FEI Banned & Controlled Substances for Horses: List of Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Q: What are FEI prohibited substances for horses?

FEI prohibited substances for horses are medications, drugs, supplements, and other ingredients that are restricted in FEI competition. FEI banned substances are never permitted in a competition horse, either in or out of competition, because they are considered to have no legitimate use in that setting or a high potential for abuse. FEI controlled substances may have accepted therapeutic uses, but they still cannot be present in the horse during competition and must be withdrawn in advance.

Q: What is the difference between a banned substance and a controlled medication in FEI competition?

The difference between a banned substance and a controlled medication in FEI competition is that banned substances are never allowed in the horse at any time, while controlled medications may be used for legitimate veterinary treatment but must be stopped early enough to clear the horse's system before competition. This distinction matters because horse owners may legally use some medications for treatment at home, but they are still responsible for ensuring those substances are not detectable at the event.

Q: Can my horse compete in FEI events if it was treated with a controlled medication?

Yes, your horse can compete if it was treated with a controlled medication, but only if the medication was withdrawn early enough before the FEI event. A horse owner should work closely with their veterinarian to determine an appropriate withdrawal time based on the horse, the product used, the dose, and the competition schedule. Giving a controlled medication too close to the event can still result in a positive test, even when the treatment itself was medically justified.

Q: Can supplements cause a positive drug test in FEI horses?

Yes, supplements can cause a positive drug test in FEI horses if they contain prohibited ingredients or undisclosed compounds. Supplements, herbal products, topical products, and feeds are not automatically safe just because they are sold for horses or labeled as natural. A horse owner should review every ingredient carefully and confirm that each product is appropriate for a horse competing under FEI rules before feeding or applying it.

Q: Are herbal or natural ingredients allowed in FEI competition horses?

Herbal or natural ingredients are not automatically allowed in FEI competition horses. A natural ingredient can still contain biologically active compounds that affect pain, behavior, inflammation, breathing, circulation, or recovery, which may place it on the FEI prohibited list or create a testing risk. Horse owners should not assume a product is safe simply because it is plant-based, traditional, or marketed as natural support.

Q: What happens if my horse tests positive for a banned substance at an FEI event?

If your horse tests positive for a banned substance at an FEI event, the horse may be eliminated from competition and the case can lead to sanctions, loss of ranking, and public notification. A positive finding is taken seriously because FEI banned substances are considered incompatible with fair play and horse welfare. For horse owners and riders, that means even accidental exposure can carry significant competitive and reputational consequences.

Q: How can I check if a medication or ingredient is allowed before an FEI competition?

The best way to check if a medication or ingredient is allowed before competition is to review the FEI Equine Prohibited Substances List and consult your veterinarian before giving the product. A horse owner should verify not only the main ingredient, but also combination ingredients, alternate names, and trade names that may appear on labels. This is especially important when using imported products, compounded medications, or supplements with long ingredient panels.

Q: Why does the FEI regulate medications and substances in horses?

The FEI regulates medications and substances in horses to protect horse welfare and preserve fair competition. Some substances can mask pain, reduce inflammation, change behavior, increase stamina, or otherwise allow a horse to perform in ways that may be unsafe or unfair. For horse owners, these rules are intended to support both ethical competition and the long-term health of the horse.

Q: Do FEI prohibited substance withdrawal times guarantee that my horse will test negative?

No, withdrawal times do not guarantee that your horse will test negative at an FEI event because individual horses can process substances differently. Factors such as dose, duration of use, metabolism, age, body weight, health status, and the specific event timeline can all affect how long a substance remains detectable. A horse owner should treat withdrawal guidance as a minimum precaution and involve their veterinarian when planning treatment close to competition.

Q: Can accidental exposure to FEI prohibited substances happen in horses?

Yes, accidental exposure to an FEI prohibited substance can happen through supplements, feed contamination, topical products, stable products, or medications given without checking current competition rules. This is one reason FEI competitors are encouraged to be cautious with every product used around the horse. For horse owners, careful label review, good record keeping, and veterinary guidance are important steps in reducing the risk of an unintentional violation.

Equestrian sports lie at the heart of modern horsemanship, with nearly all horses participating in some form of competition during their lifetimes. From dressage and racing to eventing and show jumping, a broad spectrum of organizations governs these disciplines around the world, with each maintaining its own rules and standards. Across every equestrian sport, the commitment to keeping horses safe and ensuring fair play is a top priority. To protect the health of equine athletes and maintain a level playing field, sport authorities strictly regulate the use of performance-enhancing drugs and substances. The Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) designates which medications and supplements fall under controlled or banned categories for the sports it oversees. In this article, we will explore the FEI's Equine Prohibited Substances List (EPSL), explain their purpose, and highlight the importance of adherence to these rules. Whether you are a rider, trainer, or veterinarian, understanding these regulations is essential to ensuring ethical competition and promoting the welfare of horses worldwide. Horse owners and caretakers should always check the FEI website before administering medications or other substances to an equine athlete competing at FEI events. If your discipline is not governed by the FEI, contact your local sports organization for more information about the rules and regulations for your sport.

FEI Banned and Controlled Substances for Horses

The FEI's Equine Prohibited Substances List (EPSL) are medications, drugs, and supplements identified as prohibited for use in horses participating in FEI-regulated events. These substances are outlined in the FEI’s Prohibited Substances Database, which is updated regularly and separated into two main categories: [ref n="1"]

Banned substances: These substances are deemed by the FEI to have no legitimate use for any reason at any time in competition horses and/or have a high potential for abuse. They are not permitted in the horse at any time, whether in or out of competition.
Controlled medications: These substances often have therapeutic or commonly accepted uses in equine medicine but also have the potential to affect performance or pose a welfare risk. If used, they must be withdrawn from the horse’s system within a certain timeframe before entering competition.

Use of both banned substances and controlled medications is prohibited during sanctioned events. Any substance with a similar chemical structure or effect on the horse is also banned. [ref n="1"] For substances categorized by the FEI as banned, no use is ever considered legitimate. Horses that test positive for these performance-enhancing drugs are eliminated from competition and subject to: [ref n="1"]

Sanctions
Loss of ranking
Public notification

For controlled medication, each has a specific withdrawal time that must be observed prior to competition. This means substances in this category cannot be administered to the horse for a certain period before an FEI event. [ref n="1"] Withdrawal times are based on the detection time plus a margin of error: [ref n="2"]

Detection time: The period during which the drug or its byproducts stay in the horse's system and are detectable in urine or blood samples.
Withdrawal time: The detection time plus a safety margin determined by the attending veterinarian for each individual horse. This period varies depending on factors such as the horse's weight, age, and the sport in which it is competing. This is the amount of time required from the last administration of the substance before the beginning of competition.

Since some substances can be ingested accidentally, elective testing is available at approved laboratories to help horse owners and other individuals understand whether their horse is allowed to compete. A list of these laboratories is available on the FEI website. [ref n="1"] Treating veterinarians can also advise on which substances are prohibited and the respective withdrawal times required. [ref n="1"] Competitors and horse owners should be aware that supplements and other products — including topical treatments — may contain unknown ingredients that could lead to rule violations. [ref n="1"] Even high-quality products can include specific ingredients that are disallowed in certain disciplines. Purchasing feed and supplements from reputable suppliers, such as Mad Barn, is recommended to avoid the risk of unintentional contamination. Always check labels and consult with a veterinarian or your governing body to ensure compliance.

Safety & Fair Play

Restrictions on the use of certain drugs and substances are in place to encourage fair play and promote horse welfare. Altering a horse's abilities through use of prohibited substances compromises the horse's safety and puts them at risk for complications and adverse side effects. [ref n="3"] Doping also erodes the integrity of the sport as a whole and diminishes the achievements of equine athletes who are competing without artificial enhancements. [ref n="3"]

Fédération Équestre Internationale

The Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI) is the international governing body for English equestrian sports. Recognized by the International Olympic Committee, the FEI supervises and regulates various disciplines, ensuring consistent standards around the world. Disciplines overseen by the FEI include:

The FEI also provides oversight of horse welfare, promoting best practices in training, competition, and veterinary care. One key responsibility of the FEI is publishing and regularly updating a prohibited substances database, made available for riders, trainers, horse owners, caretakers, and veterinarians to consult when making medical decisions for competition horses. [ref n="1"] It’s important to remember that rules evolve as new evidence and research come to light. Each competitor is responsible for staying up to date with the most current regulations applicable to their sport and competition jurisdiction. [ref n="1"] [madbarn p="promobar"]

FEI Banned and Controlled Substances List

Search the database below for more information about banned and controlled substances in FEI-regulated equestrian sport.

This database was generated using the 2025 FEI Equine Prohibited Substances List. Always check the current regulations for your sport before giving your horse medication. Alternate, chemical, and trade names for medications are included in parentheses. Trade names may or may not be registered trademarks.

Drug Name(s)	Drug Class*	FEI Status	Details
Enalapril/Enalaprilat (Bonuten, Gadopril, Kinfil, Vasotek)	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril)	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Moexipril (Cardiotensin, Femipres, Moex, Perdix, Primox)	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perindoprilat	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Captopril (Capoten, Capolen)	ACE Inhibitors	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for congestive heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl)	Inorganic Compounds	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a urinary acidifier to treat certain urinary disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by interfering with renal excretion, potentially masking the presence of other prohibited substances in the urine. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Disulfiram (Abstensil, Abstinyl, Antabus, Antietil, Antivitium, Averzan, Esperal, Etiltox, Refusal)	Alcohol Antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat alcohol use disorder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving endurance and reducing fatigue from exercise. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Xylometazoline (Otrivine)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat nasal congestion. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Atipamezole (Antisedan, Revertor)	Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists	Controlled	Used to reverse the effects of alpha-2 agonist sedatives like xylazine. [ref n="7"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Piperoxan	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used primarily in medical research. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by producing sedation that decreases reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Terazocin/Terazosin (Hytrin)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid/GABA (Carolina Gold)	Central Nervous System Depressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a supplement to reduce anxiety and improve sleep quality. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
1-Androsterone/1-DHEA	Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
3β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one/Epiandrosterone	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
4-Chloromethandienone/Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (Turinabol)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
5α-Androst-2-ene-17one	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
5α-Androstane-3α, 17α-diol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a biomarker for sports anabolic steroid testing. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
5α-Androstane-3α, 17β-diol/3-alpha-androstanediol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a biomarker for sports anabolic steroid testing. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
5α-Androstane-3β, 17α-diol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a biomarker for diagnosing androgen-related disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
5α-Androstane-3β, 17β-diol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
5β-Androstane-3α, 17β-diol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in biomedical research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
7α-Hydroxy-DHEA	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Studied as an anti-aging agent and antioxidant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
7β-Hydroxy-DHEA	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Studied as an immune support agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
7-Keto-DHEA	Metabolic Modulators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an oral supplement to support metabolism or encourage weight loss. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
17-Alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone (Delalutin)	Hormones	Banned	Use is only banned in geldings and stallions. Controlled in mares. [ref n="2"] In mares, used for estrus suppression and pregnancy maintenance. [ref n="8"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. For mares, may affect performance by controlling estrus behavior. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
19-Norandrosterone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Metabolite of nandrolone. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
19-Noretiocholanolone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a biomarker for sports anabolic steroid testing. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
20-Hydroxyecdysone	Hormones	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. [ref n="4"] Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Δ1-Testosterone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
AICAR/5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide	Metabolic Modulators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal performance-enhancing supplement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Anabolic Steroid Esters	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for gender-affirming care and treating some muscle conditions. Also used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Androstanolone/DHT	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for treating low testosterone. Also used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Androstenediol (Neumune, Methandriol, 5-AED)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Androstenedione	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Androsterone	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bolandiol/19-Norandrostenediol (Anabiol)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bolasterone (Myagen)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Boldenone/1-dehydrotestosterone (Equipose, Ganabol, Equigen, Ultragen)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Formerly used as an anabolic steroid for horses. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Boldenone is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 0.015 micrograms per millilitre of urine in stallions are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Boldione/Androstadienedione	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Calusterone (Methosorb)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a treatment for breast cancer. Now used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clostebol (Anabolit, Macrobin, Stearanabol, Sterabol, Test-Anabol, Testomed, Trofodermin-S)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a topical wound care product. Also used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Danazol (Azol, Cyclomen, Danatrol, Danocrine, Danokrin, Danol, Vabon, Winobanin)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat endometriosis and some forms of breast disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Desoxymethyltestosterone (Madol, Pheraplex)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Desoxyvinyltestosterone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dromostanolone/Drostanolone (Drolban, Masterid, Masteril, Masteron, Permastril, Masterone)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, formerly used as a treatment for breast cancer. Now used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Epi-dihydrotestosterone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Epitrenbolone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Active metabolite of trenbolone. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Epitestosterone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a masking agent when doping with testosterone in competitive sports. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Estranediol	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Foundational structure for the female sex hormones progesterone and estrogen. Used as a marker for anabolic steroid testing in competition. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Estrandiol is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. In stallions, measurements of the metabolite 5alpha-estrane-3beta, 17alpha-diol must be below 0.045 micrograms per milliliter, but also exceeding levels of 5,10 estrane-3beta, 17alpha-diol, in urine are to be considered permissible. [ref n="9"]
Ethylestrenol (Durabolin-O, Duraboral, Maxibalin, Maxibolin, Neodurabolin, Orabolin, Organon, Orgabolin, Orgaboral)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used for treating osteoporosis and other hormonal disorders. Now used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etiocholanolone/5beta-androstenone	Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily used as a diagnostic biomarker. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluoxymesterone (Halotestin, Androxyl)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormonal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Formebolone (Esiclene, Hubernol)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Furazabol (Androfurazanol)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Furazadrol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Gestrinone (Dimetriose, Dimetrose, Nemestran)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat endometriosis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
GW1516/GW501516 (Endurobol, Cardarine)	Metabolic Modulators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal performance-enhancing supplement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Halodrol/CDMA	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydroxytestosterone/4-OHT	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement and biomarker in anti-doping. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mestanolone/Methylandrostanolone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. Formerly used for treating hormone disorders in people. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mesterolone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for treating hormone disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methandienone/Methandrostenolone (Anabol, Dianabol, Melic, Danabol, Reforvit-b)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methandriol (Sinesex, Stenediol, Troformone)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat breast cancer. Now used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methasterone (Methasteron, Superdrol, Methyldostanolone)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methenolone/Metenolone (Primobolan)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used to treat muscle-wasting conditions. Also used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methyldienolone (Methyldien)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylnortestosterone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Under investigation as a male hormone replacement and birth control medication. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methyltestosterone (Android, Testrid, Virilon)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methyltrienolone (Metribolone)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mibolerone/Dimethylnortestosterone (Chequ drops)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Under investigation as a male hormone replacement and birth control medication. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nandrolone/Nortestosterone/19-nortestosterone (Deca-Durabolin, Durabolin, Laurabolin, Nandrolin)	Anabolic Steroid	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-related disorders like anemia and osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norbolethone (Genabol)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norandrostenediol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norandrostenedione (19-N-Andro, Bolandione, Proven Pure 19-Norandrostenedione)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norclostebol (Anabol 4-19)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norethandrolone (Nilevar)	Anabolic Steroid	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat muscle wasting, trauma, and anemia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Normethandrolone (Orga-Steron)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat amenorrhea and menopause. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxabolone (Steranabol Depot, Steranabol Ritardo)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, formerly used to treat osteoporosis and muscle-wasting conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxandrolone (Oxandrin)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to rebuild muscle after trauma, surgery, etc. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxyguno	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxymesterone (Anamidol)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat aplastic anemia and hormone disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxymetholone (Adroyd, Anadrol, Anadroyd, Anapolon, Anasteron, Anasteronal, Nastenon, Pardroyd, Plenastril, Synasteron, Zenalosyn)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anemia disorders like aplastic anemia and muscle-wasting disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Paramethadione (Paradione)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prasterone (Intrarosa)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat postmenopausal symptoms in women. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prostanozol	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Quinbolone (Anabolicum Vister)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, formerly used to treat muscle-wasting disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
RAD140 (Testolone)	Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used for performance enhancement illegally. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
SARM LGD-4033 (Ligandrol)	Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used for performance enhancement illegally. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
SARM YK-11	Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used for performance enhancement illegally. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Stanozolol (Winstrol, Sungate, Stargate)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Stenbolone (Anatrofin)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Testosterone (Andriol, Androderm, Androgel, Androtardyl, Intrinsa, Striant, Testogel, Testopatch, Testoviron)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the reproductive organs in both stallions and mares. In humans, used for hormone replacement therapy. Also used as an anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Testosterone is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 0.02 micrograms per millilitre in urine for geldings, 0.055 micrograms per milliliter in mares, or under 0.0001 micrograms per milliliter in geldings or mares are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thymosins/Synthetic fragments (TB500)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as an immunomodulator. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tibolone (Livial)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trena/Trenbolone (Finaplix)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used to promote muscle growth in beef cattle. Also used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trestolone	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, used as an illegal anabolic steroid for athletic enhancement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cafedrine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acetanilid (Antifebrin, Ethananalide, N-acetylanaline, 2-acetanalide)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain and fever. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acetophenetidin/Phenacetin (Codempiral, Commotional, Contradouleur, Emprazil, P-A-C Compound, Paramette, Phenaphen Plus, Stellacyl, Thephorin A-C)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain and fever. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bucetin (Betadid)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain and fever. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diflunisal (Adomal, Artodol, Diflonid, Difludol, Diflunil, Dolisal, Dolobid, Dolobis, Donobid, Dorbid, Fluniget, Fluordonil, Flustar, Ilacen, Noaldol, Peuflos, Unisal)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Epibatidine	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in pharmaceutical research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flupirtine (Katadolon, Metanor, Trancopal Dolo)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isomethadone	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nefopam (Acupan)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenazone (Aurafair Otic, Auralgicin, auraltone, Sedaural, Tympagesic)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenazopyridine (Azodine, Phenazo, Pyridacil, Pyridium, Pyridium, Pyronium, Urogesic, Uropyrine)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tramadol (Maxitram, Ultram, Ryzolt, Ralivia, Zytram, Zamadol, Ultracet, Tramacet, Zydol, Tramal)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Venoms	Organic Compounds	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. Some human drugs to manage pain are derived from venoms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zicotinide/Ziconitide (Prialt, SNX111)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acetaminophen/Paracetamol (Anacin3, Mersyndol, Panadol, Pardale-V, Syndol, Tempra, Tylenol)	Analgesics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for treating pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Harpagoside/Devil's Claw (NoBute, Devil's Relief, Nil-Bute)	Analgesics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for treating pain and inflammation. [ref n="11"][ref n="12"] May enhance performance by reducing pain or inflammation, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Palmitoylethanolamid (PEA)	Analgesics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for treating pain and inflammation. [ref n="13"][ref n="14"] May enhance performance by reducing pain or inflammation, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pitcher Plant Extract (Sarapin)	Analgesics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for treating pain and inflammation, though its efficacy is debated. [ref n="15"][ref n="16"] May enhance performance by reducing pain or inflammation, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Alphadolone acetate (Safan, Alfaxan)	Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as an anesthetic and analgesic. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Althesin/Alfaxolone (Safan, Alfaxan)	Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans and veterinary medicine, used as a general anesthetic. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phencyclidine (PCP, Angel Dust)	Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propanidid (Epontol)	Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to induce general anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propofol (Rapinovet, PropoFlo)	Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for seizures. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tiletamine (Telazol)	Anesthetics	Banned	Used therapeutically for induction of anesthesia. [ref n="17"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ketamine (Ketajet, Vetalar, Ketanest, Ketaset, Ketalar)	Anesthetics	Banned	Used therapeutically for induction of anesthesia. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Amyl Nitrate (Amyl nitrate aspirols, Amyl nitrate vaporole, Nitrit, Amyl Nitrosum)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nifedipine (Adalat, Nical, Nifedipin, Procardia)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trimetazidine (Vastarel)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diethylpropion (Delgamer, Menutil, Prefamone, Regenon, Tenuate Dospan)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mazindol (Mazanor, Sanorex)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aprindine (Amidonal, Aspenon, Fibocil, Fiboran, Ritmusin)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bretylium (Darenthin, Darentin, Ornid)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Limited therapeutic use as a treatment for cardiac arrest in horses. [ref n="10"] In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Digitoxin (Asthenthilo, Coramedan, Crystodigin, Digicor, Digilong, Digimed, Digimerch, Digipural, Digitaline, Digitasid, Ditaven, Mono-Glycocard, Tardigal)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Disopyramide (Dicorynan, Dirythmin, Diso-Duriles, Durbris, Norpace, Rythmodan, Rythodul)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to stabilize cardiac electrical activity. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diltiazem (Acalix, Altiazem, Angizem, Britiazim, Calcicard, Diladel, Diltiazem, Hart, Herbesser, Incoril, Masdil, Presoquin, Tilazem, Tildiem, Zilden)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flecainide (Almarytm, Flecaine, Tambocor)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] May be used therapeutically in horses as a treatment of abnormal heart rhythm. [ref n="10"] In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ibutilide (Corvert)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lidoflazine (Clinium)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mexiletine (Alti-Mexiletine, Katen, Mexetil, Mexilen, Mexitil, Mexitilen, Myovek, Ritalmex, Tumetil)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nadoxolol (Bradyl)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pronethalol (Alderlin, Nethalide)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat high blood pressure and abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propafenone (Arythmol, Rhythmol)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sparteine (Despasan, Spartopan)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat and prevent abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Verapamil (Cordilox, Zolvera, Verelan, Calan)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat high blood pressure and abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amiodarone (Pacerone, Nexterone, Cordarone-X, Amiodarone HCI)	Antiarrhythmics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat atrial fibrillation. [ref n="18"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Digoxin (Cardigox, Cardiogoxin, Cardioreg, Coragoxine, Digacin, Digivern, Digomal, Digitek, Eudigox, Lanacordin, Lanachrist, Lanicor, Lanorale, Lanoxin, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxine, Natigoxin, Novodigal, Prodigox)	Antiarrhythmics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat heart failure or low cardiac output. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Procainamide (Pronestyl, Procan, Procanbid)	Antiarrhythmics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Quinidine (Biquin, Chinidin, Kiditard, Kinichron, Kinidin, Kinidin Durules, Kinidine, Longachin, Longacor, Quinaglute, Quinidine, Quinobarb, Solfachinid, Systodin)	Antiarrhythmics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat atrial fibrillation. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Anisotropine (Hyomax-SR, Lytispasm, Endovalpin, Valpin 50, Octatropine, Methyloctatropine bromide)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat stomach ulcers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benactyzine (Alin, Lucidex, Deprol)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benztropine (Cogentin)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage movement disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Biperiden (Akineton, Akinophyl, Bikipen, Barcipireno, Roloken, Sinekin)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat stomach ulcers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Caramiphen (Ordrine AT, Rescaps-D, Tuss Vernade)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat respiratory symptoms and Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clidinium (Librax, Quarezan, Clindex)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat stomach ulcers and irritable bowel syndrome. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclopentolate (Ak-Pentolate, Ciclolux, Colircusi, Cicloplejico, Cyclogyl, Cyclopentol, Cyclopentolate, Mydrilate, Skiacol, Zykolat)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to dilate the pupil and relax the ocular muscles. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cycrimine (Cicrimina, Cyrciminum, Pagitane)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethopropazine (Lysivane, Parkin, Parsotil, Tomil)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hexocyclium (Tral, Traline)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isopropamide (Isamid, Marygin-M, Piaccamide, Priazimide, Sanulcin)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mepenzolate (Cantil)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat peptic ulcers and gastrointestinal spasms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methantheline (Asabaine, Avagel, Banthin, Dixamone, Doladene, Frenogastrico, Gastrin-1 Human, Gastrin 1, Gastrosedan, Mentantyl, Metaxan, Methanide, Resobantin, Ulcine, Ulcudexter, Vagamin, Xanteline)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylatropine (Mintussin, Mydriasin, Tropin)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as part of anesthetic protocols. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methscopolamine/Methyl Scopolamine (Pamine)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat stomach ulcers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxyphencyclimine (Daricon)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxyphenonium (Antrenyl, Argicillin, Endiform, DCF Oxyphenonium, Spastrex)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipenzolate (Expal, Piper, Piptal, Pipzen)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piperidione (Ascron, Sedilan, Sedulon, Tusseval)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat coughing and respiratory irritation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piperidolate (Dactil, Crapinon, Edelel)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal spasms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Procyclidine (Arpicolin, Kemadrin)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Scopolamine/Hyoscine (Transderm-scop, Scopoderm)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trihexylphenidyl/Trihexyphenidyl (Broflex, Benzhexol)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Atropine (Atro Ofteno, Atropen, Atropinum, Atropisa, Endotropina, Klonatropina)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. [ref n="4"] Used as a bronchodilator and in treatment of uveitis. [ref n="10"][ref n="19"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Glycopyrrolate (Asecryl, Nodapton, Robinul, Tarodyl, Tarodyn)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Controlled	Used to stabilize heart rate under anesthesia and reduce respiratory secretions. [ref n="6"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Butylscopolamine/N-Butyl Scopolamine (Buscopan)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a smooth muscle relaxant to aid in rectal palpation and treatment of colic. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 24 hours (1 day) after intravenous administration. [ref n="2"]
Propantheline/Propanthelline (Corrigast, Ercorax, Ercoril, Ercotina, Pantheline, Pro-Banthine, Propantel)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a smooth muscle relaxant to aid in rectal palpation. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tropicamide	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in the treatment of uveitis. [ref n="20"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Galantamine (Jilkon, Lycoremin, Nivalin, Reminyl)	Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Alzheimer's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Huperzine A (HupA, Selagine)	Neuroprotective Agents	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a cognitive support supplement. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pyridostigmine (Mestinon, Regonol)	Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat myasthenia gravis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acenocoumarol/Nicoumalone (Sintrom, Sinthrome)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Anisinidione (Miradon)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Coroxon	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily used in laboratory research. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Coumarin (Coumarinum, Esberiven, Lodema, Lymphex, Lysedem, Venalot, Venium)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dicumarol (Acadyl, Acavyl, Anathrombase, Antitrombosin, Apekumerol, Baracoumin, Cuma, Cumid, Dicoumal, Dicuman, Dicumaol, Dicumol, Dufalone, Kumoran, Meltitoxin, Temparin, Trombosan)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diphenadione (Contrax-D, Didandin, Didion, Dipaxin, Diphac, Diphacin, Gold Crest, Kill-Ko Rat Killer, Oragulant, Parakakes, Promar, Ramik, Ratindan, Rodant Cake, Solvan)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily used as a rodenticide. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenindione (Danilone, Dindevan, Emandione, Pindione)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenprocoumon (Liquamar, Marcoumar, Marcumar, Marcuphen, Phenpro)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Warfarin (Aldocumar, Athrombin, Coumadin, Coumadine, Marevan, Panwarfin, Sofarin, Waran, Warfilone)	Anticoagulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] May be used as a treatment for vascular thrombosis in horses. [ref n="10"] In humans, used to prevent blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethotoin (Accenon, Peganone, Pegoanone)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Felbamate (Felbamyl, Felbatol, Taloxa)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fosphenytoin (Cerebyx, Cereneu, Prodilantin, Pro-Epanutin)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mephenytoin (Mesantoin)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methsuximide (Oxaleptal, Trileptal)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxcarbazepine (Oxaleptal, Trileptal)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Paraldehyde (Paral)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenacemide (Epiclase, Phenurone, Phetylureum)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phensuximide (Milontin, Succitimal)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phentermine (Adipex, Duromine, Fastin, Lonamin, Minobese, Omnibex, Panbesy, Phentermyl, Teramine)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Primidone (Mylepsinum, Mysoline)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Styramate (Linaxar, Sinaxar)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Valproate (Epilim, Orlept, Depacon, Depakene)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Biston)	Anticonvulsants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for head-shaking. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Gabapentin (Aclonium, Gabapentin, Neurontin, Normatol, Novo-Gabapentin)	Anticonvulsants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for neuropathic pain and seizures in foals. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Phenytoin (Antisacer, Citrullamon, Dantoine, Difhydan, Dilantin, Dintoina, Diphantoine, Epanutin, Epilatine, Labopal, Leyhdan, Pyoredol, Solantyl, Toin Unicelles)	Anticonvulsants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for abnormal heart rhythms, Australian stringhalt, and myositis. [ref n="10"][ref n="21"][ref n="22"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pregabalin (Alzain, Axalid, Lecaent, Lyrica)	Anticonvulsants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for neuropathic pain. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Amineptine (Survector)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amitriptylline (Endep, Elavil, Elanil, Triptafen, Triaval, Amitone, Tryptamol, Qualitriptine)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amoxapine (Ascendin, Demolox, Mocadil)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bupropion (Wellbutrin)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Citalopram (Celexa)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clocapramine (Clofekton)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clomipramine/Clomiprimine (Anafranil, Clopress, Maronil, Tranquax, Zoiral)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clothiapine (Entumin, Entumine, Etomine, Etumina, Etumine)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Desipramine (Deprexan, Norpramine, Nortimil, Pertofran, Perofrane, Sertofren)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dothiepin (Dopress, Dothep, Prothiaden, Thaden)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Doxepin (Adapin, Aponal, Quitaxon, Sinequan, Sinquan, Sinquane, Triadapin)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression, anxiety, and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Duloxetine (Cymbalta, Duxetin, Xeristar, Yentreve)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluoxetine (Adofen, Animex-On, Deprexan, Eufor, Fluctin, Fluval, Fontex, Foxetin, Portal, Prozac, Pulvules, Reneuron, Sarafam)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flupenthixol/Flupentixol (Depixol, Emergil, Fluanxol)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluvoxamine (Faverin, Fevarin, Floxyfral, Fluvoxamina, Fluvoxamine, Luvox, Myroxine, Voxam)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Imipramine (Tofranil)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Iprindole (Galatur, Prondol, Tertran)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Iproniazid (Marsilid, Iprozid, Ipronid, Rivivol, Propilniazida)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lofepramine (Gamanil, Tymelyt)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Maprotiline (Deprilept, Ludiomil, Psymion)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mirtazepine (Avanza, Remeron, Zispin, Soltab)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nialamide (Niamid, Espril)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norfluoxetine/Seproxetine	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Metabolite of fluoxetine. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nortryptaline/Nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor, Noritren)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Paroxetine (Aropax, Aroxat, Cebrillin, Deroxat, Eutimil, Paroxetine, Seroxat)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenyliprazine	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Protriptyline (Triptil, Vivactil)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sertraline (Lustral, Zoloft)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and other mood disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trazodone (Beneficat, Desyrel, Molipaxin)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trimipramine (Surmontil, Stangyl)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Venlafaxine (Efexor)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Viloxazine (Vivalan, Emovit)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat ADHD. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorpropamide	Antihyperglycemics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat type 2 diabetes. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thiethylperazine (Torecan)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat nausea and vomiting. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminocaproic Acid (Amicar, Caprocid, Hamostat tab, Hamostat inj, Hemocid injection)	Antifibrinolytics	Controlled	Used as a treatment for acute hemorrhage. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by controlling conditions such as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tranexamic Acid (Amcacid, Amchafibrin, Amstat, Anvitoff, Carxamin, Cliclokapron, Emorhalt, Exacyl, Frenolyse, Hexapromin, Hexatron, Tranex, Tranexan, Transamin, Transamlon, Ugurol)	Antifibrinolytics	Controlled	Used as a treatment for acute hemorrhage. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by controlling conditions such as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Aminomethylbenzoic Acid (Trazylol, Gumbix, AmBenamp, Fluka)	Hemostatics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to reduce bleeding and promote blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by controlling conditions such as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Antazoline/Phenazoline (Otrivine, Antistin)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some antihistamines may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Azatadine (Idulamine, Idulian, Lergocil, Optimine, Trinalin, Verben, Zadine)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some antihistamines may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzquinamide (Emeticon, Promecon, Quantril, Quantryl)	Anti-emetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat nausea and vomiting. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromodiphenhydramine (Amodryl, Bromanautine, Bromo-Benadryl, Bromo-Benzdryl, Deserol, Histabromamine, Neo-Benadryl)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Buclizine Aphilan R, Bucladin, Longifene, Migraleve, Postafen)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat nausea, vomiting, and vertigo. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbinoxamine (Clistin, Palgic)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorcyclizine (Alergicide, Di-Paralen, Diparalene, Eramide, Histantine, Perazil, Perazyl, Piparalene)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloropyramine (Avapena, Allergen S, Anaphylline, Nilfan, Sinopen, Suprastin, Synopen, Synpen)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorproethazine (Neuriplege)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Categorized as an antihistamine by the FEI. [ref n="2"] In humans, formerly used as a muscle relaxant. [ref n="5"] No equine applications. May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cinnarizine (Stugeron, Stunarone)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control nausea and dizziness. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clemastine (Agasten, Dexa Tavegil, Meclastin, Mecloprodin, Tavegil, Tavegyl)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clemizole (Alercur, Allerpant, Histacur, Histakool)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clorprenaline (Asthone, Bazarl, Broncon, Cosmoline, Effectol, Calutein, Pentadoll, Restanolon)	Beta Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat respiratory conditions like asthma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclizine (Echnatol, Merazine, Valoid)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Deptropine (Brontin, Brontina, Brontine)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diphenylpyraline (Arbid N, Hispril, Histalert, Histryl, Lergoban, Lyssipoll)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Embramine (Bromadryl, Mebryl, Medrin)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions and motion sickness. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Histapyrrodine (Domistan)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isothipendyl (Apaisyl, Actapront, Istamyl, Sedermyl)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ketotifen (Zaditor, Alaway, Zyrtec Itchy Eye, Caritin Eye)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mebhydroline (Bexidal, Diazolin, Fabahistin)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meclizine (Antivert, Bonine)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Medrylamine (Postafen)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methapyrilene (Paradormalene, Pyrathyn, Pyrinistab, Pyrinistol, Rest-On, Restryl, Semikon, Tenalin, Thionylan)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methdilazine (Bristaline, Dilosyb, Disyncram, Tacaryl, Tacazyl, Tacryl)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Orphenadrine (Banflex, Biorphen, Brocasipal, Disipal, Flexon, Mephenamin, Norflex)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Categorized as an antihistamine by the FEI. [ref n="2"] In humans, formerly used as a muscle relaxant. [ref n="5"] No equine applications. May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenindamine (Nolahist, Thephorin)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenyltoloxamine (Antin, Bistrimin, Bristamin, Hisitonex)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Promethazine (Phenergan, Fargan, Romergan, Promethagan)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pyrrobutamine	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Terfenadine (Seldane, Teldane, Triludan)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thonzylamine (Neohetramine, Tonamil)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Triprolidine (Actifed, Sudafed)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Brompheniramine (Bromfed, Dimetapp, Bromfenex, Dimetane)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Cetirizine/Ceterizine (Zytrec, Cetryn, Hitrizin, Setir, Virlix, Ziptek, Zirtek, Zyrlex)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control hives, allergies, and eosinophilic keratitis. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 96 hours (4 days) after oral administration [ref n="2"]
Chlorpheniramine (Alerdil, Allergex, Allergican, Apomin, Chlor-Trimeton, Chlorphen-12, Chloropiril, Chlorphenamine, Hayleve, Methyrit, Piriton, Prodel, Teldrin Allergy)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Cromoglicic Acid/Cromoglycate/Cromolyn/Cromoglicate (Alergocrom, Alerion, Colimune, Cromantal, Cromese, Cromoglicin, Cromosol, Cropoz, Dilospir, Fenistil Eye Drops, Flenid, Gastrofrenal, Lomusol, Opticrom, Vividrin)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="23"][ref n="24"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Cyproheptadine (Apenorm, Cyproheptadine, Cyprono, Cyprosian, Nuran, Periactinol, Periatin, Peritol, Supersan)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control head-shaking and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Desmethylpyrilamine	Antihistamines	Controlled	Active metabolite of pyrilamine (mepyramine). [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl Original, Benetussin, Broncleer, Cotussin, Dastusin, Delixir, Histodor, Expectorant, Lupihist, Med-Tussin, Relief-Coff)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat allergies and anaphylactic reactions. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Doxylamine (Alsadorm, Decapryn, Gittalun, Hoggar N, Mereprine, Sanalepsi N, Sedaplus, Somnil, Unisom-2)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Fexofenadine (Allegra, Fexotabs, Kalicet, Telfast BD)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="25"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Hydroxyzine (Alamon, Atara, Ataraxoid, Atarazoid, Atarox, Deinait, Durrax, Equipose, Fasarax, Hychotine, Neo-Calma, Neurozina, Nevrolaks, Pamazone, Paxistil, Placidol, Plaxidol, Tran-Q, Tranquizine, Traquizine, Vesparaz, Vesparaz-Wirkstoff)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control hives and allergies. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Levocabastine (Livostin)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Loratadine (Claritine, Clarityn, Fristamin, Tidilor)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Mepyramine/Pyrilamine (Albatussin, Anthisan)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="26"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Olopatadine (Pataday, Patanol, Pazeo, Patanase, Opatanol)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="27"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pheniramine (Aviletten, Inhiston, Fenamine, Metron, Pyriton, Tripoton)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="28"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tripelennamine (Azaron, PBZ, Pyribenzamine)	Antihistamines	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control allergic conditions. [ref n="29"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Canagliflozin (Invokana)	Antihyperglycemics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ertugliflozin (Steglatro)	Antihyperglycemics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Metformin (Glucophage XR, Carbophage SR, Riomet, Fortamet, Glumetza, Obimet, Gluformin, Dianben, Diabex, Diaformin, Siofor, Metfogamma)	Antihyperglycemics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pioglitazone (Actos)	Antihyperglycemics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Velagliflozin (Senvelgo)	Antihyperglycemics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. [ref n="30"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Amlodipine (Norvasc, Istin, Amlostin, Caduet, Lotral, Exforge)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benazepril (Benac, Boncordin, Briem, Cibace, Cibacen, Cibacene, Fortekor, Lotensin, Lotrel, Tensanil, Zinadril)	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bethanidine (Batel, Benzoxine, Betaling, Bethanid, Esbatal, Eusamanid, Hypersin)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Brimonidine (Alphagan, Enidin, Oftalmotonil)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Candesartan (Amias, Atcand, Ratacand, Blopress)	Antihypertensives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cilazapril (Inhibace)	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clonidine (Catapres, Catarpresan, Catarpres-TTS, Clonistada, Dixarit, Ipotensium, Isoglaucon)	Antihypertensives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative with mild pain control. [ref n="31"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Flunarizine (Flerudin, Flunagen, Flurpax, Fluxarten, Gradient, Issium, Sibelium, Vasculene)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fosinopril (Fosinil, Fosinopril, Monopril, Secorvas, Staril, Vasopril)	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Guanadrel (Hylorel)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Guanethidine (Dopom, Ismelin, Ismeline, Visutensil)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Indoramin (Doralese, Baratol)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Irbesartan (Aprovel, Karvea, Avapro)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Losartan (Cozaar, Hyzaar)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methyldopa (Aldomet, Aldoril, Dopamet)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mibefradil (Posicor)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nicardipine (Cardene)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nimodipine (Nimotop)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent brain damage after brain aneurysms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Olmesartan (Benicar, Olmetec, Votum)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perinodopril	ACE Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenyline, Dibenzyline, Dibenzyran)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prazosin (Hypovase)	Antihypertensives	Controlled	Used therapeutically to reduce urethral tone in horses with urinary issues. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tripamide (Normonal)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbimazole (Athyromazole, Basolest, Camazol, Carbimazol, Carbistad, Cazole, Neo-Mercazole, Neo-Morphazole, Neo-Tireol, Neo-Tomizol)	Antithyroid Agents	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hyperthyroidism. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by modifying metabolic rate, body weight, and heat tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methimazole (Tapazole, Felimazole)	Antithyroid Agents	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hyperthyroidism. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by modifying metabolic rate, body weight, and heat tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Emidonol	Antiischemics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used to treat livestock with hypoxia (low blood oxygen). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving endurance and reducing fatigue from exercise. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meldonium (Mildronate)	Metabolic Modulators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cardiovascular conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving endurance and reducing fatigue from exercise. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dapsone (Acedapsone, Avlosulfon, Daps, Dubronex, Servidapsone, Sulfona)	Antibiotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat leprosy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amodiaquine (Camoquin, Basoquin, Flavoquin)	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat malaria. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amopyroquine (Propoquin)	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat malaria. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloroquine (Avlochlor, Chloroin, Resorchin, Sanoquin, Trochin)	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat malaria. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cycloguanil	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diaveridine	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used to treat coccidiosis and leucocytozoonosis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Proguanil (Paludrine)	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat malaria. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Eletriptan (Relert, Relpax)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methysergide (Sansert)	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Naratriptan (Amerge, Naramig)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pizotifen (Mosegor, Sandomigran, Sandomigrin, Sanmigran)	Serotonin Antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent migraine and cluster headaches. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sumatriptan (Imigran)	Serotonin Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levamisole (Decaris, Ergamisol, Ketrax)	Antiparasitics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). [ref n="32"][ref n="33"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pyrimethamine (Daraprim, Erbaprelina, Pirimecidan, Tindurin)	Antiparasitics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Quinine (Adaquin, Bi-Chinine, Biquinate, Chinine, Kinin, Legatrin, Myoquin, Quinamm, Quinate, Quinbisul, Quindan, Quinine, Quinoctal, Quinsul, Quiphile)	Antiparasitics	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses, but potential therapeutic use as a treatment for protozoal infections. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Dipyramidole (Anginal, Cleridium, Coribon, Coronarine, Corosan, Coroxin, Dipyridamole, Dipyridan, Maxicardil, Miosen, Natyl, Novodil, Peridamol, Persantin, Procardin, Trompersantin)	Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clopidogrel (Plavix)	Antiplatelet Agents	Controlled	Used in horses as a blood thinner and to treat vascular thrombosis. [ref n="10"][ref n="34"][ref n="35"] May affect performance by improving blood flow. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Chlorphenoxamine (Clorevan, Spirbon, Systral, Systrason, Ultratussin)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dimethindene (Fengel, Fenistil, Fenostil, Trimedil N)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trimeprazine (Panectyl, Repeltin, Vallergan)	Antipruritics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acetophenazine (Tindal, Fluphenazine)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amisulpride (Solian, Amisulpride)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amperozide	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used to reduce stress and aggression in farmed pigs. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aripiprazole (Abilify)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Azacyclonol (Frenquel)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benperidol (Anquil, Benquil, Concilium, Frenactil, Frenactyl, Glianimon, Psicoben)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Biriperone/Centbutindole	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Developed to treat schizophrenia but not approved for medical use. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromperidol (Bromidol, Impromen, Tesoprel)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butaperazine (Emerex, Megalectil, Randolectil, Repoise)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carphenazine (Procethazine, Proketazin, Proketazine)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorprothixene (Tactaran, Tarasan, Truxal, Vetacalm)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a sedative and anti-anxiety medication. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clozapine (Clozaril, Leponex, Fazaclo, Froidir, Denzapine, Zaponex, Klozapol, Clopine)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyamemazine (Cianatil, Tercian)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Deserpidine (Aescin, Canescin, Canescine, Deresperine, Deserpine, Harmonyl, Raunorine, Raunormin, Raunormine, Recanescin, Recanescine, Reserpidine, Tranquinil)	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dixyrazine (Esucos)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Droperidol (Dehidrobenzperidol, Dridol, Droleptan, Inapsine, Sintosian)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat agitation and control severe nausea and vomiting. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluopromazine/Triflupromazine (Psyquil, Siquil, Vesperin)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a tranquilizer. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluphenazine (Anatensol, Dapotum D, Modecate, Moditen, Omca, Pacinol, Permitil, Prolixin, Sevinol, Siqualone)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluspirilene (Fluspi, Imap, Kivat, Redeptin)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Homophenazine/Homofenazine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lenpirone (Elanone-V)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a sedative or tranquilizer. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Loxapine (Loxapac, Loxitane)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Melperone (Loxitane, Buronil, Burnil, Eunerpan)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mepazine/Pecazine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methotrimeprazine (Nozinan)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Molindone (Moban)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Moperone (Luvatren)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mosapramine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Olanzapine (Olzapin, Rexapin, Zyprexa, Zyprexa, Zydis, Zalasta, Zolafren)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Opromazine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Active metabolite of chlorpromazine. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Paliperidone (Invega Sustenna)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Penfluridol (Cyperon, Flupidol, Semap)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Periciazine/Pericyazine (Aloept, Nemactil, Neulactil, Neuleptil)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pimozide (Opiran, Orap, Orap Forte, Pizide)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Tourette's disorder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipamperone (Dipiperone, Propitan)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piper Methysticum (Kava)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a herbal supplement for its sedative and muscle relaxant properties. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipotiazine (Lonseren, Piportil, Piportyl)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piquindone	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and Tourette's disorder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prochlorperazine (Stemetil)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prothipendyl (Tolnate)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Quetiapine (Seroquel)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Risperidone (Risperdal)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sulforidazine (Imagotan, Inofal)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schizophrenia. Active metabolite of thioridazine [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sulpiride (Dolmatil, Sulpor)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thiopropazate	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thioridazine (Mallorol, Mellaril-S, Melleril, Melleretten, Novoridazine, Ridazine, Thioril)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thiothixene (Navane)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Triflumeprazine/Phenothiazine (Stelazine)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a sedative and tranquilizer. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trifluoperazine (Eskazinyl, Eskazine, Jatroneural, Modalina, Stelazine, Terfluzine, Trifluoperaz)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trifluperidol (Psicoperidol, Triperidol)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zuclopenthixol (Clopixol, Cisordinol)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metrenperone	Antimyopathics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Previously investigated as a treatment for navicular syndrome. [ref n="36"] No human applications. May enhance performance by improving comfort and masking underlying injury or lameness. [ref n="6"]
Adiphenine (Spasnil, Fulton anti-douleur)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal cramps. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Alverine (Spasmonal, Profenil, Spasmine)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to relieve abdominal cramps. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ambucetamide (Neomeritine, Femerital, Dibutamide)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat menstrual pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminopromazine (Jenotone)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used to treat urethral spasms in dogs and cats. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Baclofen (Lioresal)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disoders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Drofenine (Cibalen, Espasmo, Cibalena, Lunadon, Sonotryl, Spasmoplus, Spasmo-Cibalgin, Trasentine A)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal spasms and menstrual cramps. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Emepronium (Cetiprin, Cetiprin Novum, Detrulisin, Hexanium, Uro-Ripirin)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat overactive bladder. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flavoxate (Genurin, Spasuret, Urispadol, Urispas)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat urinary tract incontinence. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mebeverine (Colofac, Duspatal)	Antispasmodics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat abdominal pain and cramping. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methixene (Tremaril)	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Drotaverine (No-Spa, Drotin DS, Doverin, Trospa)	Antispasmodics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage spasmodic (gas) colic. [ref n="37"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Prifinium Bromide (Padrin, Riabal)	Antispasmodics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to aid in rectal palpation. [ref n="38"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Benzonatate (Tessalon)	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbetapentane/Pentoxyverine (Balscocalse, Germapect, Merol, Pectosan, Toux Seche, Vicks, Toclase Toux Seche, Tussa-Tablinen)	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dextromethorphan (Broncho-grippol-DM, Bal-Minil, Benylin, Robitussin)	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dextrorphan	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human medications. Dextrorphan is the metabolite of dextromethorphan after processing by the liver. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isoaminile (Peracon, Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen)	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Noscapine (Anarcotine, Narcotine, Nectodon, Nospen)	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxolamine (Bredon, Oxolev, Tussibron)	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pholcodine (Actuss, Adaphol, Codisol, Dia-Tuss, Duro-Tuss, Galenphol, Homocodeine, Lantuss, Pavacol-D, Pholcolin, Tussinol, Tussokon, Tuxi)	Antitussives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Adinazolam (Deracyne)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety, panic disorders, and depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Alpidem (Ananxyl)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Alprazolam (Xanax, Niravam)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and panic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bentazepam (Tiadipona)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromazepam (Lexotan, Brazepam, Bromaze, Lectopam)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and agitation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Brotizolam (Bondormin, Dormex, Indormyl, Ladormin, Lendorm, Lendormin, Lendormine, Lindormin, Maderantil, Nimbisan, Noctilan, Sintonal)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Buspirone (Ansial, Ansiced, Anxiolan, Axoren, BuSpar, Loxapin, Pasrin, Tendan)	Anxiolytics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Camazepam (Paxor, Albego, Limpidon)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Captodiame (Covatine, Covatix)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a sedative and anxiolytic. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by producing sedation that decreases reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carpipramine (Prazinil, Defekton)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat anxiety and schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by producing sedation that decreases reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlordiazepoxide (Klopoxid, Librax, Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen, Tropium, Zetran)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlormezanone (Alinam, Fenarol, Lyseen New, Miorilax, Myoflex, Trancopal, Tranrilax)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clobazam (Frisium, Urbanol)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epileptic seizures. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clonazepam (Klonopin, Ravotril, Rivotril, Rivatril)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat seizure disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clorazepate (Tranxene, Novo-Clopate)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clotiazepam (Clozan, Distensan, Trecalmo, Rize, Rizen, Veratran)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cloxazolam (Sepazon, Olcadil, Akton, Lubalix)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and panic attacks. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Demoxepam	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Metabolite of chlordiazepoxide. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Enciprazine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Studies as an antipsychotic and anti-anxiety medication. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Estazolam (Domnamid, Esilgan, Eurodin, Nuctalon)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethyl Loflazepate (Victan)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and panic attacks. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etifoxine (Stresam)	Anxiolytics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etizolam (Depas, Pasadan, Sedekopan)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety, panic attacks, and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fludiazepam (Erispan)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and seizures. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flunitrazepam (Darkene, Flunipam, Noriel, Primum, Rohypnol, Roipnol, Valsera)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flurazepam (Dalmadorm, Dalmane, Fordrim, Midorm AR, Novo-Flupam, Paxene, Somnol, Som-Pam, Staurodorm, Valdorm)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flutoprazepam	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Gepirone (Ariza, Variza)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ipsapirone	Anxiolytics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ketazolam (Anseren, Ansietil, Sedatival, Sedotime, Solatran, Unakalm)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lenperone (Elanone-V)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a tranquilizer and sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Loprazolam (Dormonoct, Havlane, Somnovit)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lorazepam (Ativan)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lormetazepam (Noctamid, Ergocalm, Loramet, Dilamet, Sedaben)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Medazepam (Nobrium, Rudotel, Raporan, Ansilan)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meparfynol (Allotropal, Anti-Stress, Dormison, Oblivon)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meprobamate/Meprobromate (Meprobamate)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metaclazepam (Talis)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mexazolam (Melex, Sedoxil)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nimetazepam (Erimin)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nitrazepam (Insomin, Dormalon, Nitravet, Mogadon)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and certain seizure disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxazolam (Convertal, Hializan, Serenal, Tranquit)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenibut (Focus Calm Horse Supplement)	Central Nervous System Depressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as an anti-anxiety drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pinazepam (Domar, Duna)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipequaline	Anxiolytics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prazepam (Demetrin, Lysaxia, Prazene)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Triazolam (Apo-Triazo, Halcion, Hypam, Trilam)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tybamate (Solacen)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminoglutethimide (Cytodren)	Aromatase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage hormonal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modulating hormone levels, influencing metabolism and exercise recovery. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Anastrozole (Arimidex)	Aromatase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modulating hormone levels, influencing metabolism and exercise recovery. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Exemestane (Aromasil, Aromasin, Aromasine, Exemestance, Nikidess)	Aromatase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modulating hormone levels, influencing metabolism and exercise recovery. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Formestane (Lenatare, Lentaron)	Aromatase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modulating hormone levels, influencing metabolism and exercise recovery. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Letrozole (Femar, Femara, Letrolan)	Aromatase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modulating hormone levels, influencing metabolism and exercise recovery. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Testolactone (Teslac)	Aromatase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modulating hormone levels, influencing metabolism and exercise recovery. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cimaterol	Beta Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in research as a repartitioning agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass and reducing fat deposition. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dopexamine (Dopacard)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat acute heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etafedrine (Nethaprin)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenpiprane	Anticholinergics (Antimuscarinics)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing parasympathetic activity, resulting in bronchodilation, increased heart rate, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and potential behavioural effects depending on the agent. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isoetharine (Bronkosol)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mabuterol (Broncholin)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Researched as a treatment for asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Procaterol (Meptin, Etophylate)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ractopamine (Paylean)	Beta Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in livestock as a repartitioning agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass and reducing fat deposition. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ritodrine (Yutopar)	Beta Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to relax uterine smooth muscle to delay labor. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zilpaterol	Beta Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in livestock as a repartitioning agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass and reducing fat deposition. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acebutolol (Sectral, Monitan, Rhotral, Pindalol, Neptall, Prent)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Alprenolol (Regletin, Aptine)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Atenolol (Temormin, Tenif, Beta-Adalat, Co-Tenidone, Tenolin)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Betaxolol (Betoptic, Lokren, Kerlone)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bisoprolol (Cardicor, Emcor, Fondril, Vivcor)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bunitrolol (Betrilol, Stresson)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bunolol (Ophtho-Bunolol)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bupranolol (Betadrenol, Ophtorenin)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and tachycardia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butofilolol (Carfide)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carazolol (Carbacel, Conducton)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used to reduce stress in animals. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carteolol (Cartrol, Ocupress, Teoptic, Arteolol, Arteoptic, Calte, Carteabak, Carteol, Cartrol, Elebloc, Endak, Glauteolol, Mikelan, Poenglaucol, Singlauc)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carvedilol (Coreg, Dilatrend, Eucardic, Carloc, Coreg)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Celiprolol (Cardem, Celectol, Celipres, Celipro, Celol, Cordiax, Dilanorm, Selectol)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cloranolol (Tobanum)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Esmolol (Brevibloc, Miniblock)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to control blood pressure and heart rate. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Labetalol (Albetol, Trandate)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levobunolol (Akbeta, Betagan)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mepindolol (Betagon, Corindolan, Mepicor)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metipranolol (Optipranolol)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metoprolol (Beloc, Beprolo, Betaloc, Lopresor, Lopressor, Selokeen, Seloken)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Moprolol (Levotensin, Omeral)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nadolol (Corgard)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nebivolol (Bystolic, Nebilet, Hypoloc, Nebivolol)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nifenalol (Impeasel, Inpea)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily used in cardiovascular research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxprenolol (Captol, Corbeton, Coretal, Laracor, Slow-Pren, Slow-Trasicor, Tevacor, Trasacor, Trasicor, Trasitensin, Trasidex)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Penbutolol (Betapresin, Betapressin, Blocotin, Ipobar, Levatol, Lobeta)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pindolol (Barbloc, Betadren, Carvisken, Decreten, Durapindol, Hexapindol, Pectobloc, Pinbetol, Viskeen, Visken)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Practolol (Dalzic, Eraldin, Eraldina, Teranol)	Beta Blockers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension and angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propranolol (Inderal, Avlocardyl, Derelin)	Beta Blockers	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Sotalol (Beta-Cardone, Sotacor)	Beta Blockers	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat atrial fibrillation. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Timolol (Blocadren, Timoptol)	Beta Blockers	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat glaucoma. [ref n="39"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Alendronate (Fosamax)	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ibandronate (Boniva, Bondronat, Bonviva, Idandrix, Adronil, Bondrova, Bonprove)	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Neridronate	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Olpadronate	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pamidronate (Aredia, Pamimed)	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia, Benet)	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zoledronate	Bisphosphonates	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat bone-related disorders like osteoporosis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clodronic Acid/Clodronate (Osphos)	Bisphosphonates	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage pathological bony remodelling, such as that seen in navicular syndrome. [ref n="6"][ref n="40"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tiludronic Acid/Tiludronate (Tildren, Skelid)	Bisphosphonates	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage pathological bony remodelling, such as that seen in navicular syndrome. [ref n="6"][ref n="40"] May affect performance by altering bone remodeling and masking pain or lameness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 672 hours (28 days) after intravenous administration. [ref n="2"]
Hemoglobin Analogues (Hemopure, Oxyglobin)	Artificial Gas Carriers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to enhance the gas-carrying capacity of the blood when treating hemorrhagic shock. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perfluorodecalin/Octadecafluoronaphthalene	Artificial Gas Carriers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to enhance the gas-carrying capacity of the blood when treating hemorrhagic shock. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perfluorocarbons	Artificial Gas Carriers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to enhance the gas-carrying capacity of the blood when treating hemorrhagic shock. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perfluorooctylbromide	Artificial Gas Carriers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to enhance the gas-carrying capacity of the blood when treating hemorrhagic shock. Also used in medical imaging. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perfluorotripropylamine	Artificial Gas Carriers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to enhance the gas-carrying capacity of the blood when treating hemorrhagic shock. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Erythrityl tetranitrate	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dyphylline (Dilor, Glyfyllin, Neothylline, Neutrafillina, Neutraphyllin, Propyphyllin, Silbephyllin, Teofen)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tadalafil (Cialis)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat erectile dysfunction or pulmonary arterial hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acefylline (Etaphylline)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Arformoterol (COPD, Seprocor, Brovana, Foradil Aeriolizer, Formertorel)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Bambuterol	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bamifylline (Airest, Bamifix, Bami-Med, Bamixol, Briofil, Trentadil)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bitolterol	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbuterol	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diprophylline (Alergical Expect)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etaminphylline (Boifilina, Corafil, Dechophyline, Iodafilina, Longtussin, Solufilina, Ultratussin)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethylnorepinephrine	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Reproterol (Bronchodil, Bronchospasmin, Broncospasmin, Epiferol, Gensasmol, Reperol, Sanasma, Teofluid)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Rimiterol (Puilmodil)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tulobuterol (Hokunalin)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aformoterol	Bronchodilators	Controlled	May be used therapeutically to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="41"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Albuterol/Salbutamol (Ventolin, Proventil, Torpex, Volmax, Ventipulmin)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="10"][ref n="42"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection times: 96 hours (4 days) after inhalational administration. [ref n="2"]
Aminophylline (Ami-nesine, Ami-lone, Etamyphylline Derivative, Millophylline-V, Dalophylline gel)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator and diuretic. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Clenbuterol (Bronq-C, Broncodil, Clenasma, Cesbron, Clenbutol, Contrasmina, Monores, Prontovent, Spiropent)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator and to block uterine contractions. [ref n="10"][ref n="42"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection times: 168 hours (7 days) after oral administration. [ref n="2"]
Fenoterol (Berotec, Fenotrol, Fensol, Partusisten)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="42"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Formoterol (Atock, Foradil, Oxeze Turbuhaler, Oxis Turbohaler)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Indacaterol (Sequadra, Onbrez Breezhaler, Ultibro, Breezhaler, Enerair Breezhaler, Arcapta Neohaler)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ipratropium (Aerovent, Apo-Ipravent, Apovent, Atronase, Atrovent, Bitrop, Disne Asmol, Ipratropium, Kendral-Ipratropium, Narilet, Rhinotrop, Rhinovent, Rinatec, Rinoberen, Rinovagos, Vagos)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="43"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Olodaterol	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="44"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pirbuterol (Exirel, Maxair, Maxair, Autohaler, Spirolair, Zeisin)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Propentofylline (Vivitonin)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses for respiratory benefits, instead potential therapeutic use for management of navicular syndrome and laminitis. [ref n="45"][ref n="46"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Salmeterol (Aerometrol, Arial, Astmerole, Fujimycin, Salmetedur, Serevent)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="47"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Terbutaline (Bricanyl, Brethine, Novo-Theophyl, Nuelin, Quibron-T, Retafyllin, Theo-Dur, Theolair, Theolin, Uniphyl, Uniphyllin, Xanthium, Xantivent)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Theophylline (Elixophyllin)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="48"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tiotropium (Spiriva)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="44"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Vilanterol (Anoro Ellipta, Revinty Ellipta, Relvar Ellipta)	Bronchodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a bronchodilator. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Bepridil (Vascor, Bepadin)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina. Formerly used to manage hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isradipine (Lomir)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cannabidiol/CBD/CBDA (Epidiolex, Epidyolex)	Cannabinoids	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Used therapeutically as a calming agent or anxiolytic. [ref n="49"][ref n="50"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed. [ref n="2"]
Clofenamide	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat acute muscle weakness or paralysis and glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering muscle strength and function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dichlorphenamide (Antidrasi, Daranide, Dasanide, Fenamide, Glaucol, Glauconide, Glaucomid, Oralcon, Oratrol, Tensodilen)	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat acute muscle weakness or paralysis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering muscle strength and function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethoxzolamide (Cardrase, Diuretic C, Ethamide, Redupresin)	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation and glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dorzolamide (Dorzox, Glaucotensil, Timsopt, Trusopt)	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	Controlled	Used to treat glaucoma, frequently in combination with timolol. [ref n="39"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Cobalt	Chemical Elements	Controlled	A naturally occurring trace element found in forages and added to commercial products such as vitamin B12. [ref n="6"][ref n="51"] In excessive amounts, may enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="51"][ref n="52"] This is a threshold substance meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 0.1 microgram of cobalt per millilitre of urine or 0.025 micrograms per milliliter of plasma are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Procarbazine (Matulane, Natulan)	Alkylating Agent	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Hodgkin lymphoma and glioma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Proglumide (Milid)	Cholecystokinin Antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastric ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by supporting gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary function, potentially masking abdominal discomfort that would impact ability to perform. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clanobutin	Cholerectics	Controlled	Used to treat gastrointestinal disorders in horses. [ref n="53"] May affect performance by supporting gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary function, potentially masking abdominal discomfort that would impact ability to perform. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Clocortolone (Cloderm)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cortivazol (Altim, Diaster, Dilaster, Idaltim)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Deoxycorticosterone (Cortexon, Corticosterone, Cortiron, Cortitron, Cortisteron, Descotone, Dorcostrin, Percorten V, Percorten, Syncortyl)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to treat adrenal insufficiency. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Desonide (Apolar, Desowen, Sine Fluor, Tridesilon)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Desoximethasone/Desoxymethasone (Actiderm, Flubason, Ibaril, Stiedex, Tropicorete, Topicort, Topicorte, Topiderm)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dichlorisone (Dermaren, Dicloderm, Diclasone)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily used as a research compound. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diflorasone (Apexicon, Florone E, Flutone, Pscorcon E, Vincosona)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diflucortolone (Claral, Dermaval, Neriforte, Nerisona, Nerisone, Temetex)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluoroprednisolone/Fluprednisolone (Alphadrol, Etadrol, Isopredon, Selectren, Vladicort)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluandrenolide/Fluadrenolone/Fludroxycortide (Alondra-F, Cordran tape, Drenison, Haelan tape, Sermaka)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fludrocortisone/Fluorocortisone	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat adrenal insufficiency. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flunisolide (Aerobid, Bronalide, Bronilide, Gibiflu, Locasyn, Lokilan, Nasalide, Rhinalar, Syntaris)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluocinolone/Fluocinolone acetonide (Adermina, Boniderma, Capex, Cervicum, Cinotec, Cortalar, Cortilona, Dermalar, Dermofil, Elasven, Fluciderm, Flucort, Gelidina, Isnaderm, Localyn, Neoflu, Percutina, Sinalar, Synamol, Topifluor)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluocinonide (Bestasone, Cusigel, Flu-21, Klariderm, Lidemol, Lidex, Lyderm, Metosyn, Novoter, Topsym, Topsymin, Topsyne)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluocortolone (Syracort, Ultracur, Ultradil, Ultralan, Ultralanum)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluorometholone (Cortilet, Cortisdin, Delmeson, Efflumidex, Fluaton, Flucon, Flumetholon, Flumetal semplice, FML, Isopto-Flucon, Lerna, Oxylone, Ursnon)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Halcinonide (Halog)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Halobetasol (Ultravate)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Medrysone (HMS)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meprednisone (Betapar, Cortipyren B, Deltisona B, Latisona B, Prednisonal)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mometasone (Asmanex Twisthaler inhalation powder, Elocon cream, Elocon ointment, Nasonex nasal spray, PMS-Mometascone, Taro-mometascone)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Paramethasone (Cortidene, Depodillar, Dillar, Haldrone, Metilar, Monocortin, Paramezone, Triniol)	Corticosteroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat inflammatory conditions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ambenonium (Mytelase, Myeuran, Ambegon)	Cholinesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat myasthenia gravis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amcinonide (Clyocort, Aminocide Cream)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses but may have potential therapeutic use for treating skin inflammation. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Beclomethasone (Airbeclosona, Beclacin, Beclometason, Becloval, Clenil-A, Easyhaler, Beclometasone, Entyderma, Inalone, Korbutone)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for lower airway inflammation. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Betamethasone (Bebyderm, Becort, Bedifos, Betacorian, Betacortril, Betafoam, Betagen, Betamamallet, Betmethason, Betapred, Betasolon, Betnasol, Betsolan, Celestamine N, Celestene, Cevicort, Coritex, Cortimar, Flubenisolone, Hormezone, Konicortil, Luxiqo, Medobeta, Methazon, Steromien)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to control pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. [ref n="54"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection times: 168 hours (7 days) after intra-articular administration [ref n="2"]
Budesonide (Rhinocort, Pulmicort, Entocort, Noex)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat lower airway inflammation. [ref n="55"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ciclesonide (Alvesco, Omnaris, Omniair, Aservo, Equihaler)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat lower airway inflammation. [ref n="56"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection times: 120 hours (5 days) after inhalation administration
Clobetasol (Cantril, Clobetasolpropionat Mikron, Koniderm)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat skin inflammation. [ref n="57"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Cortisone (Cortelan, Cortisone, Cortisyl, Cortogen, Cortone)	Corticosteroid	Controlled	Naturally occurring glucocorticoid, more commonly administered as its active metabolite hydrocortisone. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Dexamethasone (Azium, Decaspray, Dectancyl, Deronil, Dexaltin, Dexamethasone, Hostadex, Millicortene, Taprodex, Tuttozem N, Visumetazone, Wymesone)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat conditions requiring immunosuppression. [ref n="10"][ref n="58"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection times: 48 hours (2 days) after intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Flumetasone/Flumethasone (Locacorten, Locorten, Locortene)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat conditions requiring immunosuppression. [ref n="59"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Fluticasone (Cultivate, Flixonase, Flixotide, Flonase, Flovent, Flovent Diskus, Fluticasone, Flutivate)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat lower airway inflammation. [ref n="60"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Hydrocortisone (Alfacort, Aquanil HC, Bactine, Barriere HC, Calmicort, Cortate, Dermacort, Egocort, Hycort, Hydrocortisone, Hydrosone, Mildison, Nutracort, Proctocort, Schericur, Synacort, Texacort)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat adrenal insufficiency in foals and skin inflammation. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 48 hours (2 days) [ref n="2"] Hydrocortisone is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 1 microgram per millilitre in urine are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Isoflupredone (Predef, Isofluprednisolone)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat conditions requiring immunosuppression. [ref n="61"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Methylprednisolone (Besonia, Depomedrol, Esametone, Lemod, Medescone, Medixon, Medlone, Medrol Dosepak, Medrone, Mesopren, Metastab, Methylprednisolone, Metrisone, Metrocort, Metysolon, Promacortine, Reactenol, Summicort)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat conditions requiring immunosuppression. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 672 hours (27 days) after intra-articular administration [ref n="2"]
Prednisolone (Codelcortone, Deltacortril, Dhasolone, Pred Forte, Prednisol, Predsolone, Prelone, Solone)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat conditions requiring immunosuppression. [ref n="10"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 48 hours [ref n="2"] Prednisolone is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 0.01 microgram per millilitre in urine are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Prednisone (Deltisone, Hostacortin, Meticorten, Predni Tablinen, Sone, Sterapred, Ultracortene)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses, more commonly administered as its active metabolite prednisolone. [ref n="62"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Triamcinolone (Aristocort, Cinolone, Delphi, Ipercortis, Kenacort, Kenalog, Ledercort, Triamcet, Volon)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. [ref n="63"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 168 hours (7 days) after intra-articular administration [ref n="2"]
Triamcinolone Acetonide (Vetalog, Adcortyl)	Corticosteroids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. [ref n="63"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 168 hours (7 days) after intra-articular administration [ref n="2"]
Triamcinolone Hexacetonide (Aristospan)	Corticosteroid	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by masking pain, reducing inflammation, and improving respiratory function. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Thenoic acid (Thioveol)	D-amino acid oxidase Inhibitors	Controlled	Approved as a treatment for horses with respiratory disorders. [ref n="64"] May enhance performance by improving respiratory function and masking underlying respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Carbidopa (Lodosyn, Sinemet)	Neuroprotective Agents	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Althiazide/Altazide (Hydrochlorothiazide, Apresazide, Aldoril, Avalide, Capozide, Accuretic)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amiloride (Moduretic, Midamor, Safaretic, Amiloride, Amilamont, Actaris, Aminide)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amisometradine (Aminoisometradine, Rolicton)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Azosemide	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bendroflumethazide (Aprinox, Neo-Naclex)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzthiazide (Dytide, Dyrnium Compositum)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bumetanide (Aquazon, Bumex, Burinex, Butinat, Cambiex, Diurama, Farmadiuril, Fontego, Fordiuran, Lunetoron)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Canrenone (Contaren, Luvion, Phanurane)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlormerodrin (Chlormerodrin HC 197, Diruone, Katonil, Mercardox, Mercloran, Mercoral, Merculest, Merilid, Neogidrin, Neohydrin, Oricur, Promeran, Promerane)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorthalidone (Axamin, Higrotona, Hydro-long, Hydroton, Igroton, Novo-Thalidone, Odemo-Genat, Renidone, Renon, Thalitone, Uridon, Urolin, Zambesil)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clopamide (Adurix, Aquex, Brinaldix)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclothiazide (Anhydron, Renezide)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Drospirenone (Jasminelle, Yasmin, Yaz, Yira, Yirala)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, primarily used for hormonal contraception. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Eplerenone (Inspra)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethacrynic Acid (Crinuryl, Edecril, Edecrin, Edecrina, Hidromedin, Mingit, Otacril, Reomax, Taladren, Uregit)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethiazide	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flumethazide	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydroflumethiazide (Saluron, Diucardin)	Diuretic	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Indapamide (Natrilix, Coversyl)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mefruside (Baycaron)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meralluride (Mercuhydrin)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Merbaphen	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mercaptomerin	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mersalyl (Diursal, Igrosin, Mercurital, Mercusal, Salyrgan, Uragan)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methazolamide	Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylchlothiazide	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meticrane (Arresten, Fontiliz)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piretanide (Arelix, Diumax, Tauliz)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Polythiazide (Drenusil, Minizide, Nephril, Polypress, Renese)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Probenecid (Benemid, Benemide, Benuryl, Probecid, Pro-Cid, Solpurin, Urocid)	Anti-hyperuricemias	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat chronic gout. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by interfering with renal excretion, potentially masking the presence of other prohibited substances in the urine. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Spironolactone (Aldactone, Spiractin)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Torasemide (Torem, Demadex)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Triamterene (Dyrenium, Dytac)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Xipamide (Aquaphor, Diurexan)	Diuretics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acetazolamide (Acemit, Azomid, Diamox, Glaupax, Novo-Zolamide, Storzolamide)	Diuretics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and glaucoma. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Brinzolamide (Azopt, Azoptic)	Diuretics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to as a treatment for glaucoma. [ref n="65"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Chlorothiazide/Chlorthiazide (Azide, Chlotride, Diuril Boluses, Flumen, Lyovac Diuril, Saluretil, Saluric, SK-Chlorothiazide)	Diuretics	Controlled	Not commonly used in horses, but potential therapeutic use as a hypertensive agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Furosemide (Diural, Diuralasa, Frusid, Furosemide, Impugan, Lasix, Novosemide, Sigasalur, Urex)	Diuretics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat pulmonary edema and exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Hydrochlorothiazide/Hydrochlothiazide (Adelphan, Dichlotride, Diurex, Esidrex, Hydrochlorothiazide, Hydro-Diuril, Hydrosaluric, Novo-Hydrazide, Thiuretic)	Diuretics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. [ref n="66"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Quinethazone (Aquamox, Hydromox, Idrokin)	Diuretics	Controlled	Not commonly used in horses, but potential therapeutic use as a hypertensive agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Trichlormethiazide (Achletin, Anatran, Anistadin, Aponorin, Carvacron, Chloplidine, Cretonin, Esmarin, Fluitran, Flutra, Intromene, Kubracon, Metahydrin, Naqua, Schebitran, Tachionin, Tolcasone, Triflumen)	Diuretics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat peripheral edema in combination with dexamethasone. [ref n="67"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Trometamol (Addex-THAM, Alcaphor, Basionic, Tham, Thamacetat, Thamesol, Trisaminol)	Diuretics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat diseases associated with fluid accumulation and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="68"] May affect performance by improving respiratory function in EIPH-affected horses. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed. [ref n="2"]
Bromocriptine (Parlodel)	Dopamine Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat prolactin disorders and some neurological disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amantadine (Symmetrel, Lysovir, Endantadine)	Dopamine Agonists	Controlled	Used therapeutically as an antiviral for influenza infection, though may have applications in pain management. [ref n="69"][ref n="70"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Pergolide Prascend, Aroltex, Breator, Celance, Geranil, Nopar, Parkotil, Parlide, Perogolide, Permax, Pharken	Dopamine Agonists	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for PPID. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Metoclopramide (Apo-Metoclop, Clopra, Clopramate, Ellieten, Emperal, Gastrosil, Maxolon, Metoclopramide, Metopram, Paspertin, Primperan, Reglan, Viscal)	Dopamine Antagonists	Controlled	Used therapeutically to stimulate gastrointestinal motility. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed. [ref n="2"]
Levodopa (Atamet, Madopar, Parcopa, Prolopa, Sinemet, Stalevo)	Neuroprotective Agents	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nomifensine (Alival, Nomival)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cephaeline (Ipecac)	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as an emetic (vomiting) agent. Under investigation as an antiviral and anti-cancer treatment. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Endorphins	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Natural substances produced by the body as pain relief. No equine applications when administered as a drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Enkephalins	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Natural substances produced by the body as pain relief. No equine applications when administered as a drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dihydroergotamine (Adhaegon, Dergiflux, Dergolyoc, Dergotamine, Detemes, DHE, Dihydergot, Diidergot, Ergovasan, Orstanorm, Tonopres)	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ergotamine (Ergomar, Ergostat, Medihaler-Ergotamine, Wigrettes)	Alkaloids	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Erythropoietin (EPO) (Aranesp, Dynepo, Epocrin, Erypo, Exetin-A, Provivel)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] May be used in horses as a treatment for renal-associated anemia. [ref n="10"] In humans, used to treat severe anemia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zeranol (Ralgro)	Anabolic Steroids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in veterinary medicine as a growth promotant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene, Milophene)	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat infertility. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclofenil/Cyclophenil (Fertodur, Menopax, Neoclym)	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat infertility. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fulvestrant (Faslodex)	Estrogen Receptor Antagonists (Anti-estrogens)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Raloxifene (Evista)	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Toremifene (Fareston)	Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hormone-responsive breast cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Guaifenesin (Actifed CC Chesty, Balminil Expectorant, Benylin, Bronchol, Calcough Chesty, Duratuss G, Formulaexpec, Glyate, Larylin Lozenges, Myocaine, PV Tussin, Resyl, Robitussin, Sudafed Cough, Tedral Expectorant, Vicks Acta Plus Expectorant, Wick Formel 44 Husten Loser)	Expectorants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a muscle relaxant during anesthesia. May also be used as an expectorant at sub-anesthetic doses. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Growth factors (Chemicon)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used for laboratory research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Growth hormones and analogues (EquiGen)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] May be used for stimulating tissue turnover and metabolism in horses. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bufotenine	Psychedelics	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. [ref n="4"] Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily used for research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Efaproxiral (Efaproxyn)	Hemoglobin Modifiers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used in cancer treatment to increase oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Adrenochrome (Kentucky Red, Adrenosem, Adrestat-F, Dot-Chrome-DS, Stadren, Adona, Golcort)	Hemostatics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Its derivative, carbazochrome, is used to treat hemorrhage. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by controlling conditions such as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbazochrome (Adrenoplasma, Adrenoxil, Adrenoxyl, Adrenzon, Cromoxin, Siochrome, Styptocid)	Hemostatics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to reduce bleeding and promote blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by controlling conditions such as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethamsylate/Etamsylate (Aglumin, Altodor, Antihaemorragico Fortuny, Dicinone, Dicynene, Dicynone, Eselin, Haemo 141, Impedil)	Hemostatics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to reduce bleeding and promote blood clotting. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by controlling conditions such as exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Corticotropin)	Hormones	Controlled	Naturally occurring hormone that stimulates endogenous steroid production. [ref n="71"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Aldosterone (Florinef, Aldocortin, Electrocortin)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No direct equine or human applications. Natural substance produced by the kidneys for fluid regulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing fluid loss, resulting in a lower body weight. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlormadinone acetate (Clordion, Gestafortin, Lormin, Non-Ovlon, Normenon, Verton)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for hormonal contraception. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Delmadinone acetate (Delmate, Estrex, Tardak, Tardastren, Tardastrex, Vetadinon, Zenadrex)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used to manage hormone-related conditions in dogs and cats. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Altrenogest (Regumate)	Hormones	Controlled	Used therapeutically for synchronization and suppression of estrus in mares, and for behavior modification in stallions. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Permitted only in mares at the recommended dosage. Controlled in males. [ref n="2"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Adrenaline (Adrenalin, Epinephrine, Anapen, Epipen, Twinject)	Hormones	Controlled	Used therapeutically in the treatment of anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)	Hormones	Controlled	Used therapeutically to maintain blood pressure under anesthesia. [ref n="72"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Estrone (Cristallovar, Femogen, Kolpon, Oestrillin)	Hormones	Controlled	Synthetic or natural forms of estrogen, the sex hormone in females. May be used as a treatment for locking stifles. [ref n="5"][ref n="73"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Controlled in female horses. Banned in male horses. [ref n="2"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ethinylestradiol	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Synthetic or natural forms of estrogen, the sex hormone in females. [ref n="5"] May be used in long-term estrus suppression in mares. [ref n="74"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levothyroxine (L Thyroxin, T4, Eltroxin, Euthyrox, Letterbox, Levaxin, L-thyroxine, Thyrax, Levoxyl, Synthroid, Thyrax Duotab, Thyrox, Eutirox, Tirosint, Thyrin, Thyrolar)	Hormones	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat hypothyroidism and Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS). [ref n="10"] In humans, used to treat hyperthyroidism. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by modifying metabolic rate, body weight, and heat tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Oxytocin	Hormones	Controlled	Used therapeutically in the management of the mare's uterus during pregnancy, birth, and to control infection. Also used in resolving choke. [ref n="6"][ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed. [ref n="2"]
Progesterone	Hormones	Banned	Substance that is not to be used in or out of competition in male horses as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Controlled substance for mares used therapeutically to regulate the estrus cycle. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] May affect performance in geldings and stallions by reducing aggressive male behaviors. [ref n="75"] May affect performance in mares by manipulating the estrus cycle. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time not listed. [ref n="2"]
Metomidate (Aquacalm, Hypnodil, Methoxymol)	Hypnotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used as an anesthetic for fish. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perlapine (Hypnodin)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a sedative and sleep aid. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zolpidem (Stilnoct, Hypnogen, Ambien)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Zopiclone (Vivalan, Emovit)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methacholine (Mecholyl, Methacholine, Provacholine, Provokit)	Bronchoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a diagnostic agent for respiratory disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing parasympathetic activity, stimulating gastrointestinal motility, urination, and bronchoconstriction. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Argon	Chemical Elements	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to coagulate bleeding tissues. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Krypton	Chemical Elements	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, may help with recovery following ischemic strokes. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Molidustat	Hypoxia Indicuble Factor (HIF) Activators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used to treat anemia (low red blood cell count) in cats. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Roxadustat	Hypoxia Indicuble Factor (HIF) Activators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anemia (low red blood cell count). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Xenon	Chemical Elements	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, may help with recovery following ischemic strokes. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminopterin (Deoxyfolic acid, Aantifolic acid, APGA)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat pediatric leukemia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methotrexate (Trexall, Rheumatrex)	Disease-Modifying Rheumatic Drugs (DARD)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat arthritic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Azathioprine (Azamun, Azarek, Azathioprine, Azopi, Imuprin, Satedon, Zytrim)	Immunosuppressants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for immune-mediated conditions. [ref n="76"][ref n="77"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Magnesium Sulfate Injection (MGS904)	Inorganic Compounds	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat abnormal heart rhythms, electrolyte derangements, and neurological disorders. [ref n="78"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Potassium Bromide (Dibro-Be mono, Epilease, Bromapex, Epibrom)	Inorganic Compounds	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for seizures. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	Inorganic Compounds	Controlled	Used therapeutically in promoting wound healing and tissue growth.[ref n="79"][ref n="80"][ref n="81"] May enhance performance by accelerating wound and soft tissue healing, improving comfort, and masking underlying injury. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI. Carbon dioxide is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 36 millimoles per litre of plasma are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Diazoxide (Eudemine, Hyperstat, Proglicam, Proglycem)	Antihyperglycemics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat type 2 diabetes. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Montelukast (Brondilat, Montelast, Singulair, Singular)	Leucotriene Antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amylocaine (Amyleine)	Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Articaine/Carticaine (Septocaine, Septanest, Ubistesin, Articadent Dental, Deltazine, Bucanest, Septodont, Ultracaine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to relieve pain and to induce loss of sensation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying injury. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benoxinate (Minims Benoxinate, Fluress, Opulets Benoxinate, Prescaina, Novesina, Novesin)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butacaine (Bal, Relaxoddi)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butanilicaine (Hostacaine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No current equine applications. Formerly used as a local anesthetic for dental procedures in horses. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butoxycaine	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Capsaicin (Axsain, Benejoint, Capsicin, Capsig, Dolorac, Hansaterm, Theragen, Zostrix)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloralbutanol	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloroprocaine	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cinchocaine/Dibucaine (Proctosedyl, Cincain, Nupercainal, Nupercaine, Sovcaine, Somulose)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clibucaine (Batramycine, Batrax)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clormecaine (Placaid)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. May be used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cocaine/Norcocaine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a local anesthetic and illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclomethycaine (Sufacaine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dimethisoquin (Haneal, Isochinol, Pruralgan, Pruralgin, Quotane)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dyclonine (Dyclone, Dyclothane, Tanacline)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etidocaine (Duranest)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hexylcaine (Cyclaine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meprylcaine	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Naepaine	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nonivamide (ABC Hydrogel-Warmepflaster, ABC Warme-Pflaster Sensitive, Gothaplast, Capsicum-Warmepflaster, Hansaplast ABC Warme-Pflaster Sensitive)	Analgesics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxethazaine (Intracoat)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxybuprocaine (Novesin, Novesine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piperocaine (Metycaine Hydrochloride)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Proparacaine/Proxymetacaine (Proxymetacaine, Minims Proxymetacaine, Alcaine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propoxycaine (Pravocaine, Ranocaine)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Quinisocaine (Isochinol, Dimethisoquin, Haenal, Histaderme, Prulantex, Pruralgan, Pruralgin, Quinoleine, Quotane)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ropivacaine (Naropin)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tocainide (Tonocard)	Antiarrhythmics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat abnormal heart rhythms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tolycaine	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trimecaine (Trimecaine HCL)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzocaine/Ethyl aminobenzoate (Americaine, Anaestherit, Numzident, Orajel, SensoGARD, Sirop Dentition, Slim Mint, Topicaine, Zilabrace)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a temporary nerve block in horses. [ref n="82"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] ' No detection time listed by the FEI.
Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine, Carbostesin, Duracaina, Marcaine, Sensorcaine)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a temporary nerve block in horses. [ref n="82"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Lidocaine (Anestacon, Dalcaine Lidocaine, Laryng-O-Jet, Leostesin, Neo-Novutox, Rapidocaine, Xylocaine, Xylotox)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to stabilize heart rhythms, promote gastrointestinal motility, and as a temporary nerve block. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 48 hours (2 days) after subcutaneous administration. [ref n="2"]
Mepivacaine (Carbocain, Carbocaine, Intra-Epicaine, Isocaine, Meaverin, Mepicaton, Mepivacaine, Mepivastesin, Polocaine, Scandicain, Scandicaine, Scandinibsa)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a temporary nerve block in horses. [ref n="82"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 48 hours (2 days) after subcutaneous administration. [ref n="2"]
Pramoxine (Anugesic)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for temporary numbing and anti-itch. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Prilocaine (Citanest, Citocaina, Pristesin F, Xylonest, Xylonest-Octapressin)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for temporary numbing. [ref n="83"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Procaine (Depocillin, Duphapen, Neopen)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a temporary nerve block in horses. [ref n="82"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Tetracaine (Ametop, Minims Amethocaine Hydrochloride)	Local Anesthetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically for temporary numbing. [ref n="83"][ref n="84"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Nedocromil (Alocril, Tilade)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to control allergic reactions. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by reducing allergic or respiratory inflammation. Some agents may also produce sedation that decrease reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mebanazine	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pargyline (Eudatin, Eutonyl, Eutonyl-Ten, Supirdyl)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tranylcypromine (Parnate, Jatrosom)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lithium (Eskalith, Lithane)	Chemical Elements	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Letosteine (Broluidal, Viscotiol, Letofort)	Mucolytics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat mucus accumulation in respiratory diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving respiratory function and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ambroxol (Mucosalvan, Ambril, Ambrosan, Amxol)	Mucolytics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat mucus accumulation in respiratory disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving respiratory function and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Bromhexine (Brometix, Bromexidryl, Bronacim, Broncocalmine, Brondilax, Catarrosine, Clarus, Dibroxin, Expecetosan Extra Forte, Flumed, Funciobron B, Inquixol, Lisi-Tos, Lubrirhin, Namir, Pectoral, Pagliano, Tolmix, Toridran-N, Toscalmin, Tostop)	Mucolytics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat of respiratory disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving respiratory function and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Dembrexine (Sputolysin, Sputolosin)	Mucolytics	Controlled	Used therapeutically to treat mucus accumulation in respiratory disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving respiratory function and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 120 hours (5 days) after oral administration. [ref n="2"]
Alcuronium (Alloferin, Acenkoumarol)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Atracurium (Atracurium Opopharma, Gelolager, Tracurix, Tracuran, Tracrium)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carisoprodol (Soma, Sanoma, Carisoma)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disoders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorophenesin (Adermykon, Demykon, Gechophen, Maolate, Mycil)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to manage muscle disoders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorzoxazone (Muscol, Parafon Forte, Paraflex)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril, Fexmid))	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Decamethonium (Decacuran, Lopac-D-1260, Syncurine)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Doxacurium (Nuromax)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Febaramate	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Gallamine (Flaxedil)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hexafluorenium (Mylaxen, Milaxen)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mephenesin (Decontractyl, Myanesin, Relaxar, Rhex)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metaxalone (Skelaxin)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metocurine (Metubine)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mivacurium (Mivacron)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pancuronium (Bemicin, Bromurex, Curon-B, Panconium, Pancuron, Pancuronium, Parulon, Pavulon, Pavulone, Plumger)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipecuronium (Aperomid, Arduan, Arpilon)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to relax muscles during anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pridinol (Lyseen, Nonplesin, ParKS)	Muscle Relaxants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Strychnine (Boomer-Rid, Certox, Estricnina, Gopher Bait, Gopher-Gitter, Hare-Rid, Kwik-Kil, Mole Death, Mouse-Nots, Mouse-Rid, Mouse-Tox, Pied Piper Mouse Seed, Ro-Dex, Sanaseed, Strychnos)	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a pesticide. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acetylmorphine	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Alfentanil (Alfenta, Rapifen)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dextromoramide (Jetrium, Narcolo, Ralfium)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diamorphine/Heroin (Diamorf, Diaphin)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pentazocine (Fortral, Fortwin, Liticon, Pentafen, Pentalgina, Pentawin)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ammonium Sulfate/Ammonium Sulphate	Nerve-Blocking Agents	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Not used medically, but known to block nerve sensation when injected around nerves. [ref n="85"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ammonium Sulfide/Ammonium Sulphide	Inorganic Compounds	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Not used medically, but known to block nerve sensation when injected around nerves. [ref n="85"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butamben	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Haloperidol (Aloperidin, Bioperidolo, Brotopon, Dozic, Duraperidol, Einalon S, Eukystol, Haldol, Halosten, Keselan, Linton, Peluces, Serenace, Serenase, Sigaperidol)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat mood and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mesoridazine (Serentil)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxypertine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thioproperazine (Cephalmin, Majeptyl, Mazeptyl, Megeptil, Sulfenazin, Vontil)	Neuroleptics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mecamylamine	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminopicoline (Picolamine 3MP)	Organic Compounds	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to prevent blood clots and reduce the risk of stroke. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Memantine (Axura, Ebixa, Namenda)	Neuroprotective Agent	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Alzheimer's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acemetacin (Emflex)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Alclofenac (Preservex, Prinalgin, Zumaril)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ampyrone (SolvapyrineA, Metapyrazone, Aminoazaphene, Pyronpac)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Antipyrine (Allergan, Aurodex, Auroto, Benzotic, Otoalgan, Pro-otic, Propyphenazone)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain, particularly for ear infections. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Apazone/Azapropazone (Cinnamin, Pentosol, Debelex, Prolix, Prolixan, Prolixana, Rheumox, Tolyprin, Sinnamin, Tulyprin, Xani)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benorilate	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benoxaprofen (Oraflex, Opren)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzydamine (Tantum Verde, Difflam, Benflogin, Androlex, Androlex-C)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Biphenamine (Salol, Sebaklen)	Local Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Historically used in veterinary medicated shampoos. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain as a topical dermatologic agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromfenac (Bronuck, Duract, Xibrom)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage ocular pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bufexamac (Allergipuran N, Droxaryl, Duradermal, Ekzemase, Malipuran, Parfenac, Viafen)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Celecoxib (Celebrex, Celebra, Onsenal)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cicloprofen	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in research to study inflammation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cinchophen (Atophan, Quinaphan, Phenaquin)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clonixin (Clonix, Dolalgial, Dorixina, Traumicid)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diacerein (Artrodar, Artolyt, Fisiodar, Verboril)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etodolac (Edolan, Lodine, Ultradol, Zedolac)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] In horses, used as a treatment for pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etoricoxib (Algix, Arcoxia, Nucoxia, Tauxib)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenbufen (Bufemid, Cincopal, Cinopal, Lederfen)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenclofenac	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenclozic Acid	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly trialled for reducing inflammation and managing pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenoprofen (Expron, Fepron, Nalfon, Nalgesic, Progesic)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenspiride (Decaspir, Espiran, Eurespal, Fenspin, Fenspir, Fluiden, Pneumorel, Respiride, Viarespan)	Antitussive	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by suppressing cough and masking underlying respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Feprazone (Analud, Brotazona, Cocresol, Danfenona, Grisona, Impriemial, Methrazone, Naloven, Nessazona, Nilatin, Prenakes, Prenazon, Rangozona, Represil, Tabrien, Zepelin)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Floctafenine (Apo-Floctafenine, Diralgan, Idalon, Idarac, Novodolan)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flufenamic Acid (Ansatin, Arlef, Meralen, Parlef, Sastridex, Surika)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Flurbiprofen (Ansad, Cebutid, Flugalin, Flurofen, Froben, Tulip)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain.[ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Indoprofen (Flosin, Flosint, Isindone, Reumofen)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isoxicam (Maxicam, Pacyl, Vectren)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Kebuzone (Chebutan, Chepirol, Chetopir, Ketazon)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Firocoxib (Equioxx, Previcox)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 336 hours (14 days) [ref n="2"]
Flunixin (Banamine, Citation, Cronyxin, Finadyne, Flumevet LA, Flunazine, Flunixin, Influx-50, Meflosyl, Suppressor, Supressor)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 144 hours (6 days) after intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Meloxicam (CO Meloxicam, Dom-Meloxicam, Gen-Meloxicam, Meloxicam, Metacam, Mobic, Mobicox, Movalis, Movatec, Novo-Meloxicam, Parocin, Petcam, PHL-Meloxicam, PMS-Meloxicam, Tenaron)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 72 hours (3 days) after oral or intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Phenylbutazone (Alqoverin, Artrizin, Artropan, Azolid, Butacote, Butadion, Butagesic, Butalgina, Butaphen, Butapirazol, Butartril, Butazolidin, Butazone, Butoz, Butrex, Diossidone, Equipalazone, Fenilbutina, Inflazone, Intrabutazone, Malgesic, Promefin, Phenylarthrite)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 168 hours (7 days) after oral or intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Carprofen (Imadyl, Rimadyl)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Deracoxib (Deramaxx)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease.[ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Diclofenac (Algenac, Dichronic, Diclofenac, Diclo-Phlogont, Dolofenac, Doltarac, Neriodin, Reurmadil, Tsudohmin, Voltaren)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain and inflammation through topical or ophthalmic (onto the eye) applications. [ref n="86"][ref n="88"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Dipyrone/Metamizole (Adolkin, Alginodia, Dolemicin, Lasain, Metilon, Minalgin, Neo-Melubrine, Nolotin, Novalgin, Novaminsulfon, Novemina, Optalgin, Vetalgin)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to manage pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 72 hours (3 days) after intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Eltenac (Telzenac)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="89"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Felbinac (Dolinac, Dolonac, Dolo Target, Flexfree, Ledergel, Napagel, Napageln, Selspot, Seltouch, Target, Traxam, Zenol Exum)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses, but may be used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Fentiazac (Domureuma, Donorest, Fentac, Flogene, Norvedan, Riscalon)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Grapiprant (Galliprant)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to reduce pain and inflammation. [ref n="90"][ref n="91"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Ibuprofen (Actiprofen, Bifen, Brugesic, Burana, Dolgit, Faspic, Ibufen, Ibugel, Ibulece, Ibumax, Ibumed, Ibuprofen, Ibusal, Ibumetin, Ibutop, Junifen, Nurofen, Perofen, Rupan, Solufen)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Indomethacin (Confortid, Elmetacin, Imbrilon, Indocid, Indocin, Indocin-SR, Indochron E-R, Indometacin, Indomod)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses, but may be used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="92"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Isopyrin/Ramifenazone (Delta-Tomanol, Tomanol)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ketoprofen (Alrheumat, Capisten, Fastum, Kenhancer, Ketoartril, Ketofen, Ketoprofene, Meprofen, Orudis, Profenid, Tafirol)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"][ref n="87"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 96 hours (4 days) after intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Ketorolac (Acular, Ketorolac, Toradol, Tora-Dol)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="86"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Meclofenamic Acid (Lenidolor, Meclodol, Meclofenamate, Meclomen, Movens)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="93"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Mesalamine/Mesalazine (Asacol, Delzicol, Lialda, Mezavant, Octasa, Pentasa, Salofalk, Zintasa)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Derivative of salicylic acid that may be used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Methylsalicylic Acid (Tubasal, Nemasol sodium)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Derivative of salicyclic acid that may be used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI Salicylic acid is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 750 micrograms per milliliter of urine or 6.5 micrograms per milliliter of plasma are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Acemetacin (Emflex)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Naproxen (Apranax, Flanax, Floxalin, Madaprox, Naixan, Napren, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Novo-Naprox, Synflex, Xenar)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain and inflammation. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Oxyphenbutazone (Butafen, Californit, Phlogont, Tandearil, Tanderil)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	A metabolic of phenylbutazone that may be used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="94"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Piroxicam (Antiflog, Artroxicam, B axo, Dexicam, Doblexan, Felden, Feldene, Flogobene, Improntal, Lampoflex, Larapam, Nirox, Novo-Pirocam, Piroftal, Polipirox, Reudene, Roxene, Roxiden, Sasulen, Vitaxicam, Zacam)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, fever, and squamous cell carcinoma. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Salicylic Acid (Aspirin, Clearasil Medicated Astringent, Compound-W, Cornina, Coroplast, Egocappol, Fomac, Gehwol, Guttaplast, Gyan, Hydrisalic, Ionil Plus, Keralyt, Occlusal, Phytodermine, Salac, Salicyl, Saligel, SaSha, Sebcur, Subucare, Soluver, Squamasol, Verrugon)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Used therapeutically in horses to treat inflammation, pain, and fever. [ref n="95"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI Salicylic acid is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 750 micrograms per milliliter of urine or 6.5 micrograms per milliliter of plasma are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Suprofen (Maldocil, Masterfen, Procofen, Profenal, Srendam, Sulproltin, Suprocil, Suprol, Sutoprofen)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses, but may be used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="96"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Suxibuzone (Danilon)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="97"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Tenoxicam (Mobiflex, Tilcotil)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Valdecoxib (Bextra)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Vedaprofen (Quadrisol)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Controlled	Used therapeutically in horses to treat pain, inflammation, and fever. [ref n="98"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Dermorphin	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diphenoxylate (Diarsed, Lofenoxal, Lomotil, Lonox)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levallorphan (Lorfan)	Opioid antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to counteract opioid-induced side effects. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Naltrexone (Naltrexon Vitaflo, Revia, Relistol, Vivitrol)	Opioid antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to counteract opioid-induced side effects. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nalorphine (Nalline)	Opioid antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to counteract opioid-induced side effects. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nalmefene (Selincro)	Opioid antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to counteract opioid-induced side effects. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propiram (Dirame)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a pain reliever and as a recreational drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Loperamide (Lopex, Imodium, Dimor, Pepto Diarrhea Control)	Opioid agonists	Controlled	Used to treat diarrhea or intestinal hypermotility in horses. [ref n="99"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Thebaine	Stimulants	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. No equine or human applications. Used as a precursor in the pharmaceutical industry. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butorphanol (Beforal, Butorphanol, Butrum, Moradol, Stadol, Torbugesic, Torbutrol, Verstadol)	Opioids	Controlled	In horses, used for pain control, sedation, cough suppression, and gastrointestinal motility reduction. [ref n="10"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 72 hours (3 days) after intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Naloxone (Naloxone HCI, Narcanti, Nexodal, Suboxone)	Opioid antagonists	Controlled	Used as a reversal agent for side effects from opioid administration. [ref n="5"][ref n="10"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Alphaprodine	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Anileridrine (Leritine, Adopol, Nipecotan)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Apocodeine	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Apomorphine (Apokyn, Apo-Go)	Dopamine Agonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Betaprodine (Prisilidine, Nisentil)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carfentanil (Wildnil)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Exclusively approved as a veterinary tranquilizer for large zoo animals, such as elephants. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Conorphone	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, studied as a medication to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dextropropoxyphene (Abalgin, Algafan, Darvon, Depronal, Develin, Doloxene, Liberen, Novo-Propoxyn)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dezocine (Dalgan)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diethylthiambutene	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Strictly regulated globally due to its high abuse potential. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dihydrocodeine (DHC Continus, Paracodine, Remedacen, Rikodeine, Tiamon)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dihydrocodeinone/Hydrocodone (Hydrococet, Symtan, Anexsia, Dicodid, Hycodan, Hydromet, Hycomine, Hycet, Lorcet, Lortab, Norco, Novahistex, Hydrovo, Duodin, Kolikodol, Orthoxycol, Mercodinone, Synkonin, Norgan, Hydrokon, Vicodin)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dihydromorphine (Paramophan)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dipipanone (Diconal, Fenpidon, Pipadone, Wellconal)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diprenorphine (M5050, Revivon)	Opioid antagonists	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used to reverse the sedating effects of large zoo animal opioids like etorphine and carfentanil. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethoheptazine (Panalgin, Zactane)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethylmorphine (Cocillana, Codethyline, Dionina)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etonitazene	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered illegal globally due to its extreme potency. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etorphine (M99, Immobilon)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Exclusively approved as a veterinary tranquilizer for large zoo animals, such as elephants. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydromorphinol (Numorphan)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydromorphone (Palladone, Palladon, Dilaudid)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isotonitazene	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily found in illicit drug supplies. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levomethorphan	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain but is not approved for general medical use. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levorphanol (Levo-Dromoran)	Opioid	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lofentanil	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used previous for clinical research. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meconine	Alkaloids	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as a biomarker to detect heroin use. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meperidine/Pethidine (Centralgine, Demarol, Demerol, Dispadol, Dolantin, Dolcontral, Dolosal, Lidol, Lydol, Meperidol, Nemerol, Pentantin, Pethanol, Pethidine, Petydyna, Piperosal, Piridosal)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meptazinol (Meptid)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metazocine	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methyldihydromorphinone	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metonitazene	Nitazenes	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Primarily found as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Morpheridine	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Classified as a globally controlled substance. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nalbuphine (Nubain)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oripavine	Opioids	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. Not used in humans due to severe side effects. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxycodone (Endocet, Endodan, Oxycontin, OxyIR, Percocet, Percodan, Roxicodone, Roxicet, Roxiprin, Tylox)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxymorphone (Numorphan, Nucodan, Opana)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenazocine (Narphen, Prinadol)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piminodine (Alvodine)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propoxyphene (Capadex, Darvon, Darvocet-N, Di-Antalvic, Di-Gesic, Lentogesic, Fustex)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Protonitazene	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Classified as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Remifentanil (Ultiva)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sufentanil (Sufenta)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tilidin (Valoron)	Opioids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage pain. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Buprenorphine (Buprenex, Buprenorphine, Finibron, Prefin, Temgesic)	Opioids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage pain. [ref n="100"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Butorphanol (Beforal, Butrum, Moradol, Stadol, Torbugesic, Torbutrol, Verstadol)	Opioids	Controlled	Used therapeutically for pain control, sedation, cough suppression, and reducing gastrointestinal motility. [ref n="10"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 72 hours (3 days) after intravenous administration [ref n="2"]
Codeine (Analgiol, Bronchoforton Kodeinsaft, Codicaps, Codicept, Codiforton, Codocalyptol, Coducept, Eulyptan, Pneumogenol, Tussipect Mono)	Opioids	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Used therapeutically for pain control, cough suppression, and reducing gastrointestinal motility. [ref n="99"][ref n="101"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Fentanyl (Actiq, Duragesic, Fentanest, Fentatil, Fentanyl, Pentanyl, Sentonil, Sublimaze)	Opioids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage pain. [ref n="10"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Levomethadone (L-Polamidon, L-Polamidon C)	Opioids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage pain. [ref n="102"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Methadone (Dolmed, L-Polamivet, Methadose, Westadone)	Opioids	Controlled	Used therapeutically to manage pain. [ref n="10"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Morphine (Avinza, Duramorph, Kadian, Morphalgin, Morphine sulphate injection, MS-Contin, MST Continus, Oramorph, Roxanol, Sevredol)	Opioids	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Used therapeutically to manage pain. [ref n="10"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI
Dichloroacetate (Ditrei, Oxypangam, Sklerocedin N, Lactanase Injection)	Organic Compounds	Controlled	Investigated as a treatment for lactic acidosis associated with exercise. [ref n="103"][ref n="104"] May enhance performance by improving endurance and reducing fatigue from exercise. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Ethanol	Organic Compounds	Controlled	Used therapeutically in treating joint pain with the goal of joint fusion. [ref n="105"][ref n="106"] May enhance performance by improving joint comfort and reducing lameness associated with osteoarthritis. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Acetohexamide (Dymelor)	Antihyperglycemics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat type 2 diabetes. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering glucose metabolism and energy utilization in muscle, potentially delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbachol (Doryl, Carbastat, Carboptic, Miostat)	Parasympathomimetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat glaucoma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing parasympathetic activity, stimulating gastrointestinal motility, urination, and bronchoconstriction. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Muscarine	Parasympathomimetics	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Toxic compound. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing parasympathetic activity, stimulating gastrointestinal motility, urination, and bronchoconstriction. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminorex (Menocil)	Parasympathomimetics	Controlled	Categorized as an antihistamine by the FEI. [ref n="2"] Acts as a sympathomimetic. [ref n="5"] No direct equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. Metabolite of levamisole. [ref n="5"][ref n="107"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Bethanechol (Duvoid, Myotonachol, Urecholine)	Parasympathomimetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for urinary incontinence and stimulating gastrointestinal motility. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing parasympathetic activity, stimulating gastrointestinal motility, urination, and bronchoconstriction. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Neostigmine (Neostigmin, Glycostigmin)	Parasympathomimetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment forstimulating gastrointestinal motility. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing parasympathetic activity, stimulating gastrointestinal motility, urination, and bronchoconstriction. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Physostigmine (Calabarine, Cogmine, Eserine, Erserine, Eserine, Esromiotin, Ezerin, Isopto Eserine, Physostigmine 9599, Physostol)	Parasympathomimetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for atropine toxicity. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing parasympathetic activity, stimulating gastrointestinal motility, urination, and bronchoconstriction. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Milrinone (Primacor)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Moxaverine (Certonal, Eupaverin, Eupaerine, Eupaverina, Kollateral)	Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat peripheral arterial diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Medroxyprogesterone / Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (Depo-Provera, Dilena, Divina, Enaf, Farlutes, Premelle, Provera)	Hormones	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat reproductive disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering reproductive hormone levels and estrus cycling, as well as reducing estrus-related, sexual or aggressive behaviors. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorophenyl Piperazine	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human pplications. Considered an illicit drug. Active metabolite of many antidepressants, such as trazodone. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclopentamine (Cyclonarol, Cyklosan, Sinos)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a topical nasal decongestant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dibenzepin (Ecatril, Neodalit, Noveryl, Victoril)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenozolone	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat fatigue and cognitive deficits. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Harmaline	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, under investigation for use in treating depression and Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydroxy-Gamma Amino Butyric Acid/Hydroxy-GABA	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ibogaine	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Studied for use in treating substance use disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methcathinone	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Classified as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylmethcathinone	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Classified as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mianserin (Athimil, Athymil, Bolvidon, Lantanon, Lerivon, Mianserine, Norval, Tolvin, Tolvon)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nefazodone (Serzone, Nefadar)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Opipramol (Ensidon, Insidon, Oprimol, Pramolan)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenelzine (Nardelzine, Nardil, Phenalzine, Phenelezine, Stinerval)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Thozalinone (Stimsen)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as an antidepressant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Trifluoromethylphenyl Piperazine (Legal X)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used in pharmaceutical research applications. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromophenethylamine	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Formerly used as an aphrodisiac. Now considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diethyltryptamine (DET)	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)	Psychedelics	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug in some jurisdictions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Psilocin	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Active metabolite of psilocybin. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diethyltryptamine	Psychdelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cannabis - Natural cannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and other cannabimimetics	Cannabinoids	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat chronic pain and nausea. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Myoinositol tripyrophosphate	Hemoglobin Modifiers	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to increase release of oxygen from hemoglobin to treat tissue hypoxia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing oxygen delivery to the tissues. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lucanthone	Antiparasitics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat schistosomiasis. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dimefline (Reanimil, Remeflin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethamivan/Etamivan (Clarivan, Corivanil, Romecor, Vandid)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Lobeline (Desista, Habit-X, Lobatox, Lobidan, Nicoban, Refrane, Smokeless, Stopsmoke, Test Sixty, Unilobin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a respiratory stimulant and a smoking cessation aid. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Colchicine (Colcin, Colgout, Goutichine, Prochic, Reugot, Ticolcin)	Alkaloids	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gout and familial Mediterranean fever. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Demecolcine (Colcemid, Omain, Omaine, Reichstein's F, Santavy's Substance F, Substance F)	Alkaloids	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Formerly studied as a treatment for cancers. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sulfasalazine	Disease-Modifying Rheumatic Drugs (DARD)	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease and chronic diarrhea. [ref n="108"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Amobarbital (Isomytal, Amytal, Tuinal, Seconal Sodium Pulvules)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aprobarbital (Alurate, Arbituric acid, Allylpropymal)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Apronalide/Apronal (Sedormid, Isodermid)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Azaperone (Eucalmyl, Fluoperidol, Sedaperone Vet, Stresnil, Suicalm)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a sedative and tranquilizer. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Barbital (Deba, Diemal, Diemalum, Dormonal, Hypnogene, Malonal, Sedeval, Uronal, Veroletten, Verolettin, Veronal, Vesperal)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Beclamide (Hibicon, Neuracen, Nydrane, Posedrine, Seclar)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as an anti-convulsant and sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzoctamine (Tacitin)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromisovalum (Corvalol)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butabarbital (Buticaps, Butisol, Ciprial, Mebutal, Paxital, Prelital)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butalbital (Axocet, Fioricet, Axotal, Fiorinal)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat tension headaches and migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carbromal (Adalin, Diacid, Mirfudorm)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloral Betaine (Beta-Chlor, Welldorm)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloral Hydrate (Aquachloral, Chloradorm, Chloraldurat, Chloralex, Chloralvan, Dormel, Equithesin, Novo-Chlorhydrate, Rectules)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlormethiazole (Distraneurin, Hemineurin, Heminevrin)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat alcohol withdrawal. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chloroform (Freon 20, Esoform, Freezex Hoof Freeze, Sekumatic, Stom-Antiba, Stomyteol, Vicks Acta Plus)	Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as an anesthestic. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorpromazine (Thorazine, Largactil)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clomethiazole	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and alcohol withdrawal. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclobarbital (Fanodormo Calcico, Phanodorm, Somnupan C)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Embutramide (T-61 Euthanasia Solution)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used for euthanasia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethchlorvynol (Alvinol, Placidil, Placidyl, Serenesil)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethinamate (Valamin, Valamina, Valaminetta, Valaminettae, Valaminetten, Valmid, Valmidate)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethylisobutrazine	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a tranquilizer and sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etomidate	Anesthetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to induce general anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluanisone (Anti-Pica, Metorin, Sedalande)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a sedative and anesthetic agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Gamma-Butyrolactone/GBL	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or humans applications. Prodrug of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Naturally occurring neurotransmitter, although its exact function is not clear. In humans, used to treat narcolepsy and as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Glutethimide (Doriden)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Guanabenz (Wytensin)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hexobarbital (Barbidorm, Citopan, Cyclonal, Cyclopan, Enhexymal, Enhexymalum, Evipal, Hexanastab, Hexenal, Methexenyl, Narcosan, Noctivane, Novopan, Privenal, Sombucaps, Sombulex, Somnalert)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mebutamate (Dormate)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mephobarbital (Mebaral)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and epileptic seizures. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methaqualone (Mandrax)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metharbital	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and seizures. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methohexital (Brevital)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to induce general anesthesia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylprylon/Methyprylon (Dimerin, Noctan, Nodular)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxaflumazine	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Researched as an antipsychotic or antianxiety medication. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pentobarbital (Embutal, Nembutal, Neodorm, Pentobarbital, Pentone, Sagatal, Sopental)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat manage status epilepticus. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenobarbital (Aphenylbarbit, Aphenyletten, Comizial, Fenemal, Gardenale, Lethyl, Lumen, Luminaletten, Phenobarbitone, Sedofen, Solfoton)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage seizures. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piperacetazine (Psymod, Quide)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propallylonal (Quietal)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Proxibarbital (Ipronal)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pyrithyldione (Persedon)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Quinalbarbital/Secobarbitone (Barbosec, Bipanal, Bipinal, Evronal, Evrronal, Hypotrol, Hyptran, Imesonal, Immenox, Meballymal, Meballymalum, Novosecocarb, Quinalspan, Sebar, Secobarbital, Sedutain, Seotal, Sodium Seconal, Somosal, Synate, Trisomnin)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia and anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Valnoctamide (Axiquel, Nirvanil)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy and formerly as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Acepromazine (ACP, Sedalin Gel, Atrovet, PromAce, Notensil, Acetylpromazine)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative and a treatment for hypovolemic shock. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Detomidine (Domosedan, Dormosedan)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection time: 48 hours (2 days) after intravenous administration. [ref n="2"]
Diazepam (Complutine, Dialar, Diaquel, Diazemuls, Diazepam, Dienpax, Dizac, Ducene, Duradiazepam, Hexalid, Lamar, Relanium, Saromet, Stesolid, Valium)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative and anticonvulsant, as well as an appetite stimulant. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Medetomidine (Domitor)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="109"][ref n="110"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Methoxypromazine	Sedatives	Controlled	Not routinely used in horses, but potential therapeutic use as a sedative. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Midazolam (Hypnovel ampoules)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Oxazepam (Alepam, Medopam, Murelax, Noripam, Ox-Pam, Purata, Serax, Serepax)	Sedatives	Controlled	Metabolite of diazepam. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Promazine (Liranol, Prazine, Protactyl, Sparine, Talofen)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="111"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Romifidine (Sedivet)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Detection times: 60 hours (2.5 days) after intravenous administration. [ref n="2"]
Valerenic Acid	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="112"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Zolazepam (Telazol)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="113"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Xylazine (Anased, Rompun, Sedaxylan, Sedazine, Xylamax, Xylazine)	Sedatives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a sedative. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Andarine/SARM S-4	Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used for performance enhancement illegally. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Osterine (Enobosarm)	Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator (SARM)	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used for performance enhancement illegally. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and recovery capacity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Atomoxetine (Strattera, Recit)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat ADHD. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Butoctamide	Organic Compounds	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dimethyl sulfoxide/Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (Decap, Deltan, Demasorb, Demavet, Demeso, Demsodrox, Dermasorb, Dimexide, Dolicur, Doligur, Domoso, Dromisol, Durasorb, Gamasol 90, Hyadur, Infiltrina, Kemsol, Rimso 50, Sclerosol, Somipront, Syntexan, Topsyn)	Solvents	Controlled	Used therapeutically as an anti-inflammatory. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Adrafinil/Modafinil (Olmifon, Provigil, Vigil, Modasomil, Modiadal, Modalert, Provake, Resotyl, Alertex)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat narcolepsy and drowziness. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amfepramone (Tenuate, Tepanil, Atractil)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amfetaminil/Amphetaminil (Aponeuron, Aphetaminil)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat narcolepsy and ADHD. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amiphenazole (Daptazile, Daftazole)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Amphetamine (Benzadrine, Adderall, Dexedrine, Speed)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat ADHD, obesity, and narcolepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Anilopam (Corlopam, Fenoldopam mesylate)	Opioids	Banned	Substances that are not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Never marketed for clinical use. [ref n="5"] Agents that act on opioid receptors may enhance performance by altering pain perception, stress response, alertness, and behavioral reactivity. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Arecoline (Arecholin, Arecaline, Arekolin, Piperidine alkaloid)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Formerly used as a veterinary dewormer and explored for managing neurologic disorders in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Arsenic (Trisenox, Caparsolate, Histostat, 3-Nitro-Roxarsone, Pro-Gen Plus, Roxarsone, Sodium Cacodylate solutions, Cocci-Bol-o-tab)	Chemical Elements	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. [ref n="4"] Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a cancer treatment. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] Arsenic is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements under 0.3 microgram per millilitre in urine or 0.015 micrograms per milliliter of plasma are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Bemegride (Agipnon, Ahypnon, Antibarbi, Benegrid, Eukraton, Malysol, Megibal, Megimid, Megimide, Mikedimide, Zentraleptin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a barbiturate antidote and respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzoylecgonine (Esterom)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Byproduct of cocaine breakdown by the liver. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzphetamine (Didrex)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Benzylpiperazine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Classified as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Bromantan	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat chronic exhaustion and fatigue. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Carphedon/Phenylpiracetam (Phenotropil)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to manage depression, fatigue, and cognitive disorders. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cathine/Norpseudoephedrine (Adiposetten, Amorphan, Appetrol, Dietene, Miniscap, Minusin Depot, Mirapront N, Neo-Soldana, Nobese, Reduform, Thinz)	Stimulant	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Chlorphentermine (Apsedon, Desopimon, Lucofen)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Clobenzorex (Asenlix, Dinintel, Finedal, Rexigen)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cotinine	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a screening tool in smoking cessation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cropropamide	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Crotehamide	Stimulant	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Desoxyephedrine/Methamphetamine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat ADHD and obesity. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dimethylamphetamine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Classified as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ecgonine methyl ester	Central Nervous System Depressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Metabolite of cocaine. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ephedrine (Ectasule Minus, Efotonina, Ephedral, Ephetonin, Fedrine, Rhino-Vaccin, Rino Pumilene, Roter, Spaneph, Stopasthme)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat nasal congestion and asthma. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. May enhance performance by relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etamivan	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat barbiturate overdoses. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethylamphetamine (Apetinil, Adiparthrol)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etilefrine (Cicupon, Effontil, Effortil, Eti-Puran, Tonus-Forte-Tablinen)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etodroxizine (Indunox, Isonox)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a sedative and anxiolytic. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by producing sedation that decreases reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Famprofazone (Dewodin)	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)	Banned	Substances that are not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to reduce inflammation and manage pain. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing pain, inflammation, or fever, potentially masking lameness or underlying disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenbutrazate (Filon)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fencamfamine (Euvitol, Glucoenergan, Reactivan)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat fatigue and lethargy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fencamine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression, lethargy, and fatigue. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenethylline/Fenetylline/Phenethylline/Phenetylline (Biocapton, Captagon, Fitton)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, primarily used as an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenfluramine (Acino, Adipomin, Dima-Fen, Obedrex, Ponderal, Ponderax, Pondimin, Ponflural, Rotondin)	Anticonvulsants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat epilepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenproporex (Antiobes Retard, Appetitzugler, Dicel, Falagan, Gacilin, Grasmin, Lineal, Perphoxene, Solvolip, Tegisec)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fluorophenethylamine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as an organic building block in scientific research. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Furfenorex (Frugalan)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Heptaminol (Coreptil, Eoden, Hept-A-Myl, Heptylon, Myolytril)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine, Paremyd)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as to dilate pupils for diagnostics. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydroxyephedrine/Oxilofrine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cough in humans. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isometheptane (Midrin, Amidrine)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Leptazole/Pentylenetetrazole	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Levophacetoperane	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used for treating depression, narcolepsy, and obesity. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylenedioxyethyl-amphetamine (MDEA)	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylenedioxymeth-amphetamine (MDMA)	Psychedelics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylpseudoephedrine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used for nasal decongestion and cough suppression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Meclofenoxate (Lucidril)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for treating dementia and improving cognitive function. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mefenorex (Rondimen, Pondinil)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mefexamide (Mefexadyne, Perneuron, Timodyne)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression and increase alertness. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mephentermine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Mesocarb	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat ADHD, depression, and narcolepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Metaraminol (Aramine)	Stimulant	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylaminorex	Stimulant	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylephedrine (Codaewon, Coughmin, Ilvico, Methorcon, Tussoretardin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for cough suppression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Morphedrine/Mephadrone	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nicotine (Nicorette, Habitrol, Nicorol, Nicotinell)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used for smoking cessation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nikethamide (Cardiamine, Cora, Coramina, Coramine, Corazone, Cormed, Kardonyl, Percoral)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norfenefrine (Energona, Esbuphon, Molycor-R, Nevadral, Norenol, Normetol, Novadral, Stagural, Vingsal, Zondel)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure). [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Norfenfluramine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as an epilepsy treatment. Active metabolite of fenfluramine. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Octopamine (Norden, Norfen, Norphen)	Stimulants	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pemoline (Cylert, Deltamine, Dynalert, Hyton ASA, Kethamed, Pemoline, Ronyl, Sigmadyn, Stimul, Tradon, Volital)	Stimulant	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pempidine (Perolysen)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pentetrazol (Cardiazol, Cardiorapide, Metrazol)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and as a respiratory stimulant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phendimetrazine (Adipost, Anorex, Antapentan, Bacarate, Bontril, Hyrex-105, Melfiat, Obesan-X, Phenazine, Plegine, PT-105)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenmetrazine (Preludin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenpromethamine	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In humans, formerly used as a nasal inhaler. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenylpropanolamine (Acutrim, Control, Dexatrim, Fugoa N, Kontexin, Monydrin, Procol, Propadrine, Propagest, Rhindecon, Rinexin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In veterinary medicine, used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs. In humans, formerly used as a decongestant and short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pholedrine (Epifen, Isodrin, Isodrine, Isodrinum, Paredrinol, Pholetone, Promethin, Prometin, Pulsotyl, Stimatone, Sympropamin, Syncordan, Terapinyl, Varitol, Veritain, Veritol)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to diagnose Horner's syndrome. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Picrotoxin (Cocculin)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat barbiturate overdoses. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipradol/Pipradrol (Meretran)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat depression and narcolepsy. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Piracetam (Avigilen, Cerebroforte, Cerebropan, Cerebrosteril, Cetam, Ciclofalina, Cuxabrain, Durapitrop, Encetrop, Memo-Puren, Noostan, Nootrop, Nootropil, Normabrain, Norzetam, Pirroxil, Psycoton)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat cognitive disorders and myoclonus. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prolintane (Promotil, Katovit N)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat narcolepsy, fatigue, and ADHD. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propylhexedrine (Benzedrex, Eggobesin, Eventin, Eventine, Vivactil)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a nasal decongestant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Protriptyline (Triptil, Vivactil)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, Galpseud)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a nasal decongestant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar)	Antidepressants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat depression and Parkinson's disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sibutramine (Reductil)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Synephrine (Chibro, Symptatol, Uvicol)	Stimulants	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a short-term weight loss agent. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tuaminoheptane (Armeen L-&, Heptamine, Heptedrine, Heptin, Rinofluimucil, Rinoflumil, Rineptil, Rineptyl, Tuamine)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a nasal decongestant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Caffeine/Paraxanthine (Horse Power X, Exceed)	Stimulants	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. [ref n="4"] Used therapeutically in horses as a respiratory stimulant in dummy foals. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Theobromine (Theosalvose)	Stimulants	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not routinely used in horses, but may have potential therapeutic use as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. [ref n="114"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Dopamine (Cordodopa, Dopamine, Dynatra, Giludop, Hettytropin, Inotropin, Inovan, Intropin, Revimine, Revivan)	Stimulants	Controlled	Used therapeutically to increase cardiac output and renal perfusion. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery and improving exercise tolerance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI. Dopamine is a threshold substance, meaning low levels that might occur naturally are permitted. Measurements of the metabolite 3-methoxytyramine under 4 micrograms per milliliter in urine are deemed acceptable. [ref n="9"]
Doxapram (Docatone, Dopram, Doxapram, Doxapril, Stimulexin)	Stimulants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. May enhance performance by increasing respiration and relieving respiratory disease. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Hordenine (Victan)	Stimulants	Controlled	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Naturally occurring alkaloid found in certain forages that acts as a central nervous system stimulant. [ref n="115"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Phenylephrine (Analux, Fenox, Isopto Frin, Minims Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, Mydfrin, Neo-Synephrine, Nostril, Prefrin, Visadron, Vistosan)	Stimulants	Controlled	Used therapeutically in cases of nephro-splenic entrapment as it causes splenic contraction. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Yohimbine (Yocon, Yocoral, Yohimex)	Stimulants	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a reversal agent for alpha-2 agonists like xylazine. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Guanoclor (Vatensol)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Investigated as a treatment for hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Guanoxan (Envacar)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA)/Methylhexanamine (Iron Tiger, Forthane, Geranamine, Floradrene)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used as a nasal decongestant. Now considered an illicit drug. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Buphenine/Nylidrin (Arlibide, Arlidin, Diatolil, Dilatol, Dilydrin, Dilydrine Retard, Opino, Penitardon, Perdilatal Forte, Tocodilydrin, Tocodrine)	Sympathomimetics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat conditions causing narrowed blood vessels. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isometheptene	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Naphazoline (Clearine, Coldan, Murine Eye Drops, Naphcon, Naphcon Forte, Privine, Rhino-Mex-N, Transpulmina Rino, Vasocon)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat nasal congestion. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Oxymetazoline (Afrin, Dristan, Mucinex Full Force, Vicks Sinex)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat nasal congestion. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Protokylol (Asmetil, Beres, Caytine, Palison, Ventaire)	Bronchodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat asthma and other respiratory conditions. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by improving breathing and oxygen delivery, enhancing exercise tolerance, and delaying fatigue. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tramazoline (Biciron, Ellatun, Rhinaspray, Rinogutt, Spray-Tish)	Stimulants	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used as a nasal decongestant. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by increasing alertness, responsiveness, stamina, and willingness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Dobutamine (Dobucard, Dobuject, Dobutrex, Posiject)	Sympathomimetics	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for hypovolemic shock and to maintain blood pressure under anesthesia. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Botulinum toxin (Botox)	Toxin	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat muscle spasms and as a cosmetic product. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Nordiazepam (Stilny, Vegesan, Calmday)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat anxiety and insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Perphenazine (Decentan, Fentazin, Perfenil, Phenazine, Trilafon, Trilifan)	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat schizophrenia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phenaglycodol (Ultran-Lily)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat anxiety. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pipamazine	Antipsychotics	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat nausea and vomiting. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propiomazine (Largon)	Antihistamines	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically as a sedative and anxiolytic. [ref n="5"] May affect performance by producing sedation that decreases reactivity and alertness. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Propionylpromazine	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. In veterinary medicine, used as a tranquilizer. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Rauwolfia	Alkaloids	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, as a herbal supplement to treat hypertension, sedative, and antipsychotic. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Reserpine (Novoreserpine, Serpasil)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] Used therapeutically as a sedative, particularly for long-term administration. [ref n="170"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Temazepam (Euhypnos, Normison, Temtabs)	Sedatives	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat insomnia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by decreasing anxiety, reactivity, and stress. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Etanercept (Enbrel)	Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Infliximab (Remicade)	Monoclonal Antibodies	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat autoimmune diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by modifying immune responses associated with inflammatory, immune-mediated, or infectious conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Tolvaptan (Samsca, Jinarc)	Vasopressin Antagonist	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat hyponatremia. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing body weight and edema and reducing the severity of EIPH. Increased urine production may also mask the presence of other prohibited substances. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Buflomedil (Bufedil, Buflan, Defluina, Flomed, Fonzylane, Irrodan, Lofton, Loftyl, Sinoxis)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat peripheral arterial disease and cramping during exercise. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Almotriptan (Almogram, Axert)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat migraines. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isoxsuprine (Duvadilan, Fenam, Vadosilan, Vasosuprina Ilfi, Xuprin)	Vasodilators	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a vasodilator in cases of laminitis and navicular syndrome. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Nitroglycerin (Nitromist, Nitrostat, Minitran)	Vasodilators	Controlled	May have efficacy in treating conditions like laminitis or exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension. [ref n="116"][ref n="117"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Amrinone (Inocor)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat congestive heart failure. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Azapetine (Ilidar)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat peripheral vascular diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cilostazol (Pletal)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat peripheral vascular diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Cyclandelate (Cyclospasmol)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat peripheral vascular diseases. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Diisopropylamine (B-15, Cubisol, Dedyl, Diedi, Kalodil, Neovascoril, Nutricor, Oxypangam, Vasculene, Pangamic acid, Top B15+3, DAD 250, Tridenosen, Heptenal)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine or human applications. Used as an organic building block and solvent in chemical industry. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Ethaverine (Cebral, Ethaquin, Ethatab, Ethavex, Isovex, Laverin, Pasmol)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat gastrointestinal and genitourinary spasms. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Fenoldopam (Corlopam)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Hydralazine (Apresolin, Furlazin, Nepresol, Pressalin)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Iloprost (Ilomedine, Ventavis)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat pulmonary hypertension and frostbite. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Isosorbide Dinitrate/Isosorbide mononitrate/Isosorbide (Isordil)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Minoxidil (Apo-Gain Topical Solution, Loniten, Rogaine)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to stimulate hair growth. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Naftidrofuryl (Dusodril, Nafronyl, Praxilene)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat peripheral artery disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Papaverine (Artegodan, Ceraspan, Opdensit, Optendyl, Pameion, Panergon, Pavacap, Pavacen, Pavakey, Pavatym, Paveron, Qua-bid)	Vasodilator	Banned	Specified substance, which are substances more likely to be accidentally ingested, through something like contaminated food, than purposefully as a performance enhancing substance. Not to be used in or out of competition as it poses a significant risk to the horse and has a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to manage muscle disorders and produce vasodilation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing muscle spasms, improving comfort, and masking underlying musculoskeletal pain that could limit performance. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (Antime, Cardiacap, Cordilate, Dilcoran, Duotrate, Lentrat, MEntranil, Mycrardol, Mycartal, Niscodil, Nitrodex, Nitropent, Penritol, Pentafin, Pentanitrine, Pentral, Pentrit, Pentryate, Peritrate, Petrin, Quintrate)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pentifylline (Cosadon, Cosaldon)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat peripheral arterial disease. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Phentolamine (Dibasin, Regitipe, Rigitine, Vasomax)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Prenylamine (Segontin)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat angina. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Sildenafil (Viagra, Revatio)	Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Vanillyl Butyl Ether (Black Horse Warming Liniment)	Vasodilators	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] May be used as a warming or cooling agent in equine products. In humans, used to as a warming agent and to increase circulation. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Vardenafil (Levitra, Vivanza)	Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat erectile dysfunction. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Aminoheptane/Tuaminoheptane/2-Aminoheptane	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, formerly used to treat nasal congestion. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by reducing nasal or airway congestion and masking signs of fatigue or underlying cardiorespiratory conditions. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Midodrine (Pro-Amiline, ProAmatine)	Vasoconstrictors	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used to treat hypertension. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]
Pentoxifylline (Azutretat, Claudicat, Durapental, Hemovas, Pento-Puren, Rentylin, Tarontal, Terental, Torental, Trental)	Vasoprotectives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for laminitis and placentitis. [ref n="10"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Calcium Dobesilate (Dexium, Dobesifar, Doxium)	Vasoprotectives	Controlled	Used therapeutically as a treatment for navicular syndrome. [ref n="118"] May enhance performance by altering blood flow, blood pressure, and oxygen delivery, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing cardiovascular strain. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"] No detection time listed by the FEI.
Allopurinol (Zyloprim, Aloprim, Zyloric, Progout, Alluline, Allohexal)	Anti-hyperuricemias	Banned	Not to be used in or out of competition as they pose a significant risk to the horse and have a high potential for affecting performance. [ref n="4"] No equine applications. In humans, used therapeutically to treat chronic gout. [ref n="5"] May enhance performance by interfering with renal excretion, potentially masking the presence of other prohibited substances in the urine. [ref n="5"][ref n="6"]

*Drug classifications in this database reflect the same categories used by the FEI for clarity and ease of use.

Summary

For many horses and riders, competing at FEI events is the pinnacle of equestrian achievement. Keeping these competitions fair and safe is the main priority, and understanding which performance-enhancing substances are prohibited is an important part of ensuring fair play.

The FEI's prohibited substances rules change as new information emerges. Always check the FEI website or your sport’s governing body before administering any substance to a horse.
Banned substances are those that have no therapeutic value or pose a high risk for performance enhancement and must never be used in competition horses.
Controlled medications have legitimate uses but must not be administered during the designated withdrawal period prior to an event.
These FEI regulations protect equine athletes and uphold fair play.

Frequently Asked Questions

Here are some frequently asked questions about FEI banned and controlled substances for horses:

What are FEI prohibited substances for horses?

What is the difference between a banned substance and a controlled medication in FEI competition?

Can my horse compete in FEI events if it was treated with a controlled medication?

Can supplements cause a positive drug test in FEI horses?

Are herbal or natural ingredients allowed in FEI competition horses?

What happens if my horse tests positive for a banned substance at an FEI event?

How can I check if a medication or ingredient is allowed before an FEI competition?

Why does the FEI regulate medications and substances in horses?

Do FEI prohibited substance withdrawal times guarantee that my horse will test negative?

Can accidental exposure to FEI prohibited substances happen in horses?

Summary

The FEI's prohibited substances rules change as new information emerges. Always check the FEI website or your sport’s governing body before administering any substance to a horse.
Banned substances are those that have no therapeutic value or pose a high risk for performance enhancement and must never be used in competition horses.
Controlled medications have legitimate uses but must not be administered during the designated withdrawal period prior to an event.
These FEI regulations protect equine athletes and uphold fair play.

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FEI Banned & Controlled Substances for Horses: List of Performance-Enhancing Drugs

FEI Banned and Controlled Substances for Horses

Safety & Fair Play

Fédération Équestre Internationale

FEI Banned and Controlled Substances List

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Summary

References

About the Contributors

Sara Rice MSc.

Dr. Madison Ricard DVM, PhD, DACVP

Dr. Fran Rowe DVM, PAS

Our Editorial Standards

FEI Banned & Controlled Substances for Horses: List of Performance-Enhancing Drugs

FEI Banned and Controlled Substances for Horses

Safety & Fair Play

Fédération Équestre Internationale

FEI Banned and Controlled Substances List

Summary

Frequently Asked Questions

Summary

References

About the Contributors

Sara Rice MSc.

Dr. Madison Ricard DVM, PhD, DACVP

Dr. Fran Rowe DVM, PAS

Our Editorial Standards

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3:1 Zinc Copper

AminoTrace+

Chasteberry

MagneChrome+

Chasteberry

Magnesium Oxide

Visceral+

Visceral+

NOCR

Three Amigos

Three Amigos

Magnesium Oxide

Acetyl-L-Carnitine

NOCR

w-3 Oil

Spirulina