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Topic:Veterinary Medicine

Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Aggregation-associated loss of antigenicity observed for denatured virion protein 1 of Equine rhinitis A virus in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Virus research    March 20, 2009   Volume 143, Issue 1 130-133 doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.03.003
Kriegshäuser G, Kuechler E, Skern T.Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) is a picornavirus which causes an acute respiratory infection in horses worldwide, and virus neutralization (VN) has been the standard method for the detection of ERAV antibody in horse serum. Previous studies have identified recombinant virion protein VP1 (rVP1) purified under native conditions to be of high potential for the development of a diagnostic ERAV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study presents an optimized protocol for the expression and purification of native full-length rVP1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, upon denaturation, rVP1 ...
The candidate gene XIRP2 at a quantitative gene locus on equine chromosome 18 associated with osteochondrosis in fetlock and hock joints of South German Coldblood horses.
The Journal of heredity    March 20, 2009   Volume 100, Issue 4 481-486 doi: 10.1093/jhered/esp006
Wittwer C, Hamann H, Distl O.A whole-genome scan for radiological signs of osteochondrosis (OC) and osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) in South German Coldblood (SGC) horses using 250 microsatellite markers identified a genome-wide significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fetlock OCD and a chromosome-wide QTL for hock OC on Equus caballus chromosome (ECA) 18 at a relative position of 45.9-78.2 cM. The aim of this study was to analyze associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes for OC in this QTL region using 96 SGC horses. The OC-QTL on ECA18 could be confirmed and narrowed down to an inte...
Regulation of platelet activating factor-induced equine platelet activation by intracellular kinases.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    March 18, 2009   Volume 32, Issue 2 189-196 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01020.x
Brooks AC, Menzies-Gow NJ, Wheeler-Jones CP, Bailey SR, Elliott J, Cunningham FM.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can activate equine platelets directly or indirectly, via leukocyte-derived platelet activating factor (PAF). Thromboxane (Tx) production by LPS-stimulated equine platelets requires p38 MAPK and this kinase has been suggested as a therapeutic target in endotoxaemia. The present study has utilised selective inhibitors to investigate the role of p38 MAPK and two other kinases, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase C (PKC), in regulating PAF-induced Tx production, aggregation and 5-HT release in equine platelets, and the modification of these responses b...
Detection and pharmacokinetics of tetrahydrogestrinone in horses.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    March 18, 2009   Volume 32, Issue 2 197-202 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01021.x
Machnik M, Gerlach M, Kietzmann M, Niedorf F, Thevis M, Schenk I, Guddat S, Düe M, Schänzer W.The anti-doping rules of national and international sport federations ban any use of tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) in human as well as in horse sports. Initiated by the THG doping scandals in human sports a method for the detection of 3-keto-4,9,11-triene steroids in horse blood and urine was developed. The method comprises the isolation of the analytes by a combination of solid phase and liquid-liquid extraction after hydrolysis and solvolysis of the steroid conjugates. The concentrations of THG in blood and urine samples were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)...
The formation of aminorex in racehorses following levamisole administration. A quantitative and chiral analysis following synthetic aminorex or levamisole administration vs. aminorex-positive samples from the field: a preliminary report.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    March 18, 2009   Volume 32, Issue 2 160-166 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01015.x
Barker SA.Beginning in 2004, the horseracing industry experienced an epidemic of drug positives for the amphetamine-like drug aminorex. Investigation of the therapeutic treatment of the horses called positive for this drug suggested that its source was from the administration of the anthelmintic levamisole. This study examines the urine concentrations of aminorex as a function of time following administration of synthetic, racemic aminorex. Confirmation of the presence of aminorex in urine samples from the horses known to be treated with levamisole is also presented as are data concerning the concentrat...
Alterations in the glutathione metabolism could be implicated in the ischemia-induced small intestinal cell damage in horses.
BMC veterinary research    March 18, 2009   Volume 5 10 doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-10
Marañón G, Manley W, Cayado P, García C, de la Muela MS, Vara E.Colic could be accompanied by changes in the morphology and physiology of organs and tissues, such as the intestine. This process might be, at least in part, due to the accumulation of oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), secondary to intestinal ischemia. Glutathione (GSH), being the major intracellular thiol, provides protection against oxidative injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ischemia-induced intestinal injury could be related with alterations in GSH metabolism. Results: Ischemia induced a significant increase in lip...
A mass spectrometric study on meloxicam metabolism in horses and the fungus Cunninghamella elegans, and the relevance of this microbial system as a model of drug metabolism in the horse.
Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS    March 18, 2009   Volume 44, Issue 7 1026-1037 doi: 10.1002/jms.1575
Tevell Aberg A, Olsson C, Bondesson U, Hedeland M.This paper describes a study where the metabolism of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug meloxicam was investigated in six horses and in the filamentous fungus Cunninghamella elegans. The metabolites identified were compared between the species, and then the fungus was used to produce larger amounts of the metabolites for future use as reference material. C. elegans proved to be a good model of phase I meloxicam metabolism in horses since all four metabolites found were the same in both species. Apart from the two main metabolites, 5'-hydroxymethylmeloxicam and 5'-carboxymeloxicam, a seco...
P-glycoprotein in intestines, liver, kidney and lymphocytes in horse.
Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics    March 18, 2009   Volume 32, Issue 2 167-176 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2008.01017.x
Tydén E, Tallkvist J, Tjälve H, Larsson P.P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an important drug transporter, which is expressed in a variety of cells, such as the intestinal enterocytes, the hepatocytes, the renal tubular cells and the intestinal and peripheral blood lymphocytes. We have studied the localization and the gene and protein expression of P-gp in these cells in horse. In addition we have compared the protein sequence of P-gp in horse with the protein sequences of P-gp in several other species. Real time RT-PCR and Western blot showed gene and protein expression of horse P-gp in all parts of the intestines, but there was no strict cor...
Relationship between biochemical markers and radiographic scores in the evaluation of the osteoarticular status of Warmblood stallions.
Research in veterinary science    March 18, 2009   Volume 87, Issue 2 319-328 doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.02.002
Verwilghen D, Busoni V, Gangl M, Franck T, Lejeune JP, Vanderheyden L, Detilleux J, Grulke S, Deberg M, Henrotin Y, Serteyn D.Establishing the osteoarticular status of the horse is often performed by means of radiological screening of the animals. Widespread blood sampling could reveal to be an interesting alternative to this procedure which is time consuming and sometimes technically difficult. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the radiological status of the horses and the levels of biochemical markers of cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation. A specific radiological scoring and classification system was therefore developed and applied on 63 stallions presented for studbook ...
The continuous spread of West Nile virus (WNV): seroprevalence in asymptomatic horses.
Epidemiology and infection    March 17, 2009   Volume 137, Issue 8 1163-1168 doi: 10.1017/S0950268809002325
Alonso-Padilla J, Loza-Rubio E, Escribano-Romero E, Córdoba L, Cuevas S, Mejía F, Calderón R, Milián F, Travassos Da Rosa A, Weaver SC....West Nile virus (WNV) was probably introduced in southern and northern Mexico from the USA in two independent events. Since then, WNV activity has been reported in several Mexican states bordering the USA and the Gulf of Mexico, but disease manifestations seen there in humans and equids are quite different to those observed in the USA. We have analysed WNV seroprevalence in asymptomatic, unvaccinated equids from two Mexican states where no data had been previously recorded. WNV IgG antibodies were detected in 31.6% (91/288) of equine sera from Chiapas and Puebla states (53.3% and 8.0%, respect...
Morphometric identification of equid cyathostome (Nematoda: Cyathostominae) infective larvae.
Veterinary parasitology    March 17, 2009   Volume 162, Issue 3-4 290-294 doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.018
Kornaś S, Gawor J, Cabaret J, Molenda K, Skalska M, Nowosad B.The prevalence of infection with cyathosthomes of horses is high worldwide. Identification of species on infective larvae based on available morphological keys is not fully accurate and the aim of the present study was to provide a reliable identification key of cyathostomes infective larvae. At the abattoir, horse large intestines were examined and the cyathostomes females extracted and identified. The eggs from uteruses of identified cyathostomes females were used for breeding the infective larvae. Morphological parameters of Cyathostominae infective larvae, i.e. the length of the larvae wit...
Comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    March 17, 2009   Volume 234, Issue 6 777-784 doi: 10.2460/javma.234.6.777
Ruby R, Magdesian KG, Kass PH.To compare clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings among horses infected with Clostridium difficile that had toxin A in their feces, horses with evidence of C difficile infection that were negative for toxin A in their feces, and horses with diarrhea that were negative for C difficile infection. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 292 horses and foals with diarrhea. Methods: Feces were submitted for microbial culture and tested for the C difficile antigen glutamate dehydrogenase and for toxin A with a commercial ELISA. Results: Horses with toxin A in their feces had higher...
Isolation of Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus in a two-year-old quarterhorse with chronic diarrhea of an undetermined etiology. Hurcombe SD, Fox JG, Kohn CW.A 2-year-old quarterhorse was evaluated for chronic diarrhea and weight loss of 5 weeks duration after numerous diagnostic tests failed to identify an underlying cause. Historically, the horse was housed at pasture where human household waste vehicles were routinely cleaned and the effluent could run onto the field. Physical examination revealed poor body condition and frequent high-volume diarrhea. Diagnostic testing for Salmonella spp., endoparasites, Cryptosporidium spp., Clostridium spp., and diffuse infiltrative bowel disease were negative. Rectal tissue histopathology failed to identify ...
Field evaluation of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of Vesicular stomatitis virus. Wilson WC, Letchworth GJ, Jiménez C, Herrero MV, Navarro R, Paz P, Cornish TE, Smoliga G, Pauszek SJ, Dornak C, George M, Rodriguez LL.Sporadic outbreaks of vesicular stomatitis (VS) in the United States result in significant economic losses for the U.S. livestock industries because VS is a reportable disease that clinically mimics foot-and-mouth disease. Rapid and accurate differentiation of these 2 diseases is critical because their consequences and control strategies differ radically. The objective of the current study was to field validate a 1-tube multiplexed real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of Vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus and Vesicular st...
Theriogenology question of the month. Scoliosis.
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association    March 17, 2009   Volume 234, Issue 6 751-753 doi: 10.2460/javma.234.6.751
Occhipinti LL, Carleton CL, Holcombe SJ, Chaney KP, Agnew DW.No abstract available
Doppler-derived evidence of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in a pony with recurrent airway obstruction.
The Veterinary record    March 17, 2009   Volume 164, Issue 11 340-341 doi: 10.1136/vr.164.11.340
Lightowler C, Guglielmini C, Pidal G, Chiaramonte P.No abstract available
Equine herpesvirus 1: characterisation of the first strain isolated in Colombia.
Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics)    March 17, 2009   Volume 27, Issue 3 893-897 doi: 10.20506/rst.27.3.1846
Cano A, Galosi CM, Martin Ocampos GP, Ramirez GC, Vera VJ, Villamil LC, Chaparro JG.This paper describes the isolation and characterisation of equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) in Colombia. The virus was isolated from a nasal swab and an aborted foetus of a pregnant mare imported from Argentina, with clinical signs of rhinopneumonitis. The new strain was characterised through culture and morphological, serological and immunocytochemical studies. Polymerase chain reaction and DNA restriction maps revealed an EHV-1 1P genome. This is the first report on the isolation and characterisation of EHV-1 in Colombia.
Young foal and adult horse monocyte-derived dendritic cells differ by their degree of phenotypic maturity.
Veterinary immunology and immunopathology    March 14, 2009   Volume 131, Issue 1-2 1-8 doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.03.002
Mérant C, Breathnach CC, Kohler K, Rashid C, Van Meter P, Horohov DW.Newborn foals are very susceptible to infections by opportunistic pathogens such as Rhodococcus equi. This susceptibility is thought to be due to the immaturity of their immune system, in particular their inability to produce interferon-gamma. This deficiency may result from an insufficiency in accessory signals. We therefore compared monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) from foals and from adult horses. CD172, MHC-I and MHC-II were generally expressed on more than 90% MoDC from foals and adults. CD1w2(+)CD86(+) cells tended to be less represented in 2-3-week-old foals than in adults. This ...
Isolated fever in horses: a new case of equine anaplasmosis in France. Boni M, Rolain JM, Portelli C, Marié JM, Davoust B, Brouqui P.No abstract available
Relation between leptin and estradiol levels in Egyptian lactating Arab mares during foaling heat.
Animal reproduction science    March 13, 2009   Volume 117, Issue 1-2 95-98 doi: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.03.002
El-Maaty AM, Gabr FI.Sixteen Arab lactating mares belonging to Al-Zahraa Arab Horse Stud underwent two ultrasound examinations at 3 weeks interval starting from the day of demonstration of foaling heat. In addition, daily blood samples were collected from parturition until after exhibiting first postpartum estrus (day 11) with daily observation of estrous signs. Both leptin and estradiol hormones were assayed. Mean day of foaling heat was 8.9+/-0.9 day. Most mares came in foaling heat during days 9 and 10 had high conception rate compared to those who came in estrus earlier or later. Estradiol levels were high aft...
An entropy-optimized multilocus approach for characterizing the strains of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infecting horses in the Czech Republic.
Journal of medical microbiology    March 11, 2009   Volume 58, Issue Pt 4 423-429 doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.007831-0
Zeman P, Jahn P.Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen that has measurable genetic heterogeneity across its geographical range and reservoir spectrum. In the present study, publicly available sequences of the genes that have prevailingly been used for typing A. phagocytophilum were analysed to identify the segments giving the highest resolution with respect to the predictability of host and geographical provenances of the strains. Selected partial sequences of 16S rRNA, groL, msp4 and ank genes were then employed in a tentative multilocus typing scheme used to characterize the strains ...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using glycoprotein and monoclonal antibody for detecting antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey.
Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI    March 11, 2009   Volume 16, Issue 5 667-671 doi: 10.1128/CVI.00043-09
Lee HS, Heo EJ, Jeoung HY, Ko HR, Kweon CH, Youn HJ, Ko YJ.In this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using glycoprotein and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) was developed for the detection of antibodies to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotype New Jersey (NJ). The glycoprotein to be used as a diagnostic antigen was extracted from partially purified VSV-NJ, and a neutralizing MAb specific to VSV-NJ was incorporated to compete with antibodies in a blocking ELISA using glycoprotein (GP ELISA). The cutoff of the GP ELISA was set at 40% inhibition, which corresponded to a virus neutralization test (VNT) titer of 32. With this threshold, th...
Insulin stimulates GLUT4 translocation in the semitendinosus muscle of Shetland ponies.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)    March 10, 2009   Volume 184, Issue 2 176-181 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.024
Duehlmeier R, Hacker A, Widdel-Bigdely A, von Engelhardt W, Sallmann HP.Glucose homeostasis depends on insulin-regulated glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles and fat tissues via glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 translocation into cellular plasma membranes. The present study sought to elucidate GLUT4 expression, GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscles of Shetland ponies. Semitendinosus muscle explants were removed by open muscle biopsy from six Shetland pony geldings under general anaesthesia. The expression of GLUT4 was analysed by measuring muscle crude membrane (CM) GLUT4 protein contents. To determine the insulin-stimulated GLUT t...
Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a horse in a sudden death condition in Kassala state, eastern Sudan.
Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS    March 10, 2009   Volume 11, Issue 16 2028-2031 doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.2028.2031
Omer MM, Abusalab S, Gumaa MM, Mulla SA, Osman HM, Sabiel YA, Ahmed AM.In this study, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a draught horse presented to Kassala Veterinary Research Laboratory (KVRL) for investigation and diagnosis. The affected animal was previously treated with Gentamycin and Tetracycline before submitted to this laboratory, but the animal was not cure. Thereafter, the animal was attended to the laboratory; it was suffering from inguinal abscess and some clinical signs. Clinical and laboratory examinations were carried out however, the animal was suddenly fallen and died immediately. Then post-mortem, bacteriological and histopathological exam...
Metabolism during anaesthesia and recovery in colic and healthy horses: a microdialysis study.
Acta veterinaria Scandinavica    March 10, 2009   Volume 51, Issue 1 10 doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-10
Edner AH, Essén-Gustavsson B, Nyman GC.Muscle metabolism in horses has been studied mainly by analysis of substances in blood or plasma and muscle biopsy specimens. By using microdialysis, real-time monitoring of the metabolic events in local tissue with a minimum of trauma is possible. There is limited information about muscle metabolism in the early recovery period after anaesthesia in horses and especially in the colic horse. The aims were to evaluate the microdialysis technique as a complement to plasma analysis and to study the concentration changes in lactate, pyruvate, glucose, glycerol, and urea during anaesthesia and in th...
Expression of biologically active recombinant equine interferon-gamma in Escherichia coli.
Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases    March 10, 2009   Volume 33, Issue 4 333-342 doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.12.004
Bai Y, Tong T, Liu G, Chen W, Zhang W, Wang Q, Yang T, Bu Z, Wu D.Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is recognized as an important modulator of the immune response. To date, there is no report that prokaryocyte-derived recombinant equine IFN-gamma has antiviral activity. In this report, the gene coding equine IFN-gamma (EIFN-gamma) mature protein was cloned into pET-28a (+) and the recombinant EIFN-gamma was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The antiviral activity of expressed recombinant EIFN-gamma was evaluated by using a recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing green fluorescence protein (rVSV-GFP) system in the eq...
A rapid detection method for the ryanodine receptor 1 (C7360G) mutation in Quarter Horses.
Journal of veterinary internal medicine    March 9, 2009   Volume 23, Issue 3 619-622 doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0281.x
Nieto JE, Aleman M.Anesthetic-induced malignant hyperthermia has been documented in Quarter Horses and is caused by a single-point mutation in the ryanodine receptor 1 gene at nucleotide C7360G generating a R2454G amino acid substitution. An accurate, faster molecular test that is less prone to contamination would facilitate screening for the mutation in horses intended for breeding, in those undergoing surgical procedures, and in those with clinical signs compatible with malignant hyperthermia. Objective: To report a rapid and accurate method for the detection of the ryanodine receptor 1 C7360G mutation. Method...
Activated platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor expression, PI3K-AKT pathway molecular analysis, and transforming signals in equine sarcoids.
Veterinary pathology    March 9, 2009   Volume 46, Issue 4 589-597 doi: 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0191-B-FL
Borzacchiello G, Mogavero S, De Vita G, Roperto S, Della Salda L, Roperto F.The equine sarcoid is the most common dermatologic neoplasm reported in horses. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) types 1 and 2 are associated with sarcoids, in which the expression of the major transforming oncoprotein (E5) is often recorded. The transformation activity of the virus is due to the binding of the E5 to the platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbeta-r). In the present study, we show by Western blot in 4 sarcoid samples and 3 normal equine skin samples that the PDGFbeta-r is more phosphorylated in sarcoid tissue than in normal skin (P < .001). Furthermore, the physical i...
Clinical and echocardiographic features of mild mitral valve regurgitation in 108 horses.
Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)    March 9, 2009   Volume 183, Issue 2 166-171 doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.020
Imhasly A, Tschudi PR, Lombard CW, Gerber V.The clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of 108 horses with echocardiographically confirmed mild mitral valve regurgitation (MR) were investigated along with its clinical progression. Follow-up consisted of a re-examination of 28 horses and questionnaires were used to obtain information on a further 43 cases. Thirty-seven horses with mild MR were lost to follow-up. Horses with mild MR were re-examined between 2 and 9 years (3.8+/-1.8 years) following first presentation, with mild MR still present and a small, but statistically significant (P=0.049) increase of left ventricular diamet...
Clara cell secretory protein is reduced in equine recurrent airway obstruction.
Veterinary pathology    March 9, 2009   Volume 46, Issue 4 604-613 doi: 10.1354/vp.08-VP-0255-B-FL
Katavolos P, Ackerley CA, Viel L, Clark ME, Wen X, Bienzle D.Horses are prone to recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), an inflammatory lung disease induced by repeated exposure to environmental mold, dust, and bacterial components. Active disease manifests with mucus hyperproduction, neutrophilic inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and coughing. Chronically affected animals have lung remodeling characterized by smooth muscle hyperplasia, collagen deposition, lymphoid hyperplasia, and impaired aerobic performance. Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) counters inflammation in the lung, hence we hypothesized that CCSP depletion is a key feature of RAO in horse...