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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Probiotic potential of Weissella strains isolated from horse feces. In this study, we isolated four Weissella confusa strains from the healthy horse feces to test their potential as equine probiotics. The identification and characteristics of these isolates were determined as per standard methods. Resistance and susceptibility of the isolated strains were tested to low pHs, different heat treatments, commonly used antibiotics and against the pathogenic strains of Salmonella, Pasteurella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. After 3 h cultural in different pH medium, the 4 strains still had a certain amount of survival above pH 3.0. WH2 and WH4 were s...
Genetic evaluation of bovine papillomavirus types detected in equine sarcoids in Poland. Equine sarcoids are the most common neoplasms in horses. Bovine papilloma- virus type 1 (BPV-1) is the main viral type identified in equine sarcoids in Europe. Objective: The aim of the present study was to genetically evaluate BPV types based on DNA analyses of the CDS of the L1 gene. The presence of BPV DNA was confirmed by Degenerate Oligonucleotide-Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (DOP PCR) with FAP59/FAP64 consensus primers. Results: The DNA was detected in 21/40 (52.5%) of clinically diagnosed sarcoids. More than half of 14 isolates (66.7%) shared 100% homology with BPV-1 Deltapapillomav...
Evaluation of the foal survival score in a Danish-Swedish population of neonatal foals upon hospital admission. It is highly desirable to assess the probability of survival in sick neonatal foals upon admission. The foal survival score (FSS) is a published scoring system used to estimate the probability of survival in hospitalized neonatal foals <4 days old. Objective: To evaluate the ability of the FSS to predict survival in older foals from a geographically different area compared to the original study. Methods: Five-hundred ninety hospitalized neonatal foals ≤14 days of age. Methods: Retrospective Danish-Swedish multicenter study that included details of signalment, history, clinical examina...
Alar fold resection in 25 horses: Clinical findings and effect on racing performance and airway mechanics (1998-2013). To report clinical findings and performance in horses in which alar fold collapse (AFC) had been diagnosed and surgically treated and to assess form and degree of respiratory obstruction. Methods: Retrospective case series. Methods: Twenty-one standardbreds, 2 coldblooded trotter racehorses, 1 thoroughbred, and 1 Icelandic horse. Methods: Alar fold collapse was diagnosed on the basis of continuous abnormal expiratory flutter noise coinciding with filling of the false nostrils during exercise on a high-speed treadmill that was alleviated by suturing the alar folds (AF) temporarily in a dorsal p...
ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled ...
Anaplasma bovis infection in a horse: First clinical report and molecular analysis. A 23-year-old male Thoroughbred horse at the Korean Military Academy appeared thin with visible rib bones and presented clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lethargy, and severe dehydration. To determine the presence of various febrile disease-causing agents, the 23 cohabiting horses at the academy, including this horse, were subjected to hematology, blood chemistry, and molecular analysis using whole blood samples collected during regular medical check-ups. On the basis of clinical history, physical examination, hematology, blood chemistry, and fecal examination, differential diagnosis using mo...
Inappropriate lactation in a 15-year-old thoroughbred mare. A 15-year-old thoroughbred non-pregnant mare was presented with ongoing inappropriate lactation. The most likely cause, equine Cushing's disease, was ruled out through biochemical testing. Milk cytology and bacterial culture showed no evidence of mastitis or neoplasia. Idiopathic inappropriate lactation was diagnosed and treatment with pergolide was recommended. Lactation inappropriée chez une jument Pur-sang âgée de 15 ans. Une jument Pur-sang non gravide âgée de 15 ans a été présentée avec une lactation continue inappropriée. La cause la plus probable, la maladie de Cushing, a étÃ...
Complications and survival in horses with surgically confirmed right dorsal displacement of the large colon. This study compared post-operative complications and survival in horses with right dorsal displacement of the large colon (RDD) and horses with other non-strangulating large colon (NSLC) lesions. Data were obtained from medical records of horses undergoing exploratory laparotomy from 2000 to 2016 and from owner questionnaire. Of 137 horses that fitted the inclusion criteria, 67 (49%) had RDD and 70 (51%) had NSLC lesions. Twenty-eight horses with RDD (42%) and 27 horses with NSLC (39%) experienced ≥ 1 complication after surgery. The RDD group showed more severe complications than the NSLC gr...
Coconut Water as an Extender Component for Cooled Equine Sperm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of coconut water as a component of extender in different formulations for cooling equine sperm. One ejaculate of fourteen stallions was collected. Sperm was diluted to 50 × 10 sperm/mL using five different extenders: ACP-105: powdered coconut water extender (ACP-105, ACP Biotecnologia, Brazil); ACP-Milk: ACP-105 + 20 g/L of skimmed milk; ACP-EY 2.5%: ACP-105 + 2.5% of egg yolk; ACP-EY 5%: ACP-105 + 5% of egg yolk; and BotuSêmen (Botupharma, Botucatu, Brazil) and cooled in passive cooling device (BotuFlex, Botupharma, Botucatu, Brazil) at 5...
Modelling the development of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin parasites: The importance of genetic and fitness parameters. Previously described models for the free-living and parasitic phases of the cyathostomin life-cycle were combined into a single model for the complete life-cycle. The model simulates a single free-living population on pasture utilising parasite egg output from the horses and localised temperature and rainfall data to estimate infective larval density on herbage. Multiple horses of different ages are possible, each with an individualised anthelmintic treatment programme. Genotypes for anthelmintic resistance are included allowing for up to three resistance genes with 2 alleles each. Because lit...
Analysis of mesenchymal cells (MSCs) from bone marrow, synovial fluid and mesenteric, neck and tail adipose tissue sources from equines. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used in equines as an alternative therapy. A comparative study about the phenotype and in vitro performance of different MSCs tissue sources in adult equines was needed. This study might serve to provide the knowledge to select a valuable harvesting source of MSCs. Bone marrow, synovial and adipose (mesenteric, neck and tail fat) tissues were collected from adult equines. Cell surface markers expression (CD11α/CD18, CD45, CD79α, CD90, CD105 and MHC II) and in vitro differentiation assays were made. In vitro cell migration, cell growth and wound healing...
Rhodococcus equi-specific hyperimmune plasma administration decreases faecal shedding of pathogenic R. equi in foals. is the most common cause of pneumonia in young foals. Pneumonic foals are an important source of environmental contamination as they shed higher amounts of in their faeces than unaffected foals. As -specific hyperimmune plasma (HIP) lessens clinical pneumonia, we hypothesise that its use would result in decreased faecal shedding of by foals. Neonatal foals were either given HIP (n=12) or nothing (n=9, control) shortly after birth and were then experimentally infected with Faeces were collected before and on weeks 2, 3, 5 and 7 after infection. Presence of virulent was tested using qPCR. T...
Plasticity of endometrial epithelial and stromal cells-A new approach towards the pathogenesis of equine endometrosis. Equine endometrosis, a frequent cause of subfertility, is characterized by periglandular fibrosis, and no treatment exists. Endometrial biopsies not only contain diseased glands, but also contain healthy glands and stroma. Myoepithelial (ME) and myofibroblastic (MF) markers are calponin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), desmin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Epithelial vimentin expression indicates epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The aim of this immunohistochemical study was to investigate whether biopsies with endometrosis express MF and ME markers and vimentin. Compared to ...
Surgical site infection associated with equine orthopedic internal fixation: 155 cases (2008-2016). To determine the prevalence of surgical site infection (SSI) after internal fixation and to identify risk factors for SSI and nonsurvival. Methods: Retrospective study. Methods: One hundred fifty-five horses with long bone fractures or arthrodesis treated by internal fixation at 1 hospital between 2008-2016. Methods: Signalment, diagnosis, surgical repair, surgeon, surgical time, antimicrobial use, SSI onset, bacterial identification, and adjunct treatments were recorded. Perioperative variables were analyzed to identify risk factors associated with outcomes. Results: Surgical-site infection w...
Age related and seasonal changes of plasma concentrations of insulin-like peptide 3 and testosterone from birth to early-puberty in Thoroughbred male horses. The peripheral blood concentrations of insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) have been detected in many mammalian species, but the level of INSL3 in horse remains unknown. The objectives were to develop a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to detect INSL3 concentrations from horse blood as well as to determine the age-related and seasonal changes of plasma concentrations of INSL3 and testosterone from birth to early-puberty in Thoroughbred male horse (n = 11). Monthly blood sample and measurement of body weight, height, chest and cannon bone size were done from birth until 16 mo. Th...
Pharmacokinetics and safety of repeated oral dosing of acetaminophen in adult horses. There are no published studies on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen at the dosage used clinically (20Â mg/kg), nor has the safety of multiple doses in horses been investigated. Objective: Define the pharmacokinetic parameters of oral acetaminophen at 20Â mg/kg in adult horses as a single dose, and twice daily for 14Â days to assess the safety of multiple dosing. Methods: Pharmacokinetic study, multiple dose safety study. Methods: Eight healthy Thoroughbred geldings were given acetaminophen (20Â mg/kg; 500Â mg tablets) orally as a single dose followed by doses every 12Â h for 14Â days. Seri...
Intralesional application of medical grade honey improves healing of surgically treated lacerations in horses. Infection and dehiscence of simple lacerations is common in horses, and consistently effective methods of prevention are yet to be found. Honey has been shown to promote wound healing when applied topically; however, intralesional application prior to wound closure has not been reported. Objective: To examine whether intralesional application of medical grade honey (MGH) would reduce the incidence of infection and dehiscence following wound closure. Methods: Prospective, open-label randomised block design clinical study. Methods: Lacerations, treated by field practitioners, were divided into t...
Intestinal ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora) in Brazilian domestic horses (Equus caballus L.) and a review on the ciliate communities associated with horses around the world. The aims of this study were to identify and quantify the gastrointestinal ciliates from Brazilian domestic horses, to compare the data obtained with previous studies and to review data on ciliate communities associated with horses around the world. We used eight domestic horses, kept under extensive management. Fecal samples were obtained immediately after defecation of animals and fixed in 18.5% formaldehyde. We identify 24 species of endosymbiotic ciliates, distributed in two subclasses, two orders, five families and 13 genera. The ciliate composition was similar among the animals analyzed. ...
A missense mutation in damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 is a genetic risk factor for ocular squamous cell carcinoma in Belgian horses. Belgian horses are commonly affected with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common cancer of the equine eye. A missense mutation in damage-specific DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2 c.1013C>T, p.Thr338Met) has been established as a recessive genetic risk factor for ocular SCC in the Haflinger breed. A sample of Belgian horses with unknown SCC phenotype was shown to possess this variant at a similar frequency to the Haflinger breed. Retrospective studies indicate that chestnut coat colour may predispose to the development of SCC. Objective: To determine if DDB2 c.1013C>T is a risk ...
Double ovarian tumour in the mare: Case report. Ovarian tumours in mares represent 2.5% to 6% of the most frequent neoplasms found in the equine species, with a higher chance of benignity. This study aims to describe a case of two different tumours found in the same ovary of a mare that presented clinical signs of suppressed oestrous cycle during 5Â years. After unilateral ovariectomy, the ovary was sent to the histopathology examination which determined a mixed tumour of granulosa cell and leiomyosarcoma. After treatment, the mare returned to oestrus and got pregnant in the next season.
Ultrastructural and histological characteristics of the equine endometrium at day 5 post ovulation. Rapid endometrial adaptations occur with the embryo entering the uterus to create a receptive uterine environment, which is essential for the conceptus' development. The aim of this study was to demonstrate ultrastructural and histological changes of the endometrium at day 5 after ovulation in cyclic and inseminated mares. Mares were daily examined by transrectal palpation and ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract until ovulation was detected. In the first cycle, endometrial biopsies from 10 cyclic mares (Cyclic group) were collected on day 5 post-ovulation. In the second cycl...
The use of equine chondrogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for osteoarthritis: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept study. There is a need to improve therapies for osteoarthritis in horses. Objective: To assess the efficacy of equine allogeneic chondrogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cells combined with equine allogeneic plasma as a novel therapy for osteoarthritis in horses. Methods: Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled experiment. Methods: In 12 healthy horses, osteoarthritis was induced in the metacarpophalangeal joint using an osteochondral fragment-groove model. Five weeks after surgery, horses were randomly assigned to either an intra-articular injection with chondrogenic-induced mesenchymal stem cel...
Vet and farrier: the importance of teamwork. This month, a horse owner discusses the importance of a close relationship between vet and farrier.
Henipaviruses at the Interface Between Bats, Livestock and Human Population in Africa. Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are closely related members within the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, for which fruit bats serve as the reservoir. The initial emergence of NiV infections in pigs and humans in Malaysia, and HeV infections in horses and humans in Australia, posed severe impacts on human and animal health, and continues threatening lives of humans and livestock within Southeast Asia and Australia. Recently, henipavirus-specific antibodies have also been detected in fruit bats in a number of sub-Saharan African countries and in Brazil, thereby considerably inc...
Equine Welfare in Practice: A Collaborative Outreach and Education Program with Michigan State University, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, and Universidad Veracruzana. There is great need for veterinary care for working equids worldwide. Addressing this need provides an opportunity for veterinary students to gain primary care experience. An annual two week collaborative outreach and educational program with Michigan State University (MSU), the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Universidad Veracruzana (UV) was developed to provide care for working equids in rural Mexican communities. From 2017 to 2019 24 US veterinary students and 25 Mexican veterinary students, interns and residents examined, vaccinated and dewormed more than 2200 equi...
Continuous fluid infusion per rectum compared with intravenous and nasogastric fluid administration in horses. Rectal fluid administration may offer a simple, safe and inexpensive alternative to intravenous or nasogastric fluid therapy in equine clinical cases. Objective: To evaluate the tolerance and effects of rectally administered fluid and compare the measurements of haemodilution and intravascular volume with those during nasogastric and intravenous fluid administration. Methods: Randomised controlled experimental trial. Methods: Six clinically normal Standardbred geldings were used in a 4-way crossover study: each received three different fluid treatments (intravenous, nasogastric and rectal) at ...
Removal of adult cyathostomins alters faecal microbiota and promotes an inflammatory phenotype in horses. The interactions between parasitic helminths and gut microbiota are considered to be an important, although as yet incompletely understood, factor in the regulation of immunity, inflammation and a range of diseases. Infection with intestinal helminths is ubiquitous in grazing horses, with cyathostomins (about 50 species of which are recorded) predominating. Consequences of infection include both chronic effects, and an acute inflammatory syndrome, acute larval cyathostominosis, which sometimes follows removal of adult helminths by administration of anthelmintic drugs. The presence of cyathosto...
Questionnaire survey on helminth control practices in horse farms in Ireland. Knowledge regarding helminth control strategies and nematode infection of horses in Ireland is limited and only one study has been published recently. This present study was designed to investigate the current helminth control strategies followed by horse owners in Ireland. A questionnaire was formulated to collect data on general grazing, pasture management and deworming strategies including the use of fecal egg counts. Questionnaires were emailed to 700 members of the Irish Thoroughbred Breeders Association and Horse Sport Ireland. Only 78 questionnaires were returned. Respondents indicated ...
The Role and Welfare of Cart Donkeys Used in Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan. Equine ownership is a common income-generating strategy in Pakistan. In Karachi, donkey carts are used to transport building materials, commercial produce and garbage. This study aimed to articulate the role and welfare of donkeys used in waste management. We conducted interviews with donkey owners ( = 200), households which use donkey carts for waste collection ( = 50) and key informants ( = 14). To assess the welfare of donkeys, the Standardised Equine-Based Welfare Assessment Tool (SEBWAT) was used ( = 204). Collection of waste was the primary source of income for 89% of owners interviewed....
