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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Ultrastructure of the red pulp in spleen innervation in horse and pig. The innervation of the red pulp in the spleen of horse and pig was investigated by electron microscopy. In addition, the neurilemma was studied by immunohistochemistry specific for S-100 protein. In the pig, a large population of smooth-muscle cells extending from the smooth-muscle trabeculae was present in the red pulp. The cytoplasmic processes of reticular cells enwrapped the smooth-muscle cells, and nerve fibres were distributed between the smooth-muscle cells and the reticular cells. The nerve terminals clustered toward the facing of the smooth-muscle cells. Nerve fibres and terminals wer...
Characterization of hydrophobic cores in apomyoglobin: a proton NMR spectroscopy study. A proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of horse apomyoglobin was undertaken in order to define the regions of myoglobin that are and that are not structurally affected by the binding of the prosthetic group. It was found that, in spite of the poor spectral resolution, a number of spin systems could be identified by using standard correlated methods. Four clusters consisting mostly of hydrophobic residues were detected by nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy, two of which involved the tryptophan side chains. Extensive similarities to nuclear Overhauser spectroscopy data collected on...
[Force plate measurements for a quantitative assessment of the equine gait]. Forces occurring between the hoof and the ground during the stance phase (i.e. the ground reaction forces GRF) can be analysed using a force plate. The average of a number of five to stance time and body weight normalised GRF recordings (data) will provide 'representative' GRF patterns. These can be used for objective and quantitative evaluation of various forms of therapy in equine orthopaedics as well as for locomotion research during various forms of equestrian sports.
Hypothyroidism and respiratory insufficiency in a neonatal foal. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed in a neonatal Thoroughbred foal that was weak, hypothermic, and septicemic. Administration of thyroid-releasing hormone elicited attenuated increases in concentrations of free and total triiodothyronine and thyroxine, as compared with a clinically normal, age-matched foal. The foal died of apparent respiratory insufficiency, pre- and postmortem findings compatible with hypothyroidism included hypothermia, large thyroid glands with distended, colloid-filled follicles, and severe, diffuse atelectasis, with thickened alveolar septae and degenerating alveolar squamous ...
[Chronic disease of the two sesamoid bones of the lower foot of the horse]. The aetiology and pathogenesis of navicular bone disease and sesamoidosis are discussed on the basis of findings reported in the literature and research. A marked similarity is found to be present between the clinical presentation, aetiology and pathogenesis of these two diseases. In addition, the intra and juxta-articular signs of degeneration as seen in these diseases are similar to those seen in various forms of arthrosis. Circulatory disturbances resulting from partial or complete arterial occlusion, caused by arteriosclerosis, are likely to play an important role in the cause of degenerat...
[Soft tissue lesions of the equine carpus: roentgenological and echographic studies]. Common soft tissue disorders of the equine carpus are fluctuating or firm soft tissue swellings, wounds and draining tracts. Survey radiography may show the size, position and origin of the swellings and reveals soft tissue calcification, accumulation of air and radiopaque foreign material. Contrast radiography enables accurate visualization of the size, shape, position and origin of fluctuating soft tissue swellings, demonstrates abnormal intersynovial communication and allows precise demonstration of the extent of puncture wounds and draining tracts. Ultrasonography allows differentiation be...
[Immunotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the bovine eye and of equine sarcoid]. Squamous cell carcinomas of the bovine eye and equine sarcoids are briefly reviewed. A single injection of BCG into the tumour results in permanent regression of the lesion in 37 per cent of the cattle, regression followed by recurrence of the tumour in 26 per cent and in progressive growth of the tumour in 37 per cent of the cases. Recurrence may be prevented by repeated injection into the lesion. From 50 to 60 per cent of the cows will remain free from tumours. Equine sarcoids show a complete regression in 70-80 per cent of the cases. Tumours on the limbs show a less satisfactory response (l...
[Movement analysis in the horse with special attention for the problem of skin displacement]. Kinematic gait analysis is a rapidly growing field of veterinary research promising to become even more important in coming years. All modern analytical techniques are based on the use of skin markers and are therefore prone to suffering from a biological error caused by the sliding of the skin over the underlying skeletal structures. To investigate this error skin displacement was quantified at 18 relevant sites using techniques designed to ensure simultaneous visualization of skin and underlying bone. Mathematical models for correction of skin displacement were formulated. Application of the...
Treatment of atrial fibrillation in horses by intravenous administration of quinidine. Intravenous administration of quinidine gluconate converted atrial fibrillation (AF) to sinus rhythm in 9 of 12 horses. Twelve horses that were diagnosed by ECG to have AF were administered up to 11 mg of quinidine gluconate/kg of body weight in 1.0- to 1.5-mg/kg bolus injections every 10 to 15 minutes. The total dose of quinidine administered IV ranged from 1.8 to 5.8 g. Increased ventricular rate, apprehension, and mild depression were observed during treatment. Other signs of toxicosis were not observed. One horse was successfully treated with IV administered quinidine gluconate on 3 occasi...
Haem binding to horse spleen ferritin. Horse spleen ferritin, a spherical protein shell of 24 subunits, contains no haem when extracted. This contrasts with ferritins isolated from bacterial sources which have the capacity to bind up to 24 haem groups [(1990) FEBS Lett. 271, 141-143] via two methionine residues [(1990) Nature 341, 771]. Here it is shown that horse spleen ferritin can bind between 15 and 17 haems per 24 subunits with an apparent association constant of 2.2-3.2 x 10(4) M-1. The strength of haem binding appears to be unaffected either by the presence of the core or by the oxidation state of the haem. The demonstration...
[The diagnosis of adrenal cortical function in animals using hormone analysis]. This paper describes the use of hormone analysis in the diagnosis of adrenal cortex dysfunction in the dog, cat and horse. Analytical problems concerning the determination of corticosteroid levels are discussed and the pathology of adrenal dysfunction is briefly presented. The paper focuses on the problems in establishing physiological norms for adrenal function based on the established assays. Own experiences and other reported data are referred to.
Comparative anatomy of the tracheobronchial circulation. This review considers the similarities and difference between several animal species to determine which are most appropriate for studies of the human bronchial circulation in health and disease. The subgross anatomy of the sheep, cow, pig and horse appear to be similar to that of humans. These species have a major bronchial artery with a consistent location. In humans and other species, there is evidence of anastomoses between the bronchial and coronary circulations. The bronchial circulation provides nutrient supply to the neural structures of all species. The bronchial arteries themselves ar...
The occurrence of equine arteritis virus in Australia. This paper reports the first isolation of equine arteritis virus (EAV) in Australia and serological evidence of exposure to EAV in Australian horses. Twelve Standardbred stallions imported from North America were found to shed EAV in semen. One hundred and seven stallions were tested for serum antibodies to EAV and 73% of Standardbred stallions tested were seropositive as compared to 8% of Thoroughbred stallions. Serum antibody was detected in 71% of Standardbred mares, 6% of Standardbred racehorses and 1% of Thoroughbred mares and racehorses. Examination of stored serums demonstrated that EAV...
The triangle of Viborg (Trigonum viborgi) and its anatomical relationships in the normal standing horse. A detailed description is given of the structures forming the borders of Viborg's triangle and those structures contained within and adjacent to the triangle. Changes in the size, shape and prominence of these structures with changes of head and neck posture of the horse are also described.
Attenuated Hering-Breuer inflation reflex 4 years after pulmonary vagal denervation in ponies. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was any recovery of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex in ponies between 2-4 wk and 3-4 yr after hilar nerve denervation (HND). Under anesthesia and before HND, airway occlusion after a 3-liter lung inflation lengthened the subsequent occluded breath by nearly 10 times the control breath duration. Between 2 wk and 3-4 yr after HND, this maneuver increased the duration of the occluded breath by only 2.5 times the control breath duration. Also under anesthesia, the airway was occluded at end expiration. This maneuver increased the duration...
Equine infectious anemia virus derived from a molecular clone persistently infects horses. A full-length molecular clone of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was isolated from a persistently infected canine fetal thymus cell line (Cf2Th). Upon transfection of equine dermis cells, the clone, designated CL22, yielded infectious EIAV particles (CL22-V) that replicated in vitro in both Cf2Th cells and an equine dermis cell strain. Horses infected with CL22-V developed an antibody response to viral proteins and possessed viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as determined by polymerase chain reaction assays. In addition, horses infected with CL22-V became persistently infe...
Antagonism of endotoxin-induced disruption of equine gastrointestinal motility with the platelet-activating factor antagonist WEB 2086. The effect of pre-treatment with a selective platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist, WEB 2086, on the actions of low-dose endotoxin was evaluated in ponies prepared with gastrointestinal strain gauges. Endotoxin (0.1 microgram/kg i.v.) produced a marked reduction in gastric contraction amplitude and rate, and an increased frequency and reduced duration of jejunal phase III activity fronts (AFs). WEB 2086 (6.6 mg/kg) administered i.v. 10 min before the endotoxin, produced significant antagonism (P less than 0.001) of the effect of endotoxin on gastric contraction amplitude and rate. The co...
Cleavage line patterns of the skin in the horse. In 6 equine specimens of both sexes, the morphological features of the cleavage lines of the skin over the entire body were examined using a metal probe with a sharp conical point. Wounds were produced on the skin with the probe and painted with Chinese white or Indian ink. The direction of running of the cleavage lines was determined from their relationship to the long axis of each region or area of the physical structure. The cleavage lines of the head and face revealed a fixed pattern in all specimens. They were similar to those of equine fetuses of 6 to 7 months of age. A transverse patter...
Clinical use of positive-pressure ventilation in the horse. Positive-pressure ventilation is used to provide improved ventilatory support during anesthesia in the horse. Because of the horse's size and the physiologic changes it undergoes during anesthesia, however, the use of positive-pressure ventilation does not always provide the improvement seen in smaller species. Careful attention to respiratory rate, inspiratory pressure, and I:E ratio minimizes the negative aspect of IPPV on the cardiovascular system. The goal of future ventilatory techniques will be to improve oxygenation without cardiovascular compromise and to do so at a reasonable cost to ...
[Animal nutrition for veterinarians–recent cases of clinical disorders in horses after intake of ionophore-containing feed]. Anamnesis and clinical signs of horses form five different stables after ingestion of ionophores are reported and techniques of feed examination are described. Within a few hours or days after feeding of new types or batches of concentrates horses fell ill. They showed colic-like symptoms with intense sweating and ataxia. Most of the sick animals died within a short time span. Samples of the concentrates were analysed and different types and amounts of ionophores were detected. In four cases contamination by monensin in concentrations of less than 5 mg to 679 mg/kg feed were found. One feed sa...
Evaluation of equine digital Starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis. A carbohydrate overload model was used in 8 horses to evaluate Starling forces and hemodynamics of the digit during the prodromal stage of acute laminitis. A pump-perfused extracorporeal digital preparation was used to evaluate blood flow, arterial pressure, venous pressure, capillary pressure, isogravimetric capillary filtration coefficient, osmotic reflection coefficient, and vascular compliance. From these data, pre- and postcapillary resistances and pre- to postcapillary resistance ratios were determined. Vascular and tissue oncotic pressures were estimated from plasma and lymph protein co...
[From Rumanian folk medicine: Non-specific stimulus therapy using transcutaneous implantation of hellebore (Helleborus purpurascens, Fam. Ranunculaceae) in agriculturally useful animals]. In the Rumanian traditional medicine a transcutaneous implantation of the root of Helleborus purpurascens is used to provoke leucocytosis and neutrophils with the aim to activate chronic diseases for better healing. The skin is perforated with a thick needle (in cattle and horses in the area of the thorax, in sheep and pigs in the ear flap), the transplant is introduced and after 24 hours removed. Though the method is more than 100 years old, it is not reported in the literature. The way of action is unknown. The investigation are performed to show the efficacy of this method of Helleborus-imp...
Strangles in horse studs: incidence, risk factors and effect of vaccination. A questionnaire survey of 179 horse studs in New South Wales was conducted to estimate the incidence of strangles during 1985 to 1988, to identify risk factors for strangles outbreaks and to assess the effect of strangles vaccination. Forty-nine of the studs (27.4%) had at least one strangles outbreak during this period and 62 studs (34.6%) had at least one case of strangles. The average incidence of strangles was 2.1 cases per 100 horses per year. The risk of strangles increased progressively with the total horse population and rose markedly when more than 100 mares had been served in the 198...
Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in young horses. Equine gastric secretion was studied using a gastric cannula model after fasting (basal) and pentagastrin infusion. Gastric secretory rate, pH, osmolality, and electrolyte concentrations and outputs were determined over a 5-h period. Dose-response tests estimated that the maximally effective intravenous dose of pentagastrin was between 3 and 6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1. Basal secretory rate was 278 +/- 29 (SE) ml/15 min, and the pH was 2.00 +/- 0.31. Pentagastrin infusion at 6 micrograms.kg-1.h-1 increased secretory rate to 533 +/- 60 ml/15 min and decreased pH to 1.41 +/- 0.11. Basal gastric acid c...
