FREE SHIPPING over $40
OVER 9000 FIVE-STAR REVIEWS
5% OFF ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS
100% HAPPINESS GUARANTEE
Analyze Diet
0
Home / Equine Research Bank / Animals (Basel) / Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillanc...
Animals : an open access journal from MDPI2023; 13(16); 2663; doi: 10.3390/ani13162663

Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP).

Abstract: Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to grow. Subsequently, however, the potential for transmission of fatal equine bacterial diseases has also escalated, and devasting outbreaks continue to occur. To prevent such events, disease surveillance and diagnosis must be heightened throughout the industry. Current common, or "gold-standard" techniques, have shown to be inadequate at times, thus requiring newer technology to impede outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven to be a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in both diagnostics and surveillance. This review will discuss equine bacterial diseases of biosecurity relevance and their current diagnostic approaches, as well as their respective LAMP assay developments. Additionally, we will provide insight regarding newer technology and advancements associated with this technique and their potential use for the outlined diseases.
Get Full Text
Publication Date: 2023-08-18 PubMed ID: 37627456PubMed Central: PMC10451754DOI: 10.3390/ani13162663Google Scholar: Lookup
The Equine Research Bank provides access to a large database of publicly available scientific literature. Inclusion in the Research Bank does not imply endorsement of study methods or findings by Mad Barn.
LinkedInCopy
  • Journal Article
  • Review

Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

The research article is about the latest progress and future potential of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) in detecting, tracking, and controlling equine bacterial diseases relevant to biosecurity.

Understanding the Context

  • The paper emphasizes the globally increasing significance of the horse industry for work, sports, cultural reasons, and economic contribution. With the amplifying importation and movement of horses, the global horse industry is thriving.
  • However, the increased movement of horses also heightens the risk of transmitting fatal equine bacterial diseases, which can result in severe outbreaks. As such, it calls for enhanced disease detection and monitoring mechanisms.
  • The industry’s current diagnostic techniques, often referred to as “gold-standard,” have proven to be insufficient at times. This inefficiency necessitates the introduction of advanced technology to prevent disease outbreaks.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)

  • LAMP emerges as a reliable, quick, and accessible tool for disease diagnosis and surveillance in the horse industry.
  • this research article particularly reviews equine bacterial diseases related to biosecurity, the present diagnostic methodologies, and their respective developments in LAMP assays.

Significance and Future Developments

  • Apart from this, the researchers in the paper also shed light on the latest advancements and technologies related to LAMP, intending to use them for the outlined diseases.
  • The adoption of advanced techniques like LAMP can greatly enhance our capabilities in detecting and mitigating horse diseases at an early stage, thereby ensuring biosecurity.

Cite This Article

APA
Knox A, Zerna G, Beddoe T. (2023). Current and Future Advances in the Detection and Surveillance of Biosecurity-Relevant Equine Bacterial Diseases Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP). Animals (Basel), 13(16), 2663. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162663

Publication

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI
ISSN: 2076-2615
NlmUniqueID: 101635614
Country: Switzerland
Language: English
Volume: 13
Issue: 16
PII: 2663

Researcher Affiliations

Knox, Alexandra
  • Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia.
Zerna, Gemma
  • Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia.
Beddoe, Travis
  • Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3082, Australia.

Grant Funding

  • na / Cooperative Research Centres Project (CRC-P)
  • na / Defence Science Institute

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

This article includes 208 references
  1. Murray G, Munstermann S, Lam K. Benefits and Challenges Posed by the Worldwide Expansion of Equestrian Events—New Standards for the Population of Competition Horses and Equine Disease Free Zones (EDFZ) in Countries. Proceedings of the 81st General Session World Organisation for Animal Health; Paris, France. 26–31 May 2013.
  2. FAOSTAT Production Statistics of the Food Agriculture Orginization of The United States. [(accessed on 3 June 2021)]. Available online: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA.
  3. Weese JS. Infection control and biosecurity in equine disease control.. Equine Vet J 2014 Nov;46(6):654-60.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12295pmc: PMC7163522pubmed: 24802183google scholar: lookup
  4. Gilbert M, Gillett J. Equine athletes and interspecies sport. Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport 2012;47:632–643.
    doi: 10.1177/1012690211416726google scholar: lookup
  5. Mendonça T, Bienboire-Frosini C, Menuge F, Leclercq J, Lafont-Lecuelle C, Arroub S, Pageat P. The Impact of Equine-Assisted Therapy on Equine Behavioral and Physiological Responses.. Animals (Basel) 2019 Jul 1;9(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani9070409pmc: PMC6681086pubmed: 31266217google scholar: lookup
  6. Malinowski K, Luba N. The Equine Industry—Economic and Societal Impact. Perspectives in World Food and Agriculture 2004. John Wiley & Sons; Hoboken, NJ, USA: 2008. pp. 187–203.
  7. Elgåker H.E. The new equine sector and its influence on multifunctional land use in peri-urban areas. GeoJournal 2012;77:591–613.
    doi: 10.1007/s10708-010-9398-ygoogle scholar: lookup
  8. Dominguez M, Münstermann S, de Guindos I, Timoney P. Equine disease events resulting from international horse movements: Systematic review and lessons learned.. Equine Vet J 2016 Sep;48(5):641-53.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12523pubmed: 26509734google scholar: lookup
  9. Nixon J. Learning about equine biosecurity.. Vet Rec 2015 Jun 6;176(23):i-ii.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.h2981pubmed: 26044699google scholar: lookup
  10. Taylor K, Thomas S, Mendez D, Chicken C, Carrick J, Heller J, Durrheim D. "Prevention is the biggest success": Barriers and enablers to personal biosecurity in the thoroughbred breeding industry.. Prev Vet Med 2020 Oct;183:105135.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105135pubmed: 32961422google scholar: lookup
  11. Tartor Y, Gharieb N, Ali W, El-Naenaeey E, Ammar A. Rapid and Precise Diagnostic Tests for S. equi: An Etiologic Agent of Equine Strangles. Zagazig Vet. J. 2019;47:146–159.
    doi: 10.21608/zvjz.2019.9896.1024google scholar: lookup
  12. Saxena A, Pal V, Tripathi NK, Goel AK. A real-time loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for molecular detection of Burkholderia mallei, the aetiological agent of a zoonotic and re-emerging disease glanders.. Acta Trop 2019 Jun;194:189-194.
    doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.004pubmed: 30958991google scholar: lookup
  13. Kim SH, Lee JS, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Choi JG, Lee SK, Kim HJ, Yang SJ, Park T, Lee SK, Kang HE, Jeoung HY, Park JY. Development and Application of a Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Bacterial Aetiologic Agents Associated With Equine Venereal Diseases.. J Equine Vet Sci 2021 Oct;105:103721.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103721pubmed: 34607681google scholar: lookup
  14. Chapman GE, Baylis M, Archer D, Daly JM. The challenges posed by equine arboviruses.. Equine Vet J 2018 Jul;50(4):436-445.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12829pubmed: 29517814google scholar: lookup
  15. Knox A, Beddoe T. Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies for the Detection of Equine Viral Pathogens.. Animals (Basel) 2021 Jul 20;11(7).
    doi: 10.3390/ani11072150pmc: PMC8300645pubmed: 34359278google scholar: lookup
  16. Khan I, Wieler LH, Melzer F, Elschner MC, Muhammad G, Ali S, Sprague LD, Neubauer H, Saqib M. Glanders in animals: a review on epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and countermeasures.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013 Jun;60(3):204-21.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01342.xpubmed: 22630609google scholar: lookup
  17. Giguère S, Hernandez J, Gaskin J, Prescott JF, Takai S, Miller C. Performance of five serological assays for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003 Mar;10(2):241-5.
    doi: 10.1128/CDLI.10.2.241-245.2003pmc: PMC150531pubmed: 12626449google scholar: lookup
  18. Timoney P. Infectious Diseases and the International Movement of Horses. Equine Infect. Dis. 2007;1:549–556.
  19. Luddy S, Kutzler M.A. Contagious Equine Metritis Within the United States: A Review of the 2008 Outbreak. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2010;30:393–400.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.07.006google scholar: lookup
  20. Ikhuoso OA, Monroy JC, Rivas-Caceres RR, Cipriano-Salazar M, Barbabosa Pliego A. Streptococcus equi in Equine: Diagnostic and Healthy Performance Impacts.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Feb;85:102870.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102870pubmed: 31952639google scholar: lookup
  21. Erdman MM, Creekmore LH, Fox PE, Pelzel AM, Porter-Spalding BA, Aalsburg AM, Cox LK, Morningstar-Shaw BR, Crom RL. Diagnostic and epidemiologic analysis of the 2008-2010 investigation of a multi-year outbreak of contagious equine metritis in the United States.. Prev Vet Med 2011 Sep 1;101(3-4):219-28.
    doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.05.015pubmed: 21715032google scholar: lookup
  22. Timoney PJ. Horse species symposium: contagious equine metritis: an insidious threat to the horse breeding industry in the United States.. J Anim Sci 2011 May;89(5):1552-60.
    doi: 10.2527/jas.2010-3368pubmed: 20889687google scholar: lookup
  23. Kristula MA, Smith BI. Diagnosis and treatment of four stallions, carriers of the contagious metritis organism--case report.. Theriogenology 2004 Jan 15;61(2-3):595-601.
    doi: 10.1016/S0093-691X(03)00228-0pubmed: 14662155google scholar: lookup
  24. Swerczek TW. Contagious equine metritis in the USA.. Vet Rec 1978 Jun 10;102(23):512-3.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.102.23.512pubmed: 754407google scholar: lookup
  25. Fales W.H, Blackburn B.O, Youngquist R.S, Braun W.F, Schlater L.R, Morehouse L.G. Laboratory methodology for the diagnosis of contagious equine metritis in Missouri. American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Annual Meeting-American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians; Visalia, CA, USA: 1979; pp. 187–197.
  26. Hayna J.H, Syverson C.M, Dobrinsky J.R. 155 embryo transfer success during concurrent contagious equine metritis infection. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2007;20:157–158.
    doi: 10.1071/RDv20n1Ab155google scholar: lookup
  27. Sobhy M.M, Fathi A, Abougazia K.A, Oshba M.R, Kotb M.H.R. Study on Occurrence of Contagious Equine Metritis in the Genital Tract of Equine. Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg. 2019;50:57–62.
    doi: 10.21608/ejvs.2020.19942.1134google scholar: lookup
  28. Wilsher S, Omar H, Ismer A, Allen T, Wernery U, Joseph M, Mawhinney I, Florea L, Thurston L, Duquesne F, Petry S. A new strain of Taylorella asinigenitalis shows differing pathogenicity in mares and Jenny donkeys.. Equine Vet J 2021 Sep;53(5):990-995.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13382pubmed: 33174229google scholar: lookup
  29. Aalsburg AM, Erdman MM. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotyping of Taylorella equigenitalis isolates collected in the United States from 1978 to 2010.. J Clin Microbiol 2011 Mar;49(3):829-33.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.00956-10pmc: PMC3067726pubmed: 21191049google scholar: lookup
  30. Sack A, Oladunni FS, Gonchigoo B, Chambers TM, Gray GC. Zoonotic Diseases from Horses: A Systematic Review.. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020 Jul;20(7):484-495.
    doi: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2541pmc: PMC7339018pubmed: 32077811google scholar: lookup
  31. Prasad M, Brar B, Shah I, Ranjan K, Lambe U, Manimegalai M, Vashisht B, Khurana S, Prasad G. Biotechnological tools for diagnosis of equine infectious diseases. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci. 2016;4:S161–S181.
    doi: 10.18006/2016.4(Spl-4-EHIDZ).S161.S181google scholar: lookup
  32. Bacich DJ, Sobek KM, Cummings JL, Atwood AA, O'Keefe DS. False negative results from using common PCR reagents.. BMC Res Notes 2011 Oct 27;4:457.
    doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-457pmc: PMC3219698pubmed: 22032271google scholar: lookup
  33. Boyle AG, Boston RC, O'Shea K, Young S, Rankin SC. Optimization of an in vitro assay to detect Streptococcus equi subsp. equi.. Vet Microbiol 2012 Oct 12;159(3-4):406-10.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.04.014pubmed: 22560762google scholar: lookup
  34. Roberts M.C. Biosecurity and Equine Infectious Diseases. In: Van Alfen N.K., editor. Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems. Academic Press; Oxford, UK: 2014. pp. 61–68.
  35. Båverud V, Johansson SK, Aspan A. Real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus.. Vet Microbiol 2007 Oct 6;124(3-4):219-29.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.020pubmed: 17531409google scholar: lookup
  36. Heidmann P, Madigan J.E, Watson J.L. Rhodococcus equi Pneumonia: Clinical Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2006;5:203–210.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.015google scholar: lookup
  37. Notomi T, Okayama H, Masubuchi H, Yonekawa T, Watanabe K, Amino N, Hase T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA.. Nucleic Acids Res 2000 Jun 15;28(12):E63.
    doi: 10.1093/nar/28.12.e63pmc: PMC102748pubmed: 10871386google scholar: lookup
  38. Zhang X, Lowe SB, Gooding JJ. Brief review of monitoring methods for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).. Biosens Bioelectron 2014 Nov 15;61:491-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.05.039pubmed: 24949822google scholar: lookup
  39. Nemoto M, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of Equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 and differentiating a gene-deleted candidate vaccine strain from wild-type Equid herpesvirus 1 strains.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010 Jan;22(1):30-6.
    doi: 10.1177/104063871002200105pubmed: 20093679google scholar: lookup
  40. Wheeler SS, Ball CS, Langevin SA, Fang Y, Coffey LL, Meagher RJ. Surveillance for Western Equine Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, and West Nile Viruses Using Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification.. PLoS One 2016;11(1):e0147962.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147962pmc: PMC4726549pubmed: 26807734google scholar: lookup
  41. Nemoto M, Yamanaka T, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, Matsumura T. Development and evaluation of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for H3N8 equine influenza virus.. J Virol Methods 2011 Dec;178(1-2):239-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.07.015pubmed: 21907240google scholar: lookup
  42. Nemoto M, Morita Y, Niwa H, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kondo T. Rapid detection of equine coronavirus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification.. J Virol Methods 2015 Apr;215-216:13-6.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.001pmc: PMC7113660pubmed: 25682750google scholar: lookup
  43. Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Higuchi T, Katayama Y. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting virulent Rhodococcus equi.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016 Sep;28(5):608-11.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638716656222pubmed: 27493140google scholar: lookup
  44. Boyle AG, Rankin SC, O'Shea K, Stefanovski D, Peng J, Song J, Bau HH. Detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in guttural pouch lavage samples using a loop-mediated isothermal nucleic acid amplification microfluidic device.. J Vet Intern Med 2021 May;35(3):1597-1603.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.16105pmc: PMC8163136pubmed: 33728675google scholar: lookup
  45. Pal V, Saxena A, Singh S, Goel AK, Kumar JS, Parida MM, Rai GP. Development of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Burkholderia mallei.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018 Feb;65(1):e32-e39.
    doi: 10.1111/tbed.12665pubmed: 28649808google scholar: lookup
  46. Alhassan A, Thekisoe OM, Yokoyama N, Inoue N, Motloang MY, Mbati PA, Yin H, Katayama Y, Anzai T, Sugimoto C, Igarashi I. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis.. Vet Parasitol 2007 Jan 31;143(2):155-60.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.014pubmed: 16973284google scholar: lookup
  47. Gummery L, Jallow S, Raftery AG, Bennet E, Rodgers J, Sutton DGM. Comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and PCR for the diagnosis of infection with Trypanosoma brucei ssp. in equids in The Gambia.. PLoS One 2020;15(8):e0237187.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237187pmc: PMC7444819pubmed: 32833981google scholar: lookup
  48. Özay B, McCalla S.E. A review of reaction enhancement strategies for isothermal nucleic acid amplification reactions. Sens. Actuators Rep. 2021;3:100033.
    doi: 10.1016/j.snr.2021.100033google scholar: lookup
  49. Padalino B. Effects of the different transport phases on equine health status, behavior, and welfare: A review. J. Vet. Behav. 2015;10:272–282.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2015.02.002google scholar: lookup
  50. Bengtsson B, Greko C. Antibiotic resistance--consequences for animal health, welfare, and food production.. Ups J Med Sci 2014 May;119(2):96-102.
    doi: 10.3109/03009734.2014.901445pmc: PMC4034566pubmed: 24678738google scholar: lookup
  51. Dwyer RM. Environmental disinfection to control equine infectious diseases.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2004 Dec;20(3):531-42.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2004.07.001pubmed: 15519816google scholar: lookup
  52. Magnusson H. Spezifische infektiose Pneumonie beim Fohlen. Ein neuer Eiterreger beim Pferd. Arch. Wiss. Prakt. Tierhelkd. 1923;50:22–38.
  53. Goodfellow M, Alderson G. The actinomycete-genus Rhodococcus: a home for the "rhodochrous" complex.. J Gen Microbiol 1977 May;100(1):99-122.
    doi: 10.1099/00221287-100-1-99pubmed: 874450google scholar: lookup
  54. von Bargen K, Haas A. Molecular and infection biology of the horse pathogen Rhodococcus equi.. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2009 Sep;33(5):870-91.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2009.00181.xpubmed: 19453748google scholar: lookup
  55. Bell KS, Philp JC, Aw DW, Christofi N. The genus Rhodococcus.. J Appl Microbiol 1998 Aug;85(2):195-210.
    doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1998.00525.xpubmed: 9750292google scholar: lookup
  56. Muscatello G, Leadon DP, Klayt M, Ocampo-Sosa A, Lewis DA, Fogarty U, Buckley T, Gilkerson JR, Meijer WG, Vazquez-Boland JA. Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: the science of 'rattles'.. Equine Vet J 2007 Sep;39(5):470-8.
    doi: 10.2746/042516407X209217pubmed: 17910275google scholar: lookup
  57. Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Martens RJ, Edwards RF, Nevill M. Foal-related risk factors associated with development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia on farms with endemic infection.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Dec 15;223(12):1791-9.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1791pubmed: 14690209google scholar: lookup
  58. Cohen ND, Carter CN, Scott HM, Chaffin MK, Smith JL, Grimm MB, Kuskie KR, Takai S, Martens RJ. Association of soil concentrations of Rhodococcus equi and incidence of pneumonia attributable to Rhodococcus equi in foals on farms in central Kentucky.. Am J Vet Res 2008 Mar;69(3):385-95.
    doi: 10.2460/ajvr.69.3.385pubmed: 18312138google scholar: lookup
  59. Benoit S, Taouji S, Benachour A, Hartke A. Resistance of Rhodococcus equi to acid pH.. Int J Food Microbiol 2000 Apr 10;55(1-3):295-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00172-0pubmed: 10791761google scholar: lookup
  60. Benoit S, Benachour A, Taouji S, Auffray Y, Hartke A. H(2)O(2), which causes macrophage-related stress, triggers induction of expression of virulence-associated plasmid determinants in Rhodococcus equi.. Infect Immun 2002 Jul;70(7):3768-76.
    doi: 10.1128/IAI.70.7.3768-3776.2002pmc: PMC128077pubmed: 12065520google scholar: lookup
  61. Giguère S, Hernandez J, Gaskin J, Miller C, Bowman JL. Evaluation of white blood cell concentration, plasma fibrinogen concentration, and an agar gel immunodiffusion test for early identification of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003 Mar 15;222(6):775-81.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.2003.222.775pubmed: 12675301google scholar: lookup
  62. AAEP. AAEP Infectious Disease Guidelines: Rhodococcus equi. American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP); Lexington, KY, USA: 2017.
  63. Arnold-Lehna D, Venner M, Berghaus LJ, Berghaus R, Giguère S. Changing policy to treat foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in the later course of disease decreases antimicrobial usage without increasing mortality rate.. Equine Vet J 2020 Jul;52(4):531-537.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13219pubmed: 31808183google scholar: lookup
  64. Hillidge CJ. Use of erythromycin-rifampin combination in treatment of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia.. Vet Microbiol 1987 Aug;14(3):337-42.
    doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(87)90121-0pubmed: 3314109google scholar: lookup
  65. Kedlaya I, Ing MB, Wong SS. Rhodococcus equi infections in immunocompetent hosts: case report and review.. Clin Infect Dis 2001 Feb 1;32(3):E39-46.
    doi: 10.1086/318520pubmed: 11170969google scholar: lookup
  66. Giguère S, Lee E, Williams E, Cohen ND, Chaffin MK, Halbert N, Martens RJ, Franklin RP, Clark CC, Slovis NM. Determination of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to macrolide antimicrobials or rifampin in Rhodococcus equi isolates and treatment outcome in foals infected with antimicrobial-resistant isolates of R equi.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010 Jul 1;237(1):74-81.
    doi: 10.2460/javma.237.1.74pubmed: 20590498google scholar: lookup
  67. Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, Willingham-Lane JM. Antimicrobial Resistance in Rhodococcus equi.. Microbiol Spectr 2017 Oct;5(5).
    doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0004-2016pubmed: 29052538google scholar: lookup
  68. Chirino-Trejo JM, Prescott JF, Yager JA. Protection of foals against experimental Rhodococcus equi pneumonia by oral immunization.. Can J Vet Res 1987 Oct;51(4):444-7.
    pmc: PMC1255362pubmed: 3453264
  69. Varga J, Fodor L, Rusvai M, Soós I, Makrai L. Prevention of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia of foals using two different inactivated vaccines.. Vet Microbiol 1997 Jun 16;56(3-4):205-12.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00089-8pubmed: 9226835google scholar: lookup
  70. Hooper-McGrevy KE, Wilkie BN, Prescott JF. Virulence-associated protein-specific serum immunoglobulin G-isotype expression in young foals protected against Rhodococcus equi pneumonia by oral immunization with virulent R. equi.. Vaccine 2005 Dec 30;23(50):5760-7.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.050pubmed: 16112256google scholar: lookup
  71. Martens RJ, Martens JG, Fiske RA, Hietala SK. Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: protective effects of immune plasma in experimentally infected foals.. Equine Vet J 1989 Jul;21(4):249-55.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1989.tb02161.xpubmed: 2767025google scholar: lookup
  72. Madigan JE, Hietala S, Muller N. Protection against naturally acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals by administration of hyperimmune plasma.. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 1991;44:571-8.
    pubmed: 1795301
  73. Caston SS, McClure SR, Martens RJ, Chaffin MK, Miles KG, Griffith RW, Cohen ND. Effect of hyperimmune plasma on the severity of pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in experimentally infected foals.. Vet Ther 2006 Winter;7(4):361-75.
    pubmed: 17216591
  74. Hurley JR, Begg AP. Failure of hyperimmune plasma to prevent pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals.. Aust Vet J 1995 Nov;72(11):418-20.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb06192.xpubmed: 8929188google scholar: lookup
  75. Giguère S, Cohen ND, Chaffin MK, Slovis NM, Hondalus MK, Hines SA, Prescott JF. Diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals.. J Vet Intern Med 2011 Nov-Dec;25(6):1209-20.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00835.xpubmed: 22092608google scholar: lookup
  76. Bordin AI, Huber L, Sanz MG, Cohen ND. Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: Update on epidemiology, immunity, treatment and prevention.. Equine Vet J 2022 May;54(3):481-494.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13567pubmed: 35188690google scholar: lookup
  77. Boyle AG, Timoney JF, Newton JR, Hines MT, Waller AS, Buchanan BR. Streptococcus equi Infections in Horses: Guidelines for Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Strangles-Revised Consensus Statement.. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Mar;32(2):633-647.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15043pmc: PMC5867011pubmed: 29424487google scholar: lookup
  78. Taylor S.D, Wilson W.D. Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (Strangles) Infection. Clin. Tech. Equine Pract. 2006;5:211–217.
    doi: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.03.016google scholar: lookup
  79. Waller A. Streptococcus equi: breaking its strangles-hold.. Vet Rec 2018 Mar 17;182(11):316-318.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.k1231pubmed: 29545493google scholar: lookup
  80. Schütz J.W. The streptococcus of strangles. J. Comp. Pathol. Ther. 1888;1:191–208.
    doi: 10.1016/S0368-1742(88)80069-9google scholar: lookup
  81. Waller AS. Strangles: a pathogenic legacy of the war horse.. Vet Rec 2016 Jan 23;178(4):91-2.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.i123pubmed: 26795860google scholar: lookup
  82. Piché CA. Clinical observations on an outbreak of strangles.. Can Vet J 1984 Jan;25(1):7-11.
    pmc: PMC1790498pubmed: 17422355
  83. Swerczek T. Exacerbation of Streptococcus equi (strangles) by overly nutritious diets in horses: A model for infectious bacterial diseases of horses and other livestock. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2019;7:18–23.
    doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20190701.13google scholar: lookup
  84. Duran M.C, Goehring L. Equine strangles: An update on disease control and prevention. Austral J. Vet. Sci. 2021;53:23–31.
    doi: 10.4067/S0719-81322021000100023google scholar: lookup
  85. Rendle D, de Brauwere M, Hallowell G, Ivens P, McGlennon A, Newton R, White J, Waller A. Streptococcus equi infections: Current best practice in the diagnosis and management of ‘strangles’. UK-Vet. Equine. 2021;5:S3–S15.
    doi: 10.12968/ukve.2021.5.2.S.3google scholar: lookup
  86. Berdimuratova K.T, Makhamed R, Shevtsov A.B. Optimization of Conditions for The Multiplex PCR for Diagnostics of Horse Strangles with Subspecies Differentiation of Streptococcus equi Subsp Equi. Eurasian J. Appl. Biotechnol. 2020;2:1–10.
    doi: 10.11134/btp.2.2020.8google scholar: lookup
  87. Pusterla N, Leutenegger CM, Barnum SM, Byrne BA. Use of quantitative real-time PCR to determine viability of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in respiratory secretions from horses with strangles.. Equine Vet J 2018 Sep;50(5):697-700.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12809pubmed: 29341315google scholar: lookup
  88. Boyle A.G. Strangles and its complications. Equine Vet. Educ. 2017;29:149–157.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12568google scholar: lookup
  89. Watson R. A closer look at strangles. Equine Health 2018;2018:26–27.
    doi: 10.12968/eqhe.2018.41.26google scholar: lookup
  90. White J, Prescott K, Rogers S. Applying the science of behaviour change to the management of strangles. UK-Vet. Equine. 2021;5:110–114.
    doi: 10.12968/ukve.2021.5.3.110google scholar: lookup
  91. Noll LW, Stoy CPA, Wang Y, Porter EG, Lu N, Liu X, Burklund A, Peddireddi L, Hanzlicek G, Henningson J, Chengappa MM, Bai J. Development of a nested PCR assay for detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in clinical equine specimens and comparison with a qPCR assay.. J Microbiol Methods 2020 May;172:105887.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105887pubmed: 32165161google scholar: lookup
  92. George JL, Reif JS, Shideler RK, Small CJ, Ellis RP, Snyder SP, McChesney AE. Identification of carriers of Streptococcus equi in a naturally infected herd.. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1983 Jul 1;183(1):80-4.
    pubmed: 6874528
  93. Newton JR, Wood JL, Dunn KA, DeBrauwere MN, Chanter N. Naturally occurring persistent and asymptomatic infection of the guttural pouches of horses with Streptococcus equi.. Vet Rec 1997 Jan 25;140(4):84-90.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.140.4.84pubmed: 9032908google scholar: lookup
  94. Mitchell C, Steward KF, Charbonneau ARL, Walsh S, Wilson H, Timoney JF, Wernery U, Joseph M, Craig D, van Maanen K, Hoogkamer-van Gennep A, Leon A, Witkowski L, Rzewuska M, Stefańska I, Żychska M, van Loon G, Cursons R, Patty O, Acke E, Gilkerson JR, El-Hage C, Allen J, Bannai H, Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Becú T, Pringle J, Guss B, Böse R, Abbott Y, Katz L, Leggett B, Buckley TC, Blum SE, Cruz López F, Fernández Ros A, Marotti Campi MC, Preziuso S, Robinson C, Newton JR, Schofield E, Brooke B, Boursnell M, de Brauwere N, Kirton R, Barton CK, Abudahab K, Taylor B, Yeats CA, Goater R, Aanensen DM, Harris SR, Parkhill J, Holden MTG, Waller AS. Globetrotting strangles: the unbridled national and international transmission of Streptococcus equi between horses.. Microb Genom 2021 Mar;7(3).
    doi: 10.1099/mgen.0.000528pmc: PMC8190609pubmed: 33684029google scholar: lookup
  95. AAEP. AAEP Infectious Disease Guidelines: Strangles (Streptococcus equi Subspecies equi). American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP); Lexington, KY, USA: 2017.
  96. Lindahl S, Båverud V, Egenvall A, Aspán A, Pringle J. Comparison of sampling sites and laboratory diagnostic tests for S. equi subsp. equi in horses from confirmed strangles outbreaks.. J Vet Intern Med 2013 May-Jun;27(3):542-7.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.12063pubmed: 23527817google scholar: lookup
  97. Sweeney CR, Timoney JF, Newton JR, Hines MT. Streptococcus equi infections in horses: guidelines for treatment, control, and prevention of strangles.. J Vet Intern Med 2005 Jan-Feb;19(1):123-34.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2005.tb02671.xpubmed: 15715061google scholar: lookup
  98. Christmann U, Pink C. Lessons learned from a strangles outbreak on a large Standardbred farm. Equine Vet. Educ. 2017;29:138–143.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.12451google scholar: lookup
  99. Holland R.E, Harris D, Monge A. How to Control Strangles Infections on the Endemic Farm. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract. 2006;52:78–80.
  100. Pringle J, Storm E, Waller A, Riihimäki M. Influence of penicillin treatment of horses with strangles on seropositivity to Streptococcus equi ssp. equi-specific antibodies.. J Vet Intern Med 2020 Jan;34(1):294-299.
    doi: 10.1111/jvim.15668pmc: PMC6979097pubmed: 31769122google scholar: lookup
  101. Hoffman AM, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF, Viel L. Field evaluation of a commercial M-protein vaccine against Streptococcus equi infection in foals.. Am J Vet Res 1991 Apr;52(4):589-92.
    pubmed: 2053730
  102. Eaglesome MD, Garcia MM. Contagious equine metritis: a review.. Can Vet J 1979 Aug;20(8):201-6.
    pmc: PMC1789568pubmed: 389400
  103. Petry S, Breuil MF, Duquesne F, Laugier C. Towards European harmonisation of contagious equine metritis diagnosis through interlaboratory trials.. Vet Rec 2018 Jul 21;183(3):96.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.104556pubmed: 29695449google scholar: lookup
  104. Powell DG. Contagious equine metritis.. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1981;25:161-84.
    doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1978.tb02200.xpubmed: 7034499google scholar: lookup
  105. Timoney P.J, Powell D.G. Contagious equine metritis—Epidemiology and control. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 1988;8:42–46.
    doi: 10.1016/S0737-0806(88)80109-6google scholar: lookup
  106. Allen JL, Begg AP, Browning GF. Outbreak of equine endometritis caused by a genotypically identical strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011 Nov;23(6):1236-9.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638711425589pubmed: 22362810google scholar: lookup
  107. Schulman ML, May CE, Keys B, Guthrie AJ. Contagious equine metritis: artificial reproduction changes the epidemiologic paradigm.. Vet Microbiol 2013 Nov 29;167(1-2):2-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.021pubmed: 23332460google scholar: lookup
  108. Anzai T, Kamada M, Niwa H, Eguchi M, Nishi H. Contagious equine metritis eradicated from Japan.. J Vet Med Sci 2012 Apr;74(4):519-22.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0347pubmed: 22123306google scholar: lookup
  109. OIE. Contagious Equine Metritis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (2022) 8th ed. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE); Paris, France: 2022.
  110. Rocha T. Contagious equine metritis in Portugal: A retrospective report of the first outbreak in the country and recent contagious equine metritis test results.. Open Vet J 2016;6(3):263-267.
    doi: 10.4314/ovj.v6i3.18pmc: PMC5223286pubmed: 28116252google scholar: lookup
  111. Greenwood R, Twink Allen WR. Memories of contagious equine metritis 1977 in Newmarket.. Equine Vet J 2020 May;52(3):344-346.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.13241pubmed: 32259377google scholar: lookup
  112. Duquesne F, Pronost S, Laugier C, Petry S. Identification of Taylorella equigenitalis responsible for contagious equine metritis in equine genital swabs by direct polymerase chain reaction.. Res Vet Sci 2007 Feb;82(1):47-9.
    doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.05.001pubmed: 16806331google scholar: lookup
  113. Kamada M, Akiyama Y, Oda T, Fukuzawa Y. Contagious equine metritis: isolation of haemophilus equigenitalis from horses with endometritis in Japan.. Nihon Juigaku Zasshi 1981 Aug;43(4):565-8.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.43.565pubmed: 7339144google scholar: lookup
  114. Sugimoto C, Isayama Y, Kashiwazaki M, Fujikura T, Mitani K. Detection of Haemophilus equigenitalis, the causal agent of contagious equine metritis, in Japan.. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 1980 Fall;20(3):118-9.
    pubmed: 7254363
  115. Anzai T, Eguchi M, Sekizaki T, Kamada M, Yamamoto K, Okuda T. Development of a PCR test for rapid diagnosis of contagious equine metritis.. J Vet Med Sci 1999 Dec;61(12):1287-92.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.61.1287pubmed: 10651048google scholar: lookup
  116. Anzai T, Eguchi M, Eto M, Okuda T, Aoki T, Sawada T, Matsuda M. Establishment and Evaluation of the PCR Test for Diagnosing Contagious Equine Metritis. J. Jpn. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001;54:345–348.
    doi: 10.12935/jvma1951.54.345google scholar: lookup
  117. Jeoung H.-Y, Lee K.-E, Yang S.-J, Park T, Lee S.K, Lee J.-H, Kim S.-H, Kim B, Kim Y.-J, Park J.-Y. First Isolation of Taylorella equigenitalis from Thoroughbred Horses in South Korea. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2016;47:42–46.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.022google scholar: lookup
  118. Kettle AN, Wernery U. Glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international movement of horses.. Equine Vet J 2016 Sep;48(5):654-8.
    doi: 10.1111/evj.12599pubmed: 27288893google scholar: lookup
  119. Kianfar N, Ghasemian A, Al-Marzoqi A.H, Eslami M, Vardanjani H.R, Mirforughi S.A, Vardanjani H.R. The reemergence of glanders as a zoonotic and occupational infection in Iran and neighboring countries. Rev. Res. Med. Microbiol. 2019;30:191–196.
    doi: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000165google scholar: lookup
  120. Elschner MC, Scholz HC, Melzer F, Saqib M, Marten P, Rassbach A, Dietzsch M, Schmoock G, de Assis Santana VL, de Souza MM, Wernery R, Wernery U, Neubauer H. Use of a Western blot technique for the serodiagnosis of glanders.. BMC Vet Res 2011 Jan 19;7:4.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-7-4pmc: PMC3034690pubmed: 21247488google scholar: lookup
  121. Wernery U, Wernery R, Joseph M, Al-Salloom F, Johnson B, Kinne J, Jose S, Jose S, Tappendorf B, Hornstra H, Scholz HC. Natural Burkholderia mallei infection in Dromedary, Bahrain.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 Jul;17(7):1277-9.
    doi: 10.3201/eid1707.110222pmc: PMC3381376pubmed: 21762586google scholar: lookup
  122. Al-Ani F, Roberson J, Roberson J. Glanders in horses: A review of the literature. Vet. Arhiv. 2007;77:203–218.
  123. Ellis P. Glanders: Re-emergence of an ancient zoonosis. Microbiol. Aust. 2020;41:41–44.
    doi: 10.1071/MA20011google scholar: lookup
  124. Van Zandt KE, Greer MT, Gelhaus HC. Glanders: an overview of infection in humans.. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2013 Sep 3;8:131.
    doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-8-131pmc: PMC3766238pubmed: 24004906google scholar: lookup
  125. Kovalev GK. [Glanders (review)].. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1971 Jan;48(1):63-70.
    pubmed: 4928702
  126. OIE. Glanders and Meliodosis. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (2022) 8th ed. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE); Paris, France: 2018.
  127. HOWE C, MILLER WR. Human glanders; report of six cases.. Ann Intern Med 1947 Jan;26(1):93-115.
    doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-26-1-93pubmed: 20278465google scholar: lookup
  128. Santos Júnior ELD, Moura JCR, Protásio BKPF, Parente VAS, Veiga MHND. Clinical repercussions of Glanders (Burkholderia mallei infection) in a Brazilian child: a case report.. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020;53:e20200054.
    doi: 10.1590/0037-8682-0054-2020pmc: PMC7310367pubmed: 32578712google scholar: lookup
  129. Khakhum N, Tapia D, Torres A.G. Burkholderia mallei and Glanders. In: Singh S.K., Kuhn J.H., editors. Defense Against Biological Attacks: Volume II. Springer International Publishing; Cham, Switzerland: 2019. pp. 161–183.
  130. Pal M, Paulos Gutama K. Glanders: A Potential Bioterrorism Weapon Disease. Am. J. Infect. Dis. Microbiol. 2022;10:98–101.
    doi: 10.12691/ajidm-10-3-2google scholar: lookup
  131. Abreu DC, Gomes AS, Tessler DK, Chiebao DP, Fava CD, Romaldini AHCN, Araujo MC, Pompei J, Marques GF, Harakava R, Pituco EM, Nassar AFC. Systematic monitoring of glanders-infected horses by complement fixation test, bacterial isolation, and PCR.. Vet Anim Sci 2020 Dec;10:100147.
    doi: 10.1016/j.vas.2020.100147pmc: PMC7566944pubmed: 33089006google scholar: lookup
  132. Wittig MB, Wohlsein P, Hagen RM, Al Dahouk S, Tomaso H, Scholz HC, Nikolaou K, Wernery R, Wernery U, Kinne J, Elschner M, Neubauer H. [Glanders--a comprehensive review].. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2006 Sep;113(9):323-30.
    pubmed: 17009807
  133. CRAVITZ L, MILLER WR. Immunologic studies with Malleomyces mallei and Malleomyces pseudomallei, agglutination and complement fixation tests in man and laboratory animals.. J Infect Dis 1950 Jan-Feb;86(1):52-62.
    doi: 10.1093/infdis/86.1.52pubmed: 15402291google scholar: lookup
  134. Tomaso H, Scholz HC, Al Dahouk S, Eickhoff M, Treu TM, Wernery R, Wernery U, Neubauer H. Development of a 5'-nuclease real-time PCR assay targeting fliP for the rapid identification of Burkholderia mallei in clinical samples.. Clin Chem 2006 Feb;52(2):307-10.
    doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.059196pubmed: 16449212google scholar: lookup
  135. OIE. Equidae. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (2022) 8th ed. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE); Paris, France: 2022.
  136. Pusterla N, Madigan JE, Leutenegger CM. Real-time polymerase chain reaction: a novel molecular diagnostic tool for equine infectious diseases.. J Vet Intern Med 2006 Jan-Feb;20(1):3-12.
    doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02817.xpubmed: 16496917google scholar: lookup
  137. Sprague LD, Zachariah R, Neubauer H, Wernery R, Joseph M, Scholz HC, Wernery U. Prevalence-dependent use of serological tests for diagnosing glanders in horses.. BMC Vet Res 2009 Sep 1;5:32.
    doi: 10.1186/1746-6148-5-32pmc: PMC2745380pubmed: 19723336google scholar: lookup
  138. Webb K, Barker C, Harrison T, Heather Z, Steward KF, Robinson C, Newton JR, Waller AS. Detection of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi using a triplex qPCR assay.. Vet J 2013 Mar;195(3):300-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.007pmc: PMC3611602pubmed: 22884566google scholar: lookup
  139. Rakowska A, Cywinska A, Witkowski L. Current Trends in Understanding and Managing Equine Rhodococcosis.. Animals (Basel) 2020 Oct 18;10(10).
    doi: 10.3390/ani10101910pmc: PMC7603097pubmed: 33081047google scholar: lookup
  140. Léon A, Versmisse Y, Despois L, Castagnet S, Gracieux P, Blanchard B. Validation of an Easy Handling Sample Preparation and Triplex Real Time PCR for Rapid Detection of T. equigenitalis and Other Organisms Associated with Endometritis in Mares.. J Equine Vet Sci 2020 Nov;94:103241.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103241pubmed: 33077078google scholar: lookup
  141. Merwyn S, Kumar S, Agarwal GS, Rai GP. Evaluation of PCR, DNA hybridization and immunomagnetic separation - PCR for detection of Burkholderia mallei in artificially inoculated environmental samples.. Indian J Microbiol 2010 Jun;50(2):172-8.
    doi: 10.1007/s12088-010-0003-3pmc: PMC3450331pubmed: 23100824google scholar: lookup
  142. Platt H, Atherton JG, Simpson DJ, Taylor CE, Rosenthal RO, Brown DF, Wreghitt TG. Genital infection in mares.. Vet Rec 1977 Jul 2;101(1):20.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.101.1.20pubmed: 888318google scholar: lookup
  143. Atherton JG. Isolation of CEM organism.. Vet Rec 1978 Jan 21;102(3):67.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.102.3.67pubmed: 636230google scholar: lookup
  144. Jang SS, Donahue JM, Arata AB, Goris J, Hansen LM, Earley DL, Vandamme PA, Timoney PJ, Hirsh DC. Taylorella asinigenitalis sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from the genital tract of male donkeys (Equus asinus).. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2001 May;51(Pt 3):971-976.
    doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-3-971pubmed: 11411723google scholar: lookup
  145. Kelly C, Bugg M, Robinson C, Mitchell Z, Davis-Poynter N, Newton JR, Jolley KA, Maiden MC, Waller AS. Sequence variation of the SeM gene of Streptococcus equi allows discrimination of the source of strangles outbreaks.. J Clin Microbiol 2006 Feb;44(2):480-6.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.2.480-486.2006pmc: PMC1392674pubmed: 16455902google scholar: lookup
  146. Whitlock F.M, Newton J.R. A practitioner’s guide to understanding infectious disease diagnostics in the United Kingdom. Part 2: Serological diagnostic testing methods and diagnostic test result interpretation. Equine Vet. Educ. 2022;34:381–388.
    doi: 10.1111/eve.13491google scholar: lookup
  147. Zimmerman KL, Crisman MV. Diagnostic equine serology.. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2008 Aug;24(2):311-34, vi.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2008.03.002pubmed: 18652958google scholar: lookup
  148. Premanandh J, George LV, Wernery U, Sasse J. Evaluation of a newly developed real-time PCR for the detection of Taylorella equigenitalis and discrimination from T. asinigenitalis.. Vet Microbiol 2003 Sep 24;95(4):229-37.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00065-8pubmed: 12935749google scholar: lookup
  149. Robinson C, Steward KF, Potts N, Barker C, Hammond TA, Pierce K, Gunnarsson E, Svansson V, Slater J, Newton JR, Waller AS. Combining two serological assays optimises sensitivity and specificity for the identification of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi exposure.. Vet J 2013 Aug;197(2):188-91.
    doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.033pubmed: 23465547google scholar: lookup
  150. Pal V, Kumar S, Malik P, Rai GP. Evaluation of recombinant proteins of Burkholderia mallei for serodiagnosis of glanders.. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012 Aug;19(8):1193-8.
    doi: 10.1128/CVI.00137-12pmc: PMC3416092pubmed: 22695165google scholar: lookup
  151. Sellon DC, Besser TE, Vivrette SL, McConnico RS. Comparison of nucleic acid amplification, serology, and microbiologic culture for diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals.. J Clin Microbiol 2001 Apr;39(4):1289-93.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.4.1289-1293.2001pmc: PMC87926pubmed: 11283043google scholar: lookup
  152. Slater J. From glanders to Hendra virus: 125 years of equine infectious diseases.. Vet Rec 2013 Aug 31;173(8):186-9.
    doi: 10.1136/vr.f5260pubmed: 23997164google scholar: lookup
  153. Boyle AG, Stefanovski D, Rankin SC. Comparison of nasopharyngeal and guttural pouch specimens to determine the optimal sampling site to detect Streptococcus equi subsp equi carriers by DNA amplification.. BMC Vet Res 2017 Mar 23;13(1):75.
    doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-0989-4pmc: PMC5364677pubmed: 28335829google scholar: lookup
  154. Parida M, Sannarangaiah S, Dash PK, Rao PV, Morita K. Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): a new generation of innovative gene amplification technique; perspectives in clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases.. Rev Med Virol 2008 Nov-Dec;18(6):407-21.
    doi: 10.1002/rmv.593pmc: PMC7169140pubmed: 18716992google scholar: lookup
  155. Bhadra S, Riedel TE, Saldaña MA, Hegde S, Pederson N, Hughes GL, Ellington AD. Direct nucleic acid analysis of mosquitoes for high fidelity species identification and detection of Wolbachia using a cellphone.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018 Aug;12(8):e0006671.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006671pmc: PMC6116922pubmed: 30161131google scholar: lookup
  156. Riedel TE, Zimmer-Faust AG, Thulsiraj V, Madi T, Hanley KT, Ebentier DL, Byappanahalli M, Layton B, Raith M, Boehm AB, Griffith JF, Holden PA, Shanks OC, Weisberg SB, Jay JA. Detection limits and cost comparisons of human- and gull-associated conventional and quantitative PCR assays in artificial and environmental waters.. J Environ Manage 2014 Apr 1;136:112-20.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.029pubmed: 24583609google scholar: lookup
  157. Notomi T, Mori Y, Tomita N, Kanda H. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): principle, features, and future prospects.. J Microbiol 2015 Jan;53(1):1-5.
    doi: 10.1007/s12275-015-4656-9pubmed: 25557475google scholar: lookup
  158. Kaneko H, Kawana T, Fukushima E, Suzutani T. Tolerance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to a culture medium and biological substances.. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2007 Apr 10;70(3):499-501.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.08.008pubmed: 17011631google scholar: lookup
  159. Ku J, Chauhan K, Hwang SH, Jeong YJ, Kim DE. Enhanced Specificity in Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification with Poly(ethylene glycol)-Engrafted Graphene Oxide for Detection of Viral Genes.. Biosensors (Basel) 2022 Aug 20;12(8).
    doi: 10.3390/bios12080661pmc: PMC9405610pubmed: 36005057google scholar: lookup
  160. Kinoshita Y, Niwa H, Katayama Y, Hariu K. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods for detecting Taylorella equigenitalis and Taylorella asinigenitalis.. J Equine Sci 2015;26(1):25-9.
    doi: 10.1294/jes.26.25pmc: PMC4379330pubmed: 25829868google scholar: lookup
  161. Mirzai S, Safi S, Mossavari N, Afshar D, Bolourchian M. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Burkholderia mallei.. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016 Aug 31;62(10):32-6.
    pubmed: 27609471
  162. Hobo S, Niwa H, Oku K. Development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification methods targeting the seM gene for detection of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi.. J Vet Med Sci 2012 Mar;74(3):329-33.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.11-0317pubmed: 22032896google scholar: lookup
  163. North S.E, Das P, Wakeley P, Sawyer J. Development of a rapid isothermal assay to detect the causative agent of strangles. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2012;32:S54–S55.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.120google scholar: lookup
  164. Kinoshita Y, Kakoi H, Ishige T, Yamanaka T, Niwa H, Uchida-Fujii E, Nukada T, Ueno T. Comparison of seven nucleic acid amplification tests for detection of Taylorella equigenitalis.. J Vet Med Sci 2022 Jan 24;84(1):129-132.
    doi: 10.1292/jvms.21-0539pmc: PMC8810321pubmed: 34853198google scholar: lookup
  165. Liao SC, Peng J, Mauk MG, Awasthi S, Song J, Friedman H, Bau HH, Liu C. Smart Cup: A Minimally-Instrumented, Smartphone-Based Point-of-Care Molecular Diagnostic Device.. Sens Actuators B Chem 2016 Jun 28;229:232-238.
    doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2016.01.073pmc: PMC4756427pubmed: 26900258google scholar: lookup
  166. Jang M, Kim S. Inhibition of Non-specific Amplification in Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification via Tetramethylammonium Chloride.. Biochip J 2022;16(3):326-333.
    doi: 10.1007/s13206-022-00070-3pmc: PMC9326409pubmed: 35909465google scholar: lookup
  167. Zhao HB, Yin GY, Zhao GP, Huang AH, Wang JH, Yang SF, Gao HS, Kang WJ. Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) for Universal Detection of Enteroviruses.. Indian J Microbiol 2014 Mar;54(1):80-6.
    doi: 10.1007/s12088-013-0399-7pmc: PMC3889841pubmed: 24426171google scholar: lookup
  168. Walker GT. Empirical aspects of strand displacement amplification.. PCR Methods Appl 1993 Aug;3(1):1-6.
    doi: 10.1101/gr.3.1.1pubmed: 8220181google scholar: lookup
  169. Rajendrakumar CS, Suryanarayana T, Reddy AR. DNA helix destabilization by proline and betaine: possible role in the salinity tolerance process.. FEBS Lett 1997 Jun 30;410(2-3):201-5.
    doi: 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00588-7pubmed: 9237629google scholar: lookup
  170. Nyan DC, Ulitzky LE, Cehan N, Williamson P, Winkelman V, Rios M, Taylor DR. Rapid detection of hepatitis B virus in blood plasma by a specific and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.. Clin Infect Dis 2014 Jul 1;59(1):16-23.
    doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu210pmc: PMC4305128pubmed: 24704724google scholar: lookup
  171. Curtis KA, Rudolph DL, Morrison D, Guelig D, Diesburg S, McAdams D, Burton RA, LaBarre P, Owen M. Single-use, electricity-free amplification device for detection of HIV-1.. J Virol Methods 2016 Nov;237:132-137.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.007pmc: PMC5056841pubmed: 27616198google scholar: lookup
  172. Chen HW, Ching WM. Evaluation of the stability of lyophilized loop-mediated isothermal amplification reagents for the detection of Coxiella burnetii.. Heliyon 2017 Oct;3(10):e00415.
    doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00415pmc: PMC5639046pubmed: 29057336google scholar: lookup
  173. Carter C, Akrami K, Hall D, Smith D, Aronoff-Spencer E. Lyophilized visually readable loop-mediated isothermal reverse transcriptase nucleic acid amplification test for detection Ebola Zaire RNA.. J Virol Methods 2017 Jun;244:32-38.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.013pmc: PMC5568651pubmed: 28242293google scholar: lookup
  174. Wan J, Guo J, Lu Z, Bie X, Lv F, Zhao H. Development of a test kit for visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification of Salmonella in spiked ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables.. J Microbiol Methods 2020 Feb;169:105830.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105830pubmed: 31891738google scholar: lookup
  175. Mok E, Wee E, Wang Y, Trau M. Comprehensive evaluation of molecular enhancers of the isothermal exponential amplification reaction.. Sci Rep 2016 Dec 2;6:37837.
    doi: 10.1038/srep37837pmc: PMC5133538pubmed: 27910874google scholar: lookup
  176. Hédoux A, Willart JF, Paccou L, Guinet Y, Affouard F, Lerbret A, Descamps M. Thermostabilization mechanism of bovine serum albumin by trehalose.. J Phys Chem B 2009 Apr 30;113(17):6119-26.
    doi: 10.1021/jp900330rpubmed: 19385694google scholar: lookup
  177. Rees WA, Yager TD, Korte J, von Hippel PH. Betaine can eliminate the base pair composition dependence of DNA melting.. Biochemistry 1993 Jan 12;32(1):137-44.
    doi: 10.1021/bi00052a019pubmed: 8418834google scholar: lookup
  178. Yeh HY, Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH. Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus important bacterial pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri.. J Microbiol Methods 2005 Oct;63(1):36-44.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.02.015pubmed: 16157211google scholar: lookup
  179. Ma C, Wang Y, Zhang P, Shi C. Accelerated isothermal nucleic acid amplification in betaine-free reaction.. Anal Biochem 2017 Aug 1;530:1-4.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.017pubmed: 28457896google scholar: lookup
  180. Zhou D, Guo J, Xu L, Gao S, Lin Q, Wu Q, Wu L, Que Y. Establishment and application of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) system for detection of cry1Ac transgenic sugarcane.. Sci Rep 2014 May 9;4:4912.
    doi: 10.1038/srep04912pmc: PMC4014978pubmed: 24810230google scholar: lookup
  181. Chen S, Wang F, Beaulieu JC, Stein RE, Ge B. Rapid detection of viable salmonellae in produce by coupling propidium monoazide with loop-mediated isothermal amplification.. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011 Jun;77(12):4008-16.
    doi: 10.1128/AEM.00354-11pmc: PMC3131628pubmed: 21498750google scholar: lookup
  182. Zhang Y, Ren G, Buss J, Barry AJ, Patton GC, Tanner NA. Enhancing colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification speed and sensitivity with guanidine chloride.. Biotechniques 2020 Sep;69(3):178-185.
    doi: 10.2144/btn-2020-0078pubmed: 32635743google scholar: lookup
  183. Anastasiou OE, Holtkamp C, Schäfer M, Schön F, Eis-Hübinger AM, Krumbholz A. Fast Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA Directly from Respiratory Samples Using a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Test.. Viruses 2021 Apr 29;13(5).
    doi: 10.3390/v13050801pmc: PMC8146783pubmed: 33947014google scholar: lookup
  184. Hewadikaram M, Perera K, Dissanayake K, Ramanayake M, Isurika S.C, Panch A, Jayarathne A, Pushpakumara P, Malavige N, Jeewandara C. Development of Duplex and Multiplex Reverse Transcription Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) Assays for Clinical Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in Sri Lanka. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2022;116:S39–S40.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.12.095google scholar: lookup
  185. Liu W, Huang S, Liu N, Dong D, Yang Z, Tang Y, Ma W, He X, Ao D, Xu Y, Zou D, Huang L. Establishment of an accurate and fast detection method using molecular beacons in loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay.. Sci Rep 2017 Jan 6;7:40125.
    doi: 10.1038/srep40125pmc: PMC5216335pubmed: 28059137google scholar: lookup
  186. Wang R, Wu J, Zhang F, Wang L, Ji F. On-point detection of GM rice in 20 minutes with pullulan as CPA acceleration additive. Anal. Methods 2014;6:9198–9201.
    doi: 10.1039/C4AY02427Cgoogle scholar: lookup
  187. Liu M, Hui CY, Zhang Q, Gu J, Kannan B, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S, Filipe CD, Brennan JD, Li Y. Target-Induced and Equipment-Free DNA Amplification with a Simple Paper Device.. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016 Feb 18;55(8):2709-13.
    doi: 10.1002/anie.201509389pubmed: 26748431google scholar: lookup
  188. Gao X, Sun B, Guan Y. Pullulan reduces the non-specific amplification of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019 Feb;411(6):1211-1218.
    doi: 10.1007/s00216-018-1552-2pubmed: 30617407google scholar: lookup
  189. Chakrabarti R, Schutt CE. The enhancement of PCR amplification by low molecular-weight sulfones.. Gene 2001 Aug 22;274(1-2):293-8.
    doi: 10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00621-7pubmed: 11675022google scholar: lookup
  190. Jensen MA, Fukushima M, Davis RW. DMSO and betaine greatly improve amplification of GC-rich constructs in de novo synthesis.. PLoS One 2010 Jun 11;5(6):e11024.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011024pmc: PMC2883997pubmed: 20552011google scholar: lookup
  191. Wang DG, Brewster JD, Paul M, Tomasula PM. Two methods for increased specificity and sensitivity in loop-mediated isothermal amplification.. Molecules 2015 Apr 7;20(4):6048-59.
    doi: 10.3390/molecules20046048pmc: PMC6272222pubmed: 25853320google scholar: lookup
  192. Garrido-Maestu A, Fuciños P, Azinheiro S, Carvalho J, Prado M. Systematic loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for rapid detection and characterization of Salmonella spp., Enteritidis and Typhimurium in food samples. Food Control 2017;80:297–306.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.05.011google scholar: lookup
  193. Garrido-Maestu A, Azinheiro S, Fuciños P, Carvalho J, Prado M. Highly sensitive detection of gluten-containing cereals in food samples by real-time Loop-mediated isothermal AMPlification (qLAMP) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).. Food Chem 2018 Apr 25;246:156-163.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.11.005pubmed: 29291834google scholar: lookup
  194. Shahbazi E, Mollasalehi H, Minai-Tehrani D. Development and evaluation of an improved quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of Morganella morganii.. Talanta 2019 Jan 1;191:54-58.
    doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.033pubmed: 30262096google scholar: lookup
  195. Melchior WB Jr, Von Hippel PH. Alteration of the relative stability of dA-dT and dG-dC base pairs in DNA.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1973 Feb;70(2):298-302.
    doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.2.298pmc: PMC433243pubmed: 4346879google scholar: lookup
  196. Roskos K, Hickerson AI, Lu HW, Ferguson TM, Shinde DN, Klaue Y, Niemz A. Simple system for isothermal DNA amplification coupled to lateral flow detection.. PLoS One 2013;8(7):e69355.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069355pmc: PMC3724848pubmed: 23922706google scholar: lookup
  197. Nakamura N, Fukuda T, Nonen S, Hashimoto K, Azuma J, Gemma N. Simple and accurate determination of CYP2D6 gene copy number by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method and an electrochemical DNA chip.. Clin Chim Acta 2010 Apr 2;411(7-8):568-73.
    doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.01.017pubmed: 20093110google scholar: lookup
  198. Denschlag C, Vogel RF, Niessen L. Hyd5 gene based analysis of cereals and malt for gushing-inducing Fusarium spp. by real-time LAMP using fluorescence and turbidity measurements.. Int J Food Microbiol 2013 Apr 1;162(3):245-51.
    doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.019pubmed: 23454815google scholar: lookup
  199. Le Roux CA, Kubo T, Grobbelaar AA, van Vuren PJ, Weyer J, Nel LH, Swanepoel R, Morita K, Paweska JT. Development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of Rift Valley fever virus in clinical specimens.. J Clin Microbiol 2009 Mar;47(3):645-51.
    doi: 10.1128/JCM.01412-08pmc: PMC2650915pubmed: 19109471google scholar: lookup
  200. Chuang TL, Wei SC, Lee SY, Lin CW. A polycarbonate based surface plasmon resonance sensing cartridge for high sensitivity HBV loop-mediated isothermal amplification.. Biosens Bioelectron 2012 Feb 15;32(1):89-95.
    doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.037pmc: PMC7127281pubmed: 22209071google scholar: lookup
  201. Tomita N, Mori Y, Kanda H, Notomi T. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of gene sequences and simple visual detection of products.. Nat Protoc 2008;3(5):877-82.
    doi: 10.1038/nprot.2008.57pubmed: 18451795google scholar: lookup
  202. Diribe O, Fitzpatrick N, Sawyer J, La Ragione R, North S. A Rapid and Simple Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for the Detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa From Equine Genital Swabs. J. Equine Vet. Sci. 2015;35:929–934.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.08.017google scholar: lookup
  203. Diribe O, North S, Sawyer J, Roberts L, Fitzpatrick N, La Ragione R. Design and application of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the rapid detection of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014 Jan;26(1):42-8.
    doi: 10.1177/1040638713516758pubmed: 24398904google scholar: lookup
  204. Houghton RL, Reed DE, Hubbard MA, Dillon MJ, Chen H, Currie BJ, Mayo M, Sarovich DS, Theobald V, Limmathurotsakul D, Wongsuvan G, Chantratita N, Peacock SJ, Hoffmaster AR, Duval B, Brett PJ, Burtnick MN, Aucoin DP. Development of a prototype lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) for the rapid diagnosis of melioidosis.. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014 Mar;8(3):e2727.
    doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002727pmc: PMC3961207pubmed: 24651568google scholar: lookup
  205. Jaroenram W, Kiatpathomchai W, Flegel TW. Rapid and sensitive detection of white spot syndrome virus by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral flow dipstick.. Mol Cell Probes 2009 Apr;23(2):65-70.
    doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.12.003pubmed: 19124071google scholar: lookup
  206. Wang X, Teng D, Guan Q, Tian F, Wang J. Detection of Roundup Ready soybean by loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with a lateral-flow dipstick. Food Control 2013;29:213–220.
    doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.007google scholar: lookup
  207. Chowdry VK, Luo Y, Widén F, Qiu HJ, Shan H, Belák S, Liu L. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay combined with a lateral flow dipstick for rapid and simple detection of classical swine fever virus in the field.. J Virol Methods 2014 Mar;197:14-8.
    doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.11.013pubmed: 24300833google scholar: lookup
  208. Mauk MG, Song J, Liu C, Bau HH. Simple Approaches to Minimally-Instrumented, Microfluidic-Based Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests.. Biosensors (Basel) 2018 Feb 26;8(1).
    doi: 10.3390/bios8010017pmc: PMC5872065pubmed: 29495424google scholar: lookup

Citations

This article has been cited 0 times.
Subscribe to our newsletter
Join 99,344 horse owners like you who receive our email updates on horse health and nutrition.