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Topic:Veterinary Research
Veterinary research in horses encompasses the study of diseases, health management, and medical treatments specific to equine species. This field investigates various aspects of horse health, including infectious diseases, metabolic disorders, and musculoskeletal conditions. Researchers focus on understanding the pathophysiology of equine ailments, developing diagnostic tools, and evaluating therapeutic interventions. The study of horse health also involves examining preventive measures such as vaccination protocols and nutritional management to promote overall well-being. This page collects peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the diverse areas of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into disease mechanisms, treatment strategies, and advancements in equine healthcare.
Morphogenesis of Berne virus (proposed family Toroviridae). In equine dermis cells infected with Berne virus particles were first detected 10 h after infection. Virions were encountered in all parts of the Golgi system and, infrequently, in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. A unique form of budding of preassembled rigid tubular nucleocapsids was demonstrated. Masses of tubular nucleocapsids of a lesser diameter and electron density were prominent in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of infected cells. Within the Golgi system and cytoplasmic cisternae virions appeared as straight or slightly curved rods. Extremely long, aberrant virions (250 nm) were occasio...
Surgical repair of a partial gastric rupture in a horse. RUPTURE of the stomach is a common complication of
gastric impaction and intestinal reflux or of gastric distention.
After rupture, the general condition of the horse deteriorates
and death follows within a few hours (Tennant, Wheat and
Meagher 1972; McIlwraith 1982).
Dietz and Wiesner (1982) state that partial rupture of the
stomach may result in severe blood loss with circulatory
collapse. In this report a partial rupture of the stomach was
surgically repaired during exploratory laparotomy.
Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness. Twenty-five horses, suspected on clinical grounds of having grass sickness, were given a barium swallow. Using image intensification the passage of the barium bolus was followed radiographically from the pharynx to the stomach. All 18 horses in which grass sickness was later confirmed at post mortem examination showed defective oesophageal motility. Although the specificity of the abnormality could not be proven, the technique offers a valuable aid to the ante mortem diagnosis of grass sickness.
Innate immunity during Equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) infection. Intrinsic phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans by equine monocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) was examined during Equid Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) (subtypes 1 or 2) and Adenovirus infections. Monocyte function increased during EHV-1 subtype 2 and Adenovirus infection. Conversely, there was an impairment of monocyte ingestion during EHV-1 subtype 1 infection which was ascribed to virus replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PMN phagocytosis was not decreased in any of the infections studied. The raised levels of haemolytic complement in animals which subsequently developed...
Diagnosis of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever) by indirect immunofluorescence. The recent establishment of a system for the continuous in vitro propagation of Ehrlichia risticii, the causative agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (EME; synonym, Potomac horse fever), has facilitated the development of an indirect fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis of this disease under laboratory and field conditions. The field diagnostic application of the test has aided in the recognition of the disease in 16 states of the United States and in 1 province of Canada. A limited epidemiologic study conducted between January and September 1985, in an area where the disease is know...
Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. The historical, clinical, laboratory, surgical and necropsy findings in 54 cases of gastric rupture in horses are described. Eleven per cent of the deaths of horses undergoing exploratory coeliotomy for colic during the period of the study were a result of gastric rupture. Comparison with all horses which had exploratory coeliotomies for colic over an eight year period did not show that horses with gastric rupture were different from these reference horses regarding age, breed or season. There were fewer stallions than expected in the gastric rupture group. Horses with histories of both acute ...
Serum and urinary biochemistry and enzyme changes in ponies with acute renal failure. Serum and urinary biochemical changes were recorded in 5 ponies in which acute tubular nephrosis had been induced over 5 days with mercuric chloride and potassium dichromate. Serum osmolality, the serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride, and blood pH and blood gases were measured daily for 14 days or until humane euthanasia was performed. Levels of the same substances were quantitated daily in urine. In addition, routine urinalyses and determination of urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity were performed on each sample. Changes in the value...
Urinary enzyme concentrations in healthy horses. Urinary concentrations of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT), and alanine aminotransferase (AAT) were measured in 32 healthy horses (16 geldings and 16 females) at the same time on 2 consecutive days. The subjects were divided into 4 ages groups, each comprising 8 horses (4 of each sex). In 10 of the geldings, urine was collected continuously for 72 hours, with catheterized samples being obtained at 0800, 1400 and 2000 hours, and an aliquot of the pooled urine being taken every 24 hours. Urinary enzyme activity was found to be unrelat...
Gastric ulceration in mature thoroughbred horses. Routine post mortem examination of 195 Thoroughbreds in Hong Kong revealed that 66 per cent suffered from gastric ulceration. Racehorses killed straight out of training suffered a significantly greater incidence of ulceration (80 per cent) than those having been retired for a month or more (52 per cent). The macroscopic findings post mortem enabled a classification of equine gastric ulceration to be suggested (Types 1, 2, 3), according to severity. Severe lesions (Types 2 and 3) were present in 45 per cent of horses put down from training and 5 per cent of retired horses. This difference was s...
Prediction of pharmacokinetic profiles of ampicillin sodium, gentamicin sulfate, and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate in serum and synovia of healthy horses. Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin sodium (11 mg/kg), gentamicin sulfate (2.2 mg/kg), and combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate were determined for serum and synovia of healthy horses given single-dose IV injection and were not found to be different from those from other reports; however, a prolonged terminal gamma-phase for gentamicin (8,498 +/- 1,842 minutes) in serum of horses was found to exist. Pharmacokinetic interaction between combination ampicillin sodium-gentamicin sulfate was not observed int he serum or synovia. Prediction of ampicillin sodium or gentamicin sulfate concentra...
Resection and anastomosis of small intestine: current methods applicable to the horse. Intraoperative techniques for assessing the viability of ischaemic bowel are discussed. Intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein appears useful but further investigation of the method is required. Methods of resection and anastomosis of small intestine are described and illustrated, including the use of automatic stapling instruments.
A reproducible means of studying acute renal failure in the horse. Acute renal failure was produced in 5 ponies which had received mercuric chloride (0.25 mg/kg) and potassium dichromate (3 mg/kg) intravenously each day for 5 days. Failure was due to acute nephrosis. This was indicated clinically by daily monitoring of the urine output, and B-mode ultrasonography of both kidneys after administering the fifth dose of the chemical agents. Euthanasia was performed after days 14, 9, 5, 8 and 5 respectively in each of the ponies, and the presence of renal disease confirmed by gross and microscopic post mortem examination. The nature of the kidney lesions observed ...
Prevention of retrosternal adhesions after pericardiotomy. Because repeat sternotomies are becoming much more prevalent with repeat coronary bypass operations, prevention of direct adhesions of the heart and grafts to the back of the sternum by use of synthetic or xenograft material to close the pericardiotomy has become a matter for investigation. In this study bovine and equine glutaraldehyde-processed xenografts were implanted bilaterally in dogs for implant intervals of 6 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The bovine and equine xenografts both performed well in resisting the adhesion of the heart to their inner surfaces and less well in resisting a...
Variations in cross-sectional area and composition of equine tendons with regard to their mechanical function. The cross-sectional area, collagen content, dry weight as a percentage of the wet weight and the tendon fibre percentage of the cross-sectional area of the equine hindlimb were determined in the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons and the suspensory ligament at 10, 12 and six sites between tarsus and insertion respectively. The values of each of the four parameters varied between different sites in the same tendon, between different tendons within a horse and between analogous tendons of different horses. Within a tendon the cross-sectional area was inversely proportional to the collag...
Dobutamine-induced augmentation of cardiac output does not enhance respiratory gas exchange in anesthetized recumbent healthy horses. The influence of pharmacologic enhancement of cardiac output on the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen tension (difference (P[A-a]O2), physiologic right-to-left shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), and physiologic dead space-to-tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) ws studied in halothane-anesthetized horses in left lateral, right lateral, and dorsal recumbencies. Adult horses were anesthetized, using xylazine (2.2 mg/kg, IM), guaifenesin (50 mg/kg, IV), thiamylal (4.4 mg/kg, IV), and halothane (1.5% to 2% inspired) in 100% O2. Mechanical ventilation was controlled to maintain arterial eucapnia (PaCO2) 35 to 45 mm of Hg) fo...
Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation and metoclopramide in an experimental model. An experimental model of postoperative ileus was developed in ponies using trauma to, and exposure of, a length of small intestine which gave rise to a reproducible and reversible set of changes in gut activity. This was assessed by recordings of electrical and mechanical activity and by propulsion of spheres from stomach to anus. Activity was depressed, especially in the stomach and colon, and transit was slowed. All drugs given increased electromechanical activity but propranolol was the least effective and did not alter the delayed transit of spheres. Yohimbine was more effective and the ad...
Alterations in calcium, phosphorus and C-terminal parathyroid hormone levels in equine acute renal disease. The changes in serum and urinary levels of calcium and phosphorus and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) were studied during controlled, chemically induced, acute renal disease in 4 ponies. There was an initial rise in daily urinary calcium and hydroxyproline excretion in 2 ponies which may have indicated increased bone resorption. Mild hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and elevated C-terminal PTH levels were associated with oliguria. Total daily urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus decreased as oliguria developed. The levels of C-terminal PTH were increased in all four animals. This appears...
The trans-cis isomerization of trans-4′-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dibromo-benzylamino)cyclohexanol in vivo and in vitro in different species. Isomerization of trans-4'-(2-hydroxy-3,5-dibromo-benzylamino)cyclohexanol (HDBC) in vivo has been investigated in horse, cow, dog, rat and man. Following oral administration of 4'-trans-HDBC to the horse, a very efficient first-pass trans-cis isomerization was observed. In the urine of the horse and cow, 40% and 29% respectively of the conjugated alcohols consisted of the 4'-cis isomer. Isomerization in rat and dog took place only to a small extent, and in man no 4'-cis isomer was detected. Oxidation of HDBC to the corresponding ketone, at pH 9.0, was highest with horse- and rat-liver 10 000 g...
Right heart pressures and blood-gas tensions in ponies during exercise and laryngeal hemiplegia. Right atrial, right ventricular, and pulmonary artery pressures, along with change in pleural pressure, were determined with catheter-tipped micromanometers in two groups of ponies at rest, as well as during moderate (trot; heart rate = 180 beats . min-1) and severe (gallop; heart rate = 220 beats . min-1) exercise performed on a treadmill. Group A (n = 8) ponies served as controls, and group B ponies (n = 6) had laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) induced by sectioning the left recurrent laryngeal nerve 20-29 days before the study. It was observed that LH ponies could not gallop for more than 45-90 s. ...
Review of large intestinal motility and mechanisms of impaction in the horse. The large intestine has distinct motility patterns which include non-rhythmic haustral kneading of ingesta and stronger rhythmic retropulsive and propulsive contractions which move ingesta along the tract. A variable site electrical pacemaker exists at the pelvic flexure where the strong rhythmic contractions begin. The large intestine can contract adequately with only the intrinsic nerve supply intact. Neurotransmitters have profound effects on large intestinal activity.
Study of variables commonly used in examination of equine colic cases to assess prognostic value. In a retrospective study, the prognostic value and individual merit of seven variables, used in routine examination of colic cases, were tested. The following variables proved to be significant in discriminating between horses which survived and those which died: heart rate (P less than 0.00005), packed cell volume (P less than 0.00005) and intensity of colic signs (P less than 0.0001).
Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivatives and anticholinergic agents on intestinal transit in ponies. Amitraz, atropine, glycopyrrolate and morphine (but not its derivatives, meperidine [pethidine], oxymorphone and butorphanol) produced similar effects on clinically observed intestinal functions and significantly prolonged intestinal transit, as assessed with polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, their mechanisms of action, particularly on intestinal transport (fluid movement), may differ widely. Loperamide appeared to exert a preferential action on intestinal transport rather than motility, as there was no significant delay in PEG transit. The action of amitraz in perturbing smooth muscle coord...
