma oestrone remained constant (between 9 and 12 pg/ml) throughout the cycle. Plasma LH rose to a maximum near to the time of ovulation, and thereafter decreased gradually until mid-dioestrus. The pattern of secretion is compared with that...
The fine structure of the glycocalyx of equine spermatozoa: a high-resolution cytochemical study. Equine spermatozoa were obtained from ejaculates of young stallions. The seminal plasma was removed and the sperm pellets washed three times with 0-15 M-NaCl solution before final centrifugation at 4500 g for 15 min. The pellets were fixed in a mixture of 2-5% glutaraldehyde in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer, pH 7-4, with 0-5% Alcian blue and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide with 1% lanthanum nitrate; other samples were treated with ruthenium red. All samples were dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, embedded in araldite and thin sections examined in an electron microscope. Electron de...
[Production of antirickettsial sera by immunizing horses. II. Obtaining and testing an immune serum to D. sibericus]. The authors present the results of immunization of horses-producers with a commercial antigen and the yolk culture of the living R. sibericus (strain K1) for the purpose of obtaining specific immune sera for many purposes. It was shown that the original combined scheme of immunization and reimmunization of horses, successfully approved in the preparation of immune sera to Rickettsia prowazeki also proved to be highly effective for obtaining the antisera to R. sibericus. Sera obtained after the primary immunization of horses could be successfully used as diagnostic sera, but they were of no use...
Diarrhoea in horses associated with ulceration of the colon and caecum resulting from S vulgaris larval migration. The clinical manifestations of a diarrhoeic syndrome of horses with ulceration of the mucosae of the colon and caecum are described. Patients could be divided into three groups according to their presenting symptoms and the disease is probably caused by the thrombo-embolism associated with migrating larvae of Strongylus vulgaris. The differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment are outlined with particular reference to the use of antithrombotic agents.
Antigenic relationship between the surface antigens of avian and equine influenze viruses. Influenza virus Equine 1 (A/equine/Prague/56) has a hemagglutinin which is antigenically related to the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus strain Rostock (FPV) and a neuraminidase which cross-reacts with the enzyme of virus N (A/chick/Germany/49). After a single injection of chickens with Equine 1 virus no hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) and neutralizing antibodies against FPV can be demonstrated, although the birds are fully protected against a lethal dose of FPV. HI and neutralizing antibodies against FPV appear after a second injection of Equine 1 virus several weeks after the first one. L...
