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Equine veterinary journal.
Publisher:
Equine Veterinary Journal, Ltd. Hobokken, NJ : Wiley (2009)
Frequency: 8 issues per year, 2009-
Country: United States
Language: English
Author(s):
British Equine Veterinary Association.
Start Year:1968 -
ISSN:
0425-1644 (Print)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
2042-3306 (Electronic)
0425-1644 (Linking)
Impact Factor
2.2
2022
| NLM ID: | 173320 |
| (DNLM): | E11740000(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 01568146 |
| Coden: | EQVJAI |
| LCCN: | sn 83005310 |
| Classification: | W1 EQ967 |
Effects of three anthelmintic schedules on the incidence of colic in horses. Four privately owned herds (25 to 49 animals per herd) were used in a five-year trial designed to evaluate the effect of anthelmintic schedules on the incidence of colic. These herds had been treated bi-monthly with non-ivermectin, non-benzimidazole drugs for two years before the trial. Prior parasitological studies showed that they had substantial pre-treatment faecal egg counts (900 to 2200 eggs per gramme), and that they were infected with benzimidazole-resistant cyathostomes. In Years 1 and 2 of the trial, all herds (A, B, C, D) were treated bi-monthly with non-ivermectin anthelmintics (Sc...
Equine synovial tendon sheaths and bursae: an histological and scanning electron microscopical study. The structure of equine synovial tendon sheaths and bursae has been examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. Tissue samples were obtained from horses of various types and ages with no clinical evidence of sheath or bursal disorders. The interior of both structures was lined by a cellular layer superimposed on a vascular zone supported by a fibrous layer. The pattern of cell distribution of the lining varied from site to site within the same structure depending on the nature of the underlying tissue and on the amount of movement to which the structure was subjected. The cellular laye...
The excretion of theobromine in Thoroughbred racehorses after feeding compounded cubes containing cocoa husk–establishment of a threshold value in horse urine. Thoroughbred geldings were fed racehorse cubes containing a predetermined concentration of theobromine in the form of cocoa husk. They were offered 7 kg of cubes per day, divided between morning and evening feed, and food consumption was monitored. Urinary concentrations of theobromine were determined following the consumption of cubes containing 11.5, 6.6, 2.0 and 1.2 mg per kg of theobromine, to verify whether or not such concentrations would produce positive urine tests. Pre-dose urine samples were collected to verify the absence of theobromine before each experiment. It became apparent fro...
Carbonic anhydrase III in equine tissues and sera determined by a highly sensitive enzyme-immunoassay. A sensitive sandwich enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring equine carbonic anhydrase III (CA-III) was established using a microplate as a solid-phase and peroxidase as a labelling enzyme. The assay can detect concentrations as low as 5 ng/ml using 20 microliters of sample sera. Within-run coefficients of variation obtained using standard equine CA-III were less than 5 per cent. CA-III levels in equine serum ranged from 5 to 50 ng/ml (n = 370), and apparently abnormal levels of CA-III from 100 to 1900 ng/ml (n = 27) were observed. The concentrations of immunoreactive CA-III in the extracts of ...
Naloxone-induced abdominal distress in the horse. Endogenous opioid peptides have been implicated in the regulation of pain perception, behaviour, gastrointestinal activity and other physiological responses. However, the functional role of these peptides in the horse has yet to be elucidated. The opioid antagonist, naloxone, is often administered to infer endogenous opioid effects. In the present study, naloxone (0.75 mg/kg bodyweight) was administered to eight Thoroughbred racehorses and a number of behavioural and autonomic responses were measured. Naloxone produced rapid onset diarrhoea, restlessness, abdominal checking, tachycardia, tachy...
Equine insect hypersensitivity: skin test and biopsy results correlated with clinical data. Forty-four seasonally pruritic horses and 21 asymptomatic horses in Florida, USA, were tested for insect, grass and mould hypersensitivity by intradermal injection of allergenic extracts. The affected horses ranged in age from 10 months to over 30 years and included a variety of breeds. Affected horses reacted to varying dilutions of extracts made from Culicoides, mosquitoes, horse flies and black flies. Reactions to Culicoides were more intense than those caused by injection of antigens from other arthropods. Mild pruritus existed from the end of February until the end of June when the condit...
Haematological, serum electrolyte and blood gas effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. The effects of treatment with small volume hypertonic (2400 mOsm/litre) and isotonic (300 mOsm/litre) saline on serum electrolyte and biochemical concentrations, haemograms and blood gases were evaluated in 12 horses using a haemorrhagic shock model. Intravascular catheters were placed surgically for sample collection prior to anaesthesia. Controlled haemorrhage was initiated and continued until mean systemic pressure reached 50 to 60 mmHg. Hypertonic or isotonic saline (2 litres) was administered by intravenous infusion and data collected for 2 h. Following haemorrhage, packed cell volume (PC...
Specific immunotherapy in the treatment of Culicoides hypersensitive horses: a double-blind study. Fourteen privately owned horses completed a six month, controlled, double-blind trial to assess the efficacy of immunotherapy using an aqueous extract of whole, unfed Culicoides variipennis in the treatment of Culicoides hypersensitivity. Selected horses had a history of a seasonal, pruritic dermatitis, clinical signs and distribution compatible with Culicoides hypersensitivity, failed to improve in response to ivermectin therapy, and reacted to several dilutions of Culicoides extracts without significant reactivity to other possible allergens including insects, moulds and feeds. One horse fro...
Haemodynamic effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. A comparison of the haemodynamic benefits of small volume hypertonic saline (2,400 mOsm/litre) versus isotonic saline (300 mOsm/litre) was conducted in 12 adult horses using a haemorrhagic shock model. The horses were anaesthetised and intravascular catheters placed for the measurement of haemodynamic data. Mean systemic arterial pressure was then reduced to 50 to 60 mmHg by controlled haemorrhage and maintained at that level for 40 mins. Cardiac output, stroke volume, mean systemic arterial pressure, plasma volume and urine production decreased significantly following blood loss. Hypertonic o...
Jugular thrombophlebitis resulting from an anaesthetic induction technique in the horse. Forty-eight hours after general anaesthesia was induced by glycerol guaiacolate and thiopentone sodium in 10 horses, the jugular veins were dissected out at post-mortem and examined visually and histologically. All veins showed a marked thrombophlebitis involving the media and intima at the site of injection. The influence of catheter composition, catheter placement and chemical composition on the occurrence of the thrombophlebitis is discussed. It is concluded that the thrombophlebitis was chemically induced.
Longitudinal growth analysis of horses following limited and ad libitum feeding. Eighteen colts were assigned to one of two groups: limit or ad libitum feeding. Three periods were evaluated: 1) six to 12 months, 2) 12 to 18 months and 3) 18 to 24 months of age. At 24 months of age, ad libitum fed horses weighed 13 per cent (51 kg) more and were 3.6 per cent (5.2 cm) taller than those fed limited amounts. Total, fore and hind body mass increased quadratically irrespective of dietary treatment. Fore body mass comprised 57 per cent of total body mass for both groups and this did not change with age or dietary treatment. Heart girth was directly related (R2 = 0.96) to total bo...
Evaluation of a bronchoalveolar lavage technique. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) technique described produced no detectable gross or histopathological lesions. Airway fluid accumulation was observed for up to 4 h post lavage. There was good qualitative correlation between BAL cytopathological and diffuse pulmonary pathological changes. The technique provided an accurate assessment of the presence and extent of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage.
Vasomotor rhinitis with headshaking in a pony. VASOMOTOR rhinitis (VR) is a chronic, non-seasonal disease of the nasal mucosa of man with symptoms including profuse bilateral watery nasal discharge, sneezing, nasal airflow obstruction, nasal pruritus and loss of smell. The disease is believed to result from nasal hyper-reactivity to exogenous and endogenous stimuli including temperature and humidity changes, odours and physical or emotional stress (Groves, Gray, Downton and Blau 1985). Although the aetiology of this non-infectious and non-allergic rhinitis is not completely understood, it is believed to be largely due to an imbalance in th...
Effects of exercise on serum amino-transferase activity and pyridoxal phosphate saturation in Thoroughbred racehorses. Aminotransferase activities were measured in the serum of two- to three-year-old Thoroughbred fillies and colts during a four week period of peak training for flat racing. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT, EC 2.6.1.1), mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (m-AspAT) and alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, EC 2.6.1.2) activities in serum were measured and the relative proportions of apoenzyme and holoenzyme were determined. The aminotransferase activities were increased only slightly immediately following exercise. This small and immediate post exercise increase in activity did not vary greatl...
Clinical use of epidural xylazine in the horse. Xylazine was administered into the epidural space of nine horses to facilitate various perineal manipulations (ie rectovaginal laceration repair, replacement of prolapsed rectum and urethral extension). The resulting caudal analgesia was sufficient for all procedures. The duration of analgesia from a single injection of epidural xylazine (0.17 to 0.22 mg/kg bodyweight) was at least 3.5 h. No horses were ataxic during or after the treatment. This trial demonstrates that xylazine given into the epidural space of horses provides prolonged regional analgesia which is sufficient for clinical use.
Plasma theophylline concentration and lung function in ponies with recurrent obstructive lung disease. Six ponies with recurrent obstructive lung disease were studied during two separate 60 min periods while receiving constant equal volume infusions of either aminophylline or sterile water. Dynamic lung compliance, pulmonary resistance, respiratory rate, tidal volume, blood gas tensions and heart rate were measured. Plasma samples were obtained for determination of theophylline concentrations before, and at 10 min intervals during, the infusion period. Excitability was assessed subjectively at these same time periods. The plasma theophylline concentrations in ponies were well predicted by a pre...
Variation in conformation of Swedish warmblood horses and conformational characteristics of élite sport horses. The variation in conformation of 356 Swedish Warmblood horses is described, using a quantitative method of measuring horses. Thirty-three of the horses were élite dressage horses, 28 were élite showjumpers, 100 were riding school horses and 195 were unselected four-year-olds. Most horses had a long body form. The average height at the withers was 163.4 cm. Sixty per cent of the horses had a bench knee conformation, 50 per cent had a toe-in conformation of the forelimbs and 80 per cent had outwardly rotated hind limbs. The majority of these deviations were mild or moderate. Conformation was i...
A tracheoscopic technique for obtaining uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture in the horse. Transtracheal aspirate (TTA) aerobic microbiology culture results from 30 ponies were compared to protected catheter brush (PCB) culture results obtained from the same ponies. The PCB procedure resulted in significantly fewer (P less than 0.05) isolates than those obtained by the TTA procedure and the PCB procedure resulted in significantly more samples with no bacteria growth than the TTA procedure. To address the possibility that the volume of tracheobronchial secretion obtained by PCB was insufficient as a microbiological sample, a sterile, double-sheathed, protected aspiration catheter (PA...
Reduced efficacy of anthelmintics in young compared with adult horses. Studies on a Thoroughbred breeding farm in Ohio from 1982 to 1988 demonstrated the value of three anthelmintic pastes (ivermectin, oxibendazole, pyrantel pamoate) in controlling benzimidazole resistant cyathostomes (small strongyles) in adult horses. However, a comparison of drug efficacy in suppressing faecal egg counts for the full period between treatments showed a significant reduction in efficacy of all drugs in yearling horses compared with adults. Mean faecal egg counts of adult horses were generally kept below 100 eggs per gram (epg) of faeces when using oxibendazole or pyrantel pamoat...
Osteochondral fragmentation of the distal aspect of the patella in horses. A condition characterised by osteochondral fragmentation of the distal aspect of the patella in 15 horses is described. The problem was unilateral in six horses and bilateral in nine. There were eight Quarterhorses, three Thoroughbreds, two American Saddlebreds, one American Paint and one Warmblood-Thoroughbred cross. A previous medial patellar desmotomy had been performed on 12 of the 15 horses. The condition manifested as hindlimb lameness and stiffness ranging from mild to severe. There was fibrous thickening in the stifle area in the 12 cases with a previous medial patellar desmotomy, and ...
Prolonged luteal activity in mares–a semantic quagmire. Prolonged luteal activity is one of the most formidable terminology challenges in mare reproductive biology. Prolonged luteal activity can be a result of persistence of an individual corpus luteum or the sequential development of luteal glands, each of which may have a normal life span. Luteal tissue can originate from an unovulated follicle or from an ovulation occurring during either follicular or luteal dominance. These complexities, together with ambiguous and inconsistent terminology, have resulted in confusion regarding those conditions which can be grouped broadly under the term prolong...
Observer variation in equine abdominal auscultation. The reliability of abdominal auscultation was investigated via an observer variation study. Clinicians listened to a variety of minute-long equine gut sound recordings. They evaluated the amount of gut sounds as 'absent', 'decreased', 'normal', or 'increased'. They subsequently evaluated the same recordings replayed in a different order. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was measured by the statistic kappa. There was significant intra-observer (kappa 0.57) agreement, but less agreement between observers (kappa 0.37). The best agreement was on the classification of sound tracks as 'absent' (i...
