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Topic:Veterinary Science
Veterinary science and horses encompass the study and application of medical, surgical, and therapeutic practices to maintain and improve the health and welfare of equines. This field addresses a wide range of topics, including disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as nutrition, reproduction, and behavior. Research in veterinary science for horses often involves understanding the pathophysiology of equine-specific diseases, developing advanced diagnostic techniques, and improving treatment protocols. This page gathers peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore various aspects of veterinary science related to horses, providing insights into the latest advancements and methodologies in equine healthcare.
Retinal vascular patterns in domestic animals. In this paper a morphological study of the retinal vascular patterns in various species of domestic animals is reported. A classification of these patterns into four well-defined groups is described. In the domestic ruminants, pigs and carnivores the retina contains a compact plexus of blood vessels located in the major part of the light-sensitive portion of the retina (euangiotic or holangiotic pattern). In other domestic animals blood vessels are present only in a smaller part of the retina. In the rabbit, vessels are confined to a broad horizontal band coincident with the area of dispersion...
Screening and confirmation of drugs in horse urine by using a simple column extraction procedure. A simple and reproducible column (Clean Screen-DAU, copolymeric bonded-phase silica column) extraction procedure has been described for the screening and confirmation of drugs in horse urine. The recovery of drugs by the column extraction was better than or comparable to the recovery by the liquid-liquid extraction, which is commonly used in the equine analytical laboratories. The column extraction provided broad coverage of drugs, separated extracts into three fractions (acidic/neutral, steroids, basic), produced a cleaner extract, and eliminated the need for special liquid-liquid extraction ...
Mössbauer spectroscopic study of the initial stages of iron-core formation in horse spleen apoferritin: evidence for both isolated Fe(III) atoms and oxo-bridged Fe(III) dimers as early intermediates. Ferritin stores iron within a hollow protein shell as a polynuclear Fe(III) hydrous oxide core. Although iron uptake into ferritin has been studied previously, the early stages in the creation of the core need to be clarified. These are dealt with in this paper by using Mössbauer spectroscopy, a technique that enables several types of Fe(II) and Fe(III) to be distinguished. Systematic Mössbauer studies were performed on samples prepared by adding 57Fe(II) atoms to apoferritin as a function of pH (5.6-7.0), n [the number of Fe/molecule (4-480)], and tf (the time the samples were held at room ...
Structure of the alpha 1 subunit of horse Na,K-ATPase gene. Genomic DNA for Na,K-ATPase alpha 1 subunit was obtained from libraries of horse kidney genomic DNA in Charon 4A and in EMBL3 bacteriophages by screening with the full sized cDNA probe of the alpha 1 subunit of rat Na,K-ATPase as probe. The gene spans 30 kb and consists of 23 exons and 22 intervening sequences. Intron-exon boundaries were analyzed. The protein-coding nucleotide sequence encodes 1016 amino acids with an Mr of 112,264. The putative amino acid sequence of horse alpha 1 is 96-97% homologous to those of other mammalian species.
Relationship of cadmium accumulation to zinc or copper concentration in horse liver and kidney. The concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and metallothionein (MT) in the liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla were determined in 24 male and 15 female younger thoroughbreds (age 27 to 97 months) and two old male horses (age 154 months and 190 months). High correlations were found between Zn and MT in the liver (partial correlation coefficient 0.836), between Cd and MT in the renal cortex (partial correlation coefficient 0.786), and between Cd and Zn in the renal cortex (partial correlation coefficient 0.675), while the correlation between Cd and MT in the liver was low (partial correlation coeffici...
Effects of diet and feeding on postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentration in adult horses. Gastrin is the only hormone known to stimulate secretion of hydrochloric acid. It also has trophic effects on specific parts of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Using radioimmunoassay techniques, postprandial serum gastrin and insulin concentrations were measured in six adult horses to establish effects of different diets on gastrin concentrations. Insulin concentrations were measured to provide support to the patterns of gastrin secretion because patterns of insulin secretion were already known. The horses were fed coastal bermuda hay, or twice daily 5 kg of a complete pelleted ratio...
Morphologic features of the aqueous humor drainage pathways in horses. The iridocorneal angle of the horse was anteriorly lined by a pectinate ligament, consisting of several layers of vertically oriented collagenous beams, that were interrupted by a network of extracellular spaces. The anterior chamber angle consisted mostly of a large uveal trabecular meshwork that was composed of widely-spaced, thick trabeculae. These trabeculae were attached in part posteriorly to extensions of the ciliary body musculature and anteriorly inserted into the prominent pectinate ligament. The corneoscleral trabecular meshwork was shaped hemiobovately and formed the external bound...
Comparative ventilation and gas exchange in the horse and the cow. Ventilation and gas exchange were studied in healthy, adult horses and cows, two large species with different lung structures and different breathing patterns. The oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), respiratory rate (fR), minute ventilation (VE), alveolar ventilation (VA), alveolar oxygen pressure (PAO2), and VE/VO2 ratio were higher in the cows, while the tidal volume (VT) and physiological dead space (VD) were larger in the horses. The arterial blood gases, alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference (PAO2-PaO2) and VD/VT ratio did not differ between the two species. The hig...
Comparative pulmonary mechanics in the horse and the cow. Pulmonary mechanics and lung volumes were measured in horses and cows to determine if differences in breathing pattern between the two species were due to differences in the mechanical properties of the lungs. Tidal volume (VT) was larger in the horses, while the respiratory rate (fR) and minute ventilation (VE) were higher in the cows. The horses often had a double peak in airflow during inspiration and, or, expiration, while the cows had a single peak during expiration. Measured lung volumes were larger in the horses and they had a higher dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn,L), although the static...
Toxicity of field samples and Fusarium moniliforme from feed associated with equine-leucoencephalomalacia. Feed samples of corn, pelleted feed, and oats associated with equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELEM) were obtained from North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma. These samples contained a high colony density of Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon which ranged from 64 to 87% of the total fungi. Fifty-nine F. moniliforme strains were isolated. Isolates of F. moniliforme in feed samples from Illinois, Indiana, and Oklahoma were cultured on corn. The fermented corn, mixed with regular feed and fed to one-day-old ducklings, effected a high mortality coefficient (average 55%). Methanol extracts of corn...
Nonequivalence of the two subunits of horse erythrocyte glutathione transferase in their reaction with sulfhydryl reagents. Glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) from horse erythrocytes has been purified and some molecular and kinetic properties have been investigated. It appears to be a dimeric protein composed of subunits of about 23 kDa, indistinguishable either in sodium dodecyl sulfate or in urea electrophoresis. Amino acid composition, substrate specificities, sensitivity to inhibitors, CD spectra, and immunological studies provide evidence that the horse enzyme is related to the pi class transferases. This enzyme has only two reactive thiol groups/dimer whose integrity appears to be essential for the activit...
A new Papulaspora species from the infected eye of a horse: Papulaspora equi sp. nov. An unusual fungus, probably traumatically introduced into the eye of a horse while grazing, was studied on various mycological media. Upon examination of colonies the organism produced bulbils and clearly exhibited the characteristics of a new species of Papulaspora, P. equi Shadomy & Dixon.
Myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon in female ponies. The myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon (RVC) was studied in 4 female ponies. Eight, bipolar Ag-AgCl electrodes were sequentially placed on the seromuscular layer of the cecum (6 electrodes) and RVC (2 electrodes), and recordings were begun 14 days after surgery. The myoelectric activity for each pony was recorded during 12, 60-minute recording sessions done during the interdigestive period (3 to 7 hours after the morning feeding). Coordinated series of spike bursts were recognized as independent motility patterns in the cecum and in the RVC. Local haustra-haustra myoelec...
A comparison of methods for proximal palmar metacarpal analgesia in horses. Three techniques for inducing analgesia of the proximal metacarpal region were evaluated for the frequency of inadvertent injection into the middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints. Using methylene blue solution as a marker dye and 30 fresh cadaver specimens each, three clinicians performed either 30 infiltrations at the origin of the suspensory ligament (method A), 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the proximal end of the metacarpus (method B), or 30 palmar and palmar metacarpal nerve blocks at the distal aspect of the accessory carpal bone (method C). The frequency of inadvert...
Capillary tortuosity in skeletal muscles of mammals depends on muscle contraction. Capillary orientation (anisotropy) was compared in hindlimb muscles of mammals of different size and/or different aerobic capacity (dog, goat, pony, and calf). All muscles were fixed by vascular perfusion at sarcomere lengths ranging from 1.5 to 2.7 micron. The ratios of capillary counts per fiber cross-sectional area on two sets of sections (0 and 90 degrees) to the muscle fiber axis were used to estimate capillary anisotropy and the coefficient c(K,0) relating 1) capillary counts on transverse sections (a commonly used parameter to assess muscle capillarity) and 2) capillary length per volum...
Analysis of N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic-acid-containing N-linked carbohydrate chains released by peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F. Application to the structure determination of the carbohydrate chains of equine fibrinogen. The carbohydrate chains of equine fibrinogen were enzymatically released by peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F. The oligosaccharides obtained were fractionated by a combination of FPLC and HPLC and analyzed by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Four monosialo and four disialo diantennary N-acetyllactosamine type of carbohydrate chains occur: (formula; see text)
[Ruminal 15N-straw degradation in sacco and the in vivo digestibility of 15N from straw in the sheep and pony]. The nylon-bag method was applied for determination of the rumen degradation of dry matter and nitrogen of 15N-labelled wheat straw. For the experiment 4 wethers fitted with a rumen cannula were used. The bags containing 15N straw were introduced into the rumen and withdrawn 3, 6 or 12 h after incubation. In a second experiment the apparent 15N-digestibility of the same straw was determined in wether and pony. The dry matter disappearance varied between 6 and 23%. For 15N-labelled straw the disappearance of 15N was higher than that of total N. 12 h after incubation 71% of 15N and only 25% of to...
Comparison of partial amino acid sequences of two protamine 2 variants from stallion sperm. Structural evidence that the variants are products of different genes. Protamine 1 and two protamine 2 variants were isolated from stallion sperm and separated by acetic acid-urea gel electrophoresis. After electroblotting onto polyvinyldifluoride filters, their amino-terminal amino acid sequences were determined by pulse-liquid peptide sequencing. The sequences of the two protamine 2 variants are homologous but slightly different in length and amino acid composition and indicate for the first time the existence of two different genes for this protamine species.
