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One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2020; 12; 100207; doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100207

Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures.

Abstract: Hendra virus (HeV) continues to pose a serious public health concern as spillover events occur sporadically. Terminally ill horses can exhibit a range of clinical signs including frothy nasal discharge, ataxia or forebrain signs. Early signs, if detected, can include depression, inappetence, colic or mild respiratory signs. All unvaccinated ill horses in areas where flying foxes exist, may potentially be infected with HeV, posing a significant risk to the veterinary community. Equivac® HeV vaccine has been fully registered in Australia since 2015 (and under an Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority special permit since 2012) for immunization of horses against HeV and is the most effective and direct solution to prevent disease transmission to horses and protect humans. No HeV vaccinated horse has tested positive for HeV infection. There is no registered vaccine to prevent, or therapeutics to treat, HeV infection in humans. Previous equine HeV outbreaks tended to cluster in winter overlapping with the foaling season (August to December), when veterinarians and horse owners have frequent close contact with horses and their bodily fluids, increasing the chance of zoonotic disease transmission. The most southerly case was detected in 2019 in the Upper Hunter region in New South Wales, which is Australia's Thoroughbred horse breeding capital. Future spillover events are predicted to move further south and inland in Queensland and New South Wales, aligning with the moving distribution of the main reservoir hosts. Here we (1) review HeV epidemiology and climate change predicted infection dynamics, (2) present a biosecurity protocol for veterinary clinics and hospitals to adopt, and (3) describe diagnostic tests currently available and those under development. Major knowledge and research gaps have been identified, including evaluation of vaccine efficacy in foals to assess current vaccination protocol recommendations.
© 2020 The Authors.
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Publication Date: 2020-12-21 PubMed ID: 33363250PubMed Central: PMC7750128DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100207Google Scholar: Lookup
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Summary

This research summary has been generated with artificial intelligence and may contain errors and omissions. Refer to the original study to confirm details provided. Submit correction.

This research article examines the epidemiology of Hendra virus (HeV), its relation to climate change, diagnostic tests, and preventive measures. The article also predicts future trends regarding the spread of HeV due to the movement of animal hosts attributed to climate change.

Epidemiology and Climate Change Links

  • The study reviews HeV’s relationship with climate change, pointing out that future spillover events (where the virus jumps from animals to humans) are predicted to move further south and inland in Queensland and New South Wales. This geographical shift is linked to the moving distribution of the main reservoir hosts (the animal carriers of the virus), which is affected by climate change.

Public Health Concern

  • According to the research, HeV poses a serious public health concern. In particular, horses that are terminally ill with the virus can display a range of symptoms, such as frothy nasal discharge, ataxia and forebrain signs.
  • In the early stages, the virus can also cause depression, inappetence, colic, or mild respiratory signs in horses. This creates a risk for the veterinary community, especially in areas where flying foxes (known carriers of HeV) exist and the horses have not been vaccinated against the virus.
  • It’s worth noting that no horse that has been vaccinated against HeV has tested positive for the virus. However, there is currently no registered vaccine to prevent or therapeutics to treat HeV infection in humans.

Role of Equivac® HeV Vaccine

  • The Equivac® HeV vaccine, which has been fully registered in Australia since 2015, is the most effective solution currently available for immunization of horses against HeV and to prevent transmission of the virus to humans.

Diagnostic Testing and Protocols

  • The article presents the current diagnostic tests for HeV and also outlines those tests which are currently under development.
  • It suggests a biosecurity protocol for veterinary clinics and hospitals to adopt, in a bid to prevent further spread of the disease.

Future Research Directions

  • The researchers identify gaps in the current understanding and research of the virus, including the need to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccine in foals to assess current vaccination protocol recommendations.

Cite This Article

APA
Yuen KY, Fraser NS, Henning J, Halpin K, Gibson JS, Betzien L, Stewart AJ. (2020). Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures. One Health, 12, 100207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100207

Publication

One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
ISSN: 2352-7714
NlmUniqueID: 101660501
Country: Netherlands
Language: English
Volume: 12
Pages: 100207
PII: 100207

Researcher Affiliations

Yuen, Ka Y
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Fraser, Natalie S
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Henning, Joerg
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Halpin, Kim
  • Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organization (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia.
Gibson, Justine S
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Betzien, Lily
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
Stewart, Allison J
  • School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

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