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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Measurement of cardiac dimensions with two-dimensional echocardiography in the living horse. Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was performed on 22 unsedated Thoroughbred and part Thoroughbred horses weighing between 411 and 650 kg to establish normal reference values for 2DE measurements. Animals stood during examinations performed with a 3.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer using various transducer positions and tomographic planes. Right ventricular diameter (RVD), ventricular septal thickness (VSTh), aortic diameter (AoD), area of the chordal lumen of the left ventricle (CTA), left ventricular diameter (LVD) and left atrial diameter (LAD) were determined at ventricular end-dias...
The influence of detomidine and epinephrine on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac arrhythmia in horses. Detomidine (10 micrograms/kg and 20 micrograms/kg) was administered to seven horses with and without epinephrine infusion (0.1 microgram/kg/min) from 5 minutes before to 5 minutes after detomidine injection. One or more single supraventricular premature heartbeats were observed in three horses after detomidine administration. Epinephrine infusion did not modify the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in detomidine-treated horses at the doses tested. Relatively high momentary peak systolic pressures were registered in some horses after detomidine administration during epinephrine infusion. The hig...
Pharmacologic treatment of priapism in two horses. Benztropine mesylate was used successfully to treat priapism that developed during anesthesia in 2 horses. After IV injection, there was a rapid resolution of signs in both horses, and no side effects were observed. The choice of an effective method to treat priapism is challenging because precise causes in most patients have not been well-defined. Benztropine mesylate is a synthetic compound resulting from the combination of the active portions of atropine and diphenhydramine, and is believed effective because of its central acetyl-choline-antagonizing properties.
Effect of storage on measurement of ionized calcium and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood. The stability of blood ionized calcium (Ca2+) and acid-base variables in equine, bovine, ovine, and canine venous blood samples (n = 15, in each group) stored at 4 C for 3, 6, 9, 24, or 48 hours was studied. Variables included blood Ca2+ and standard ionized calcium (Ca2+ corrected to pH 7.4) concentrations, pH, blood carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, base excess, bicarbonate concentration, and total carbon dioxide content. Results indicate that storage of blood samples at 4 C for up to 48 hours, despite appreciable acid-base changes, is associated with less than 1.5% change in equine, bovin...
Traumatic injuries involving tendons of the distal limbs in horses: a retrospective study of 55 cases. Fifty-five horses were presented to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1st of January 1980 and 31st of December 1989 for treatment of distal limb lacerations involving flexor tendons (n = 35) or extensor tendons (n = 20). Of the 35 flexor tendon lacerations, 11 horses were killed without treatment and 24 horses were treated. Twenty-two horses were included in determining outcome. Four (18 per cent) returned to their original level of use, nine (41 per cent) returned to limited riding, seven (32 per cent) returned to breeding or pasture soundness and two (9 per cent)...
Mononuclear cell infiltration of the equine endometrium: immunohistochemical studies. Endometrial sections from mares with varying degrees of mononuclear cell infiltration were examined for immunoglobulin (Ig)A-, IgM-, IgG(T)- and IgG(Fc)-containing cells, luminal and glandular epithelial cell Ig-staining and free interstitial Ig-staining, using a peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique. Mares with mild to moderate (Group 2) and mares with severe diffuse mononuclear cell infiltration, superimposed by acute endometritis (Group 3), had significantly higher numbers of Ig-containing cells than genitally-normal mares (Group 1). The differences between Groups 1 and 3 were significant fo...
Time of embryo transport through the mare oviduct. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the time of embryo transport through the mare oviduct, 2) to determine whether equine embryos increase in diameter prior to the time of oviductal transport, and 3) to assess the stage of equine embryonic development at the time of oviductal transport. The time of oviductal transport (interval from ovulation to uterine entry) was estimated by collecting embryos from the mare oviduct or uterus at 2-hour intervals from 120 to 168 h postovulation. The time of oviductal transport was 130 to 142 h, since 9 9 embryos were located in the oviduct from 1...
Factors associated with failure of passive transfer of colostral antibodies in Standardbred foals. The records of 361 Standardbred mares and their 1986 or 1987 foals were evaluated to identify factors associated with failure of passive transfer (FPT) of colostral antibodies in equine neonates. Sixty-five foals (18%) were classified as FPT based on a serum immunoglobulin concentration of less than 400 mg/dl at 24 to 36 hours of age, determined by the glutaraldehyde coagulation test. The potential association of mare- and foal-related factors with FPT were assessed by reviewing a series of multiple logistic regression models. The season in which the mare foaled and foal exam score, a subjecti...
Risk factors associated with injuries in thoroughbred horses. A case-control study was conducted on Thoroughbred horses to identify factors associated with the risk of breakdown on racetracks. A total of 310 cases (breakdowns) were identified from the Horse Identification Department records kept by the chief examining veterinarian of New York Racing Association. For each case, two control horses were selected randomly from the Daily Racing Form Inc. records. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantify the risk of factors associated with breakdown, while simultaneously controlling for the effect of other putative factors. Facto...
Electromagnetic stimulation of bone repair: a histomorphometric study. The effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on bone repair was studied in principal metacarpal bones of eight adult male horses: Six horses were treated with PEMFs, and two horses were untreated. In treated horses, Helmholtz coils were applied during a 60-day period to the left metacarpal bones, bored with eight holes of equal diameter and depth, from the middiaphysis toward the distal metaphysis. Eight equal holes bored in the right metacarpal, surrounded by unactivated Helmholtz coils, were taken as controls. The two untreated horses were taken as additional control. The results of ...
Quantifying the occurrence of early embryonic mortality on three equine breeding farms. This prospective field study was designed to describe the incidence of early embryonic mortality (EEM) and factors associated with the cause of EEM on three equine breeding farms in Ontario during the 1989 breeding season. Early embryonic mortality was defined as the loss of a single embryo during the first 40 days of pregnancy (day 0 = day of ovulation or last breeding). Pregnancy diagnoses and subsequent embryonic losses were observed by serial trans-rectal ultrasonography between days 12-20 (PD1) and 21-30 (PD2), and by trans-rectal ultrasonography or palpation per rectum between days 31-40...
Therapeutic management of ocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: 43 cases (1979-1989). The records of 50 horses with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over an 11 year period were reviewed to determine the influence of therapy on the outcome of the case. Follow-up information was obtained for 43 of the 50 cases. The disease was more prevalent in the light horse breeds; however, the draft breeds also were at risk. There was no sex predisposition and the average age was 11.8 years. Tumour recurrence was significant when surgery alone was performed. The eyelid and nictitating membrane were the primary si...
Pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its metabolites in horses after intravenous, intramuscular or oral administration. The pharmacokinetics of caffeine (CAF) and its metabolites, dimethylxanthines, were examined in horses administered 2.5 mg/kg of CAF intravenously (i.v.), intramusculary (i.m.), or orally (p.o.). The plasma samples were extracted by Extrelut and the concentrations of CAF and metabolites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a short column. The pharmacokinetics of CAF after bolus i.v. injection were described by the assumption of a two-compartment model, and those of CAF after i.m. or p.o. administration were done by the assumption of a one-compartment model. The...
Incorporation of fresh and cryopreserved bone in osteochondral autografts in the horse. The structural integrity of subchondral bone in fresh and frozen osteochondral autografts was investigated at month 3 in 10 horses. Two osteochondral autografts were harvested from the lateral aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left talus in each of 10 anesthetized horses. Grafts were frozen in 7.5% DMSO. After 14 days, the thawed grafts were press-fitted into drill holes in the trochlear ridges of the right stifles. A fresh graft from the right hock was implanted in each left stifle. To control for the effects of surgery, a fresh graft was transferred from the right stifle to the le...
Rostral mandibulectomy in five horses. Rostral mandibulectomy with primary gingival closure was performed in 5 horses with rapidly growing or bleeding mandibular tumors. The technique involved preservation of the most caudal portion of the mandibular symphysis to maintain stability. There were no surgical complications or recurrences, and the cosmetic and functional results were good. The histopathologic diagnosis of all the tumors was ossifying fibroma. Rostral mandibulectomy affords a simple and effective technique of treating tumors of the rostral portion of the mandible in horses.
Thermodilution estimation of cardiac output at high flows in anesthetized horses. The purpose of this study was to compare the thermodilution technique for estimation of cardiac output with the indocyanine green dye dilution technique at flows between 10 and 39 L/min in halothane-anesthetized horses. The estimation of area of dye dilution cardiac output curves was made by using the fore-'n-aft (FA) triangle method. This shorthand technique was compared with logarithmic exponential extrapolation and summation (extrapolated area), using 64 cardiac output curves. Then, 256 simultaneous thermodilution measurements were compared with dye dilution measurements calculated by use o...
Equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever): a review. In the late 1970s, a new infectious disease in horses, involving acute enteritis, was recognised in the Potomac River area of Maryland, U.S.A. The causative agent was identified subsequently as a new species of rickettsial organism, later named Ehrlichia risticii. Since then, the disease has been reported in many other states, and in enzootic areas vaccination is common. Signs associated with the clinical disease included depression, fever, anorexia, decreased or absent intestinal sounds, profuse watery diarrhoea and laminitis. However, considerable variation in clinical manifestations has bee...
Heterotopic transfer of fresh and cryopreserved autogenous articular cartilage in the horse. Two 10 mm thick osteochondral grafts were harvested from the lateral aspect of the lateral trochlear ridge of the left talus in each of 10 anesthetized horses. The grafts were frozen in a 7.5% DMSO solution and stored in liquid nitrogen. The horses were anesthetized again on day 14 and the thawed grafts were press-fitted into drill holes in the trochlear ridges of the right stifle. A fresh graft was transferred from the right hock to the left stifle. To control for the effects of surgery, another fresh graft was transferred from the right stifle to the left stifle. The result was two grafts in...
The present status of BCG treatment in the veterinary practice. Horses with sarcoids, cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and dogs with mammary tumors were treated with intralesional injection of Bacillus Calmette Guérin. This treatment appeared to be effective in most cases of equine sarcoids, in 50 - 60% of the cows with ocular squamous cell carcinoma and was not effective in dogs with mammary tumors.
Multivariable prediction model for the need for surgery in horses with colic. A survey of 1,965 equine colic cases was conducted from August 1985 to July 1986 at 10 equine referral centers located throughout the United States. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a multivariable model for the need for surgery. Two-thirds of the cases were randomly selected for model development (1,336), whereas the remaining cases (629) were used only for subsequent validation of the model. If a lesion requiring surgical correction was found at either surgery or necropsy, the case for the horse was classified as surgical, otherwise the case was classified as medical. On...
Structure of equine corticotropin releasing factor. A 41 amino acid peptide, probably identical in structure to human corticotropin releasing factor, was isolated from 70 equine hypothalami by methanol extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography and single step of reverse phase HPLC. The amino acid sequence was determined by gas phase sequence analysis. Probable carboxyl terminal amidation was demonstrated by similar retention times for equine and human corticotropin releasing factor on reverse phase HPLC at pH 8. The likely structure of equine corticotropin releasing factor is: Ser-Glu-Glu-Pro-Pro- Ile-Ser-Leu-Asp-Leu-Thr-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu...
Expression of procoagulant activity by equine lung macrophages: stimulation by blood lymphocytes. Increases in procoagulant activities (PCA) in equine lung macrophages were induced by non-adherent blood lymphocytes which were prestimulated with phytohaemagglutinin for 48 to 72 hours or by supernatants harvested from prestimulated blood lymphocyte cultures. However, prestimulated lymphocyte suspensions themselves expressed PCA which was most probably derived from contaminating monocytes. Because non-adherent cells from lymphocyte suspensions may have attached to adherent macrophages, cells within lymphocyte suspensions might have contributed to the PCAs expressed by lymphocyte-stimulated lu...
Equine synovial tendon sheaths and bursae: a transmission electron microscope study. A transmission electron microscope study was undertaken to investigate the details of the synovial tendon sheath and bursal lining in horses. The lining cells appeared to be fibroblasts and were buried in a finely granular ground substance. Generally these cells had poor cytoplasmic organelles, sparse short profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), few scattered ribosomes and, occasionally, a poorly developed Golgi complex. However, a few lining cells appeared more active, having pronounced RER with dilated cisternane. The surface of the lining cells, particularly those with dilated RER, ...
Ultrasonic determination of fetal gender in horses and cattle under farm conditions. Accuracy of transrectal ultrasonic diagnosis of fetal gender by identifying and locating the genital tubercle was assessed in 85 horses and 102 dairy heifers and cows. Examinations were made once (horses and cattle) under farm conditions (cattle) on approximately Days 50 to 100. Definite diagnosis was made by removal of fetuses (horses) or after calving or abortion (cattle). In both species and both parities, accuracy was 100% (109 109 totaled over both species) when the certainty level recorded at the time of examination was 95 or 99%. At the lower levels of certainty (65 to 80%, 85 to 90%), ...
[Hematology and cytodiagnosis of leukosis of the horse (review)]. In a review supplementary to prior evaluations further hematological or cytodiagnostic aspects respectively of equine leucosis are discussed. Leukemic nature of the disease is characterized by increased count of normal blood cells or by the presence of morphologically non-differentiated cells in circulating blood or by disorder or loss of function of blood cells respectively. Thrombocytopenia in the most cases is accompanied by anemia, leukemia and tumor cell infiltration in bone marrow. Tumor cells in circulating blood indicate their presence in bone marrow too. In cases of equine leucosis wi...
Analgesic and spasmolytic effects of dipyrone, hyoscine-N-butylbromide and a combination of the two in ponies. The analgesic and spasmolytic effects of dipyrone (Novalgin) (2500 mg/100 kg bodyweight) hyoscine-N-butylbromide (Buscopan) (20 mg/100 kg bodyweight) and a combination of both drugs were evaluated in a balloon-induced model of colic, using five ponies with caecal fistulae. The drugs were given intravenously and 0.9 per cent sodium chloride solution (5 ml/100 kg bodyweight) was used as a control. The physiological saline solution and dipyrone had no effect on caecal contractions. After the injection of hyoscine-N-butylbromide and the drug combination caecal contractions ceased within 30 seconds...
Value of standardised exercise tests and blood biochemistry in the selection and training of breeding stallions. Stallions selected by the Royal Dutch Warmblood Society were submitted to a standardised lungeing test at the beginning and at the end of a 100-day test of performance and ability. The heart rate, haematology and biochemistry values obtained in the first lungeing test showed no significant differences between the 15 stallions which were rejected by the Royal Dutch Warmblood Society during the first month of the 100-day test, the 15 stallions rejected during the last month and the 11 stallions which were approved for registration in the studbook. The 26 stallions submitted to the second lungein...
Anterior uveal melanoma, with secondary keratitis, cataract, and glaucoma, in a horse. Intraocular melanoma was diagnosed in a 13-year-old horse. Secondary clinical findings included keratitis, cataract, and glaucoma. The eye was enucleated. Follow-up information did not give an indication of metastatic disease.
Prostaglandin E2 hastens oviductal transport of equine embryos. The hypothesis that treatment of pregnant mares with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) hastens the oviductal transport of equine embryos was tested by treating bred mares with PGE2 on Day 3 after ovulation and subsequently measuring the rate of hastened oviductal transport (estimated by the uterine embryo recovery rate on Day 4 after ovulation). In a preliminary, noncontrolled experiment, oviductal transport was apparently not hastened after intramuscular, intrauterine, or intraperitoneal PGE2 administration to bred mares (0/6, 0/3, and 0/3 mares, respectively). Oviductal transport appeared to be hasten...
Three monoclonal antibodies identifying antigens on all equine T lymphocytes, and two mutually exclusive T-lymphocyte subsets. The aim of this study was to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAb) recognizing equine lymphocyte surface antigens. Fusions were conducted using BALB/c mice hyperimmunized with equine thymocytes. Hybridoma supernatants were screened by flow cytometry and positive hybridomas were cloned twice by limiting dilution. These mAb were then characterized for tissue distribution by immunohistology and flow cytometry, and by precipitation and analysis of the lymphocyte antigens which they recognized. Three mAb (CVS5, CVS4 and CVS8) are described which recognize only T lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Two-c...
