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Topic:Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary medicine for horses encompasses the study and application of medical practices to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases in equine species. This field involves a comprehensive understanding of equine anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Veterinary practitioners employ a range of diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions to address health issues in horses, including lameness, gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory conditions, and infectious diseases. Preventative care, such as vaccination and deworming programs, is also a significant aspect of equine veterinary medicine. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary medicine as it pertains to horses, including advancements in diagnostic techniques, treatment protocols, and preventive health strategies.
Heart rate and blood lactate responses during exercise in preparation for eventing competition. The aim of this study was to investigate the heart rate and blood lactate responses to exercise in event horses in normal training, and to compare them to those encountered in eventing competition. It was hypothesised that the responses during exercise in the course of training for CCI*** events would be significantly different from those of the Cross-Country day. Heart rates and blood lactate concentrations were measured in 13 elite event horses after intense exercise sessions conducted during the late stages of preparation for CCI*** or CCI**** 3-day-event competition. Mean +/- s.d. heart ra...
Thermoregulatory-induced compromise of muscle blood flow in ponies during intense exercise in the heat: a contributor to the onset of fatigue? Cardiac output (Q) and tissue blood flows (BF) were measured in four ponies at rest, after 30 min of moderate exercise (ME) (approximately 30% VO2max) and following moderately intense exercise (M-IE) (approximately 65%) until fatigue, in a mildly hot (MH) environment (dry bulb temperature = 41 degrees C, wet bulb temperature = 27.5 degrees C). Exercise at both intensities resulted in increases in Q (15.6 +/- 1.7 [rest] vs. 35.8 +/- 2.6 [ME] vs. 48.6 +/- 3.9 [M-IE] l/min) and VO2 (4.7 +/- 0.9 vs. 24.5 +/- 1.2 vs. 55.8 +/- 5.8 ml/kg/min). When compared to ME, M-IE resulted in decreases in BF to ...
Hyperhydration prior to moderate-intensity exercise causes arterial hypoxaemia. The second day of a 3-day event is the most physically demanding of the 3 days. If this is performed under hot and humid environmental conditions, detrimental effects on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function and, therefore, on exercise capacity, may occur due to exercise-induced dehydration. We hypothesised that the administration of fluid equivalent to 6% of the horse's bodyweight prior to a simulated second day of a 3-day event would increase plasma volume and limit increases in core temperature. Seven Standardbred geldings underwent a training protocol prior to the study. A standardi...
Effect of walking velocity on forelimb kinematics and kinetics. A database of biomechanical variables obtained from normal horses walking at a range of velocities is needed for comparison with the variables obtained from lame horses in which velocity cannot be predetermined. The objective was to investigate velocity-dependent changes in selected kinematic variables, ground reaction forces (GRF) and net joint energies in the forelimb and to develop statistical equations to calculate expected values of these variables for horses walking at different velocities. Five sound horses walked at a range of velocities (0.82 to 1.91 m/s) over a force plate. Kinematic...
Comparison of the effects of two GnRH antagonists on LH and FSH secretion, follicular growth and ovulation in the mare. The effects of two GnRH antagonists were tested in order to delay and/or synchronise ovulation in mares. Five mares received Antarelix (0.01 mg.kg(-1)), 5 mares received Cetrorelix (the same dose), 5 mares (control mares) received the vehicle intravenously, twice daily, for 8 days from the day the largest follicle reached 22 mm following prostaglandin administration. Ovulation was postponed in all mares injected with Antarelix (19.4 +/- 1.2 days after the beginning of the treatment) and in 2/5 mares injected with Cetrorelix (20 +/- 1 days) vs. 6.2 +/- 0.4 days in control mares. During the trea...
Dorsal metacarpal cortex ultrasound speed and bone size and shape. In Thoroughbred racehorses, the dorsal cortex (DC) of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) enlarges when horses are first exposed to fast exercise speeds. It is now possible to measure ultrasound speed through 3 to 5 mm depths of bone around the bone shaft using Sunlight Medical's 'Omnisense' machine. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether the ultrasound speed measured in the surface 3-5 mm of the midshaft dorsal cortex of MC3 could be related directly to the midshaft shape and size of the MC3s of young Thoroughbred racehorses at the same stage of training. Sixteen 2-year-old and sixte...
Quantitative analysis of the organization of the inner nuclear layer of the horse retina. Four cell types including the bipolar, amacrine, horizontal and Muller cells were investigated quantitatively in the inner nuclear layer of the retina in the horse. Cells were identified on the basis of the morphology and distribution of processes leaving from their somata, cytological features and positional features. The average percentages of the above 4 cell types were 44%, 24%, 1% and 29%, respectively. The average total cell densities in the inner nuclear layer in the visual streak, the nasal and temporal regions, the dorsal and ventral regions of the retina were also estimated. It is ex...
Distribution of mecA-harboring staphylococci in healthy mares. The prevalence of staphylococci that harbor the mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance was examined in healthy breeding mares. Staphylococci often cause diseases of horses such as metritis, keratitis, and abscess. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci would make antibiotic treatments ineffective, so it may be significant to know the distribution of mecA-harboring staphylococci in mares. Isolation of mecA-harboring staphylococci was achieved from nares and pasterns of 100 mares in Hokkaido, Japan. From 13% of the mares, mecA-harboring staphylococci, including 15 isolates of Staphylococc...
[Endoscopic lithotripsy of a urinary bladder calculus with the aid of a holmium-YAG-laser in a gelding]. A 6 year old Haflinger gelding was presented to the reporting clinics with a history of chronic dysuria. A large cystic calculus (12 x 9 x 9 cm) was diagnosed cystoscopically. Lithotripsy was carried out endoscopically in the standing, sedated patient with a Holmium:YAG surgical laser (2100 nm, 0.5-3.5 J/pulse, 3-60 pulses/sec.). The endoscope was inserted into the bladder via perineal urethrostomy. Fragmentation of the urolith was carried out with a laser fiber (core diameter 600 microns) in contact mode. Healing proceeded uneventfully. On follow up examination 8 weeks post surgery, no signs ...
The role of osmotic resistance on equine spermatozoal function. Cryopreservation requires exposure of sperm to extreme variations in temperature and osmolality. The goal of this experiment was to determine the osmotic tolerance levels of equine sperm by analyzing motility, viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and mean cell volume (MCV). Spermatozoa were incubated at 22 degrees C for 10 min in isosmolal TALP (300 mOsm/kg), or a range of anisosmolal TALP solutions (75-900 mOsm/kg), for initial analysis, and then returned to isosmolal conditions for 10 min for further analysis. Total sperm motility was lower (P < 0.05) in anisosmolal conditio...
Comparison of paste and suspension formulations of omeprazole in the healing of gastric ulcers in racehorses in active training. To compare effects of a commercially available omeprazole paste and a compounded omeprazole suspension on healing of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses in active training. Methods: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: 32 horses with gastric ulcers. Methods: Horses were assigned to 2 groups on the basis of endoscopic gastric ulcer severity. Group-1 horses were treated with omeprazole suspension for 30 days and with omeprazole paste for an additional 30 days. Group-2 horses were treated with omeprazole paste for 30 days and omeprazole suspension for an additional 30 days. Serum omeprazol...
Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes of horses. Suppressive anthelmintic treatment strategies originally designed to control Strongylus vulgaris in horses were extremely successful in reducing morbidity and mortality from parasitic disease. Unfortunately, this strategy has inadvertently resulted in the selection of drug-resistant cyathostomes (Cyathostominea), which are now considered the principal parasitic pathogens of horses. Resistance in the cyathostomes to benzimidazole drugs is highly prevalent throughout the world, and resistance to pyrantel appears to be increasingly common. However, there are still no reports of ivermectin resista...
Ultrasonographic measurements of accessory sex glands, ampullae, and urethra of normal stallions of various size types. For the purpose of establishing clinical reference values, this paper reports results of ultrasonographic examination and measurement of accessory sex glands, ampullae, and the pelvic urethra of 102 mature, healthy breeding stallions (2-29 years of age) of various size types (7 Miniature Horses, 27 small ponies, 53 light horses and 15 heavy horses). Examinations were done per rectum in mostly unsedated stallions using an Aloka 210 scanner with a 7.5 MHz linear veterinary transrectal transducer (Corometrics Medical Systems, Inc., North Wallingford, CT, USA). Most measures of accessory sex gland...
Infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses. To evaluate effects of infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine in combination with inhalation of sevoflurane versus inhalation of sevoflurane alone for anesthesia of horses. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. Methods: 40 horses. Methods: Horses were premedicated with xylazine and anesthetized with diazepam and ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained by infusion of guaifenesin, ketamine, and medetomidine and inhalation of sevoflurane (20 horses) or by inhalation of sevoflurane (20 horses). A surgical plane of anesthesia was maintained by controlling the inhaled concentration of sevoflu...
Clinical comparison of xylazine and medetomidine for premedication of horses. To compare the analgesic and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine and xylazine when used for premedication of horses undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: Randomized clinical trial. Methods: 40 horses. Methods: Twenty horses were premedicated with medetomidine (10 microg/kg [4.5 microg/lb], i.m.) and the other 20 were premedicated with xylazine (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/kg], i.m.). Horses were then anesthetized with a combination of guaifenesin and ketamine; anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Additional doses of medetomidine or xylazine were given if horses were not sufficiently sedated at ...
Associations between age or sex and prevalence of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training. To determine associations between age, sex, or medical treatment and prevalence and severity of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Methods: 224 Standardbred racehorses in training. Methods: Gastroscopy was performed on each horse, and mucosal ulceration was graded from 0 (normal mucosa, no lesions) to 3 (extensive, often coalescing, lesions with areas of deep ulceration). Associations between age, sex, or treatment and prevalence and severity of ulcers were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of gastric ulceration was 87%. Although there was l...
Lack of parthenogenesis by Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae). Some reproductive parameters of adult stages of Amblyomma cajennense ticks were studied. The capacity of virgin females to reproduce by parthenogenesis was evaluated, during an experimental infestation, in absence of males, on a horse (Equus cabalus). Ticks were spread either completely free or in limited sites on the body of the animal. The engorged virgin females showed longer feeding periods and lighter body weights than those that had been fertilized. Some of these unmated females produced smaller egg masses, which had no embryonary development. On the other hand, females that had been ins...
Fenbendazole pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and potentiation in horses. The present study was designed to describe the pharmacokinetics and fecal excretion of fenbendazole (FBZ) and fenbendazole sulphoxide (FBZSO) and their metabolites in horses, to investigate the effects which concurrent feeding has on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of FBZ, and to determine the effect of coadministration of the metabolic inhibitor piperonyl-butoxide on the in vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro liver microsomal metabolism of sulfide and sulfoxide benzimidazoles. The effect of piperonyl-butoxide on the enantiomeric genesis of the sulfoxide moiety was also investigated. Follow...
A survey of helminth control practices in equine establishments in Ireland. We report the results of a survey to assess the attitudes of horse owners and managers of equine businesses in Ireland to the control of helminth parasites, and the extent to which veterinary practitioners are involved in providing advice on parasite control of horses. Replies to our questionnaire indicated that there is a high level of awareness on the need for helminth control, typically leading to several doses of anthelmintic being administered to each animal every year. While a majority of respondents (61%) were concerned about the issue of anthelmintic resistance, only a few were of the ...
Construction of a stable non-mucoid deletion mutant of the Streptococcus equi Pinnacle vaccine strain. Streptococcus equi causes equine strangles, a purulent lymphadenopathy of the head and neck. An avirulent, non-encapsulated strain (Pinnacle) has been used widely in North America as an intranasal vaccine. The aim of the study was to create a specific mutation of the hyaluronate synthase (hasA) gene in Pinnacle to permanently abolish the production of capsule and provide an easily recognisable genetic marker. An internal fragment of hasA was generated by PCR and cloned into pTW100 (Microscience, UK). An encapsulated revertant of Pinnacle was then transformed with the recombinant plasmid by ele...
Cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany caused by Leishmania infantum. This report describes a case of cutaneous leishmaniosis in a horse in southern Germany. Diagnosis is based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The protozoan was identified as Leishmania infantum via PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The horse did not show specific Leishmania antibodies. The lesions healed completely within 6 months without any specific treatment. Since neither the infected horse nor its dam had ever left their rural area, autochthonous infection in Germany cannot be excluded. Factors possibly influencing the epidemiological situatio...
Risk factors and sources of variation in horse falls in steeplechase racing in the UK. We identified risk factors associated with falling during steeplechase racing. We used retrospective data from all steeplechase runs on UK racecourses during 1999: 10,866 starts with 647 horse falls. The relationship between continuous variables and falling was assessed using generalised additive models (GAMs). Polynomial fits then were included in a multilevel, multivariable logistic-regression model. The number of runners had a linear, positive association with the risk of falling. The distance of the race had a non-linear relationship with the risk of falling; the risk steadily increased in...
Competition studies in horse spleen ferritin probed by a kinetically inert inhibitor, [Cr(TREN)(H(2)O)(OH)](2+), and a highly luminescent Tb(III) reagent. The ability of ferritin as an Fe(II) detoxifier and Fe(III) storage protein is limited by its ability to recognize and incorporate Fe(II), which is then oxidized and mineralized at internal protein sites. The Cr(III) amine complex [Cr(N(CH(2)CH(2)NH(2))(3)(H(2)O)(OH)](2+) [abbreviated as Cr(TREN)] is a kinetically inert inhibitor of iron incorporation and mineralization in ferritin. Unlike other inhibitors, Cr(TREN) can only exchange its two aqua/hydroxy ligands. Competition studies between Cr(TREN) and Tb(III) binding have been performed in horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) to probe uptake of Fe(I...
Use of sentinel herds to study the epidemiology of vesicular stomatitis in the state of colorado. Approximately 20 sentinel premises in Colorado were visited quarterly during a 3-year prospective study to investigate the persistence of VS viruses in horses. A survey to assess management practices, health events, animal movements and environmental data was completed at each visit. Collection of serum samples and oral swabs along with a clinical examination of sentinel horses were performed at each visit. Serum samples were tested by 2 or more of 4 available serological tests. The data collected for two years (August 1998 to August 2000) are reported here. During this period there was seroco...
Cloning and molecular characterization of an immunogenic LigA protein of Leptospira interrogans. A clone expressing a novel immunoreactive leptospiral immunoglobulin-like protein A of 130 kDa (LigA) from Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki was isolated by screening a genomic DNA library with serum from a mare that had recently aborted due to leptospiral infection. LigA is encoded by an open reading frame of 3,675 bp, and the deduced amino acid sequence consists of a series of 90-amino-acid tandem repeats. A search of the NCBI database found that homology of the LigA repeat region was limited to an immunoglobulin-like domain of the bacterial intimin binding protein of Esc...
Concentrations of inhibin, progesterone and oestradiol in fluid from dominant and subordinate follicles from mares during spring transition and the breeding season. Dominant and subordinate follicles were collected from mares on the day after the dominant follicle reached 30 mm in diameter, to investigate regulation of folliculogenesis during spring transition and the breeding season. Concentrations of oestradiol-17beta, progesterone and inhibin A, but not inhibin isoforms with pro- and alpha C-immunoreactivity, were significantly higher in preovulatory follicles than in dominant anovulatory transitional follicles. Steroidogenic activity was regained gradually in the dominant follicles of successive anovulatory waves through spring transition. The dominan...
Detection of inhaled clenbuterol in horse urine by GC/MS2. Clenbuterol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, is used in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. It is prohibited by horse racing authorities, because of its stimulating and growth-promoting properties. However, information on detection times of clenbuterol after administration by nebulization is lacking. In this study, a fast, sensitive quantitative GC-MS(2) method for the detection of clenbuterol in urine was developed. Alkaline liquid-liquid extraction was followed by derivatization to a cyclic methyl boronate derivative and analysis on a Finnigan MAT GCQ instrument. Method valid...
Collateral cartilage ossification of the distal phalanx in the Brazilian Jumper horse. Collateral cartilage ossification of the distal phalanx in the Brazilian Jumper horse is a common finding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the degree of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Brazilian Jumper horses. In an analysis of 652 collateral cartilages from the front feet of 163 horses, 93% of these cartilages had collateral cartilage ossification (P < 0.005), and 7% of these cartilages did not have any type of ossification. In ossified cartilages, 86.4% had ossification beginning from the base, and 6.6% had a separate cente...
Comparison of computed radiography and conventional film-screen radiography of the equine stifle. Major advantages of computed radiography are the potential reduction of dose and the possibility of postprocessing. In our study, we compared conventional radiographs to digital radiographs of the equine stifle by subjective evaluation of diagnostic quality when using a decreasing photon flux (mAs). Twelve equine stifle joints from horses of different weight and size were examined. Conventional and digital radiographs were performed identically in a caudocranial projection with the tube angled 15 degrees. A series of four radiographs was performed in each technique with an increasing photon fl...
Lipase activity in stallion seminal plasma and the effect of lipase on stallion spermatozoa during storage at 5 degrees C. Previous studies have demonstrated a detrimental effect of seminal plasma on the maintenance of motility of cooled equine spermatozoa; however, the mechanism for the adverse effect of seminal plasma during cooled storage remains undetermined. In goats, a glycoprotein component of bulbourethral gland secretion contains lipase activity that is detrimental to sperm motility when stored in skim milk-based extenders. The objective of the current study was to determine the amount of lipase activity in stallion seminal plasma and to determine the effect of added lipase on spermatozoal motility during...
