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The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.
Publisher:
W.B. Saunders,
Frequency: Three no. a year
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1985 -
ISSN:
0749-0739 (Print)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.1
2022
| NLM ID: | 8511904 |
| (DNLM): | SR0053812(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 11078671 |
| LCCN: | sn 84006968 |
| Classification: | W1 VE929F |
Hormone therapy for control of reproduction in mares and stallions. Because the reproductive performance of mares is lower than that of any other domesticated species, hormone therapy is important in ensuring fertility and proper management of pregnancy. Current techniques of hormone therapy are discussed.
Injectable anesthetics and anesthetic adjuncts. The purpose of this article is to review the use of selected anesthetics and anesthetic adjuncts in horses. Emphasis is placed on the pharmacologic bases of their use.
Cardiovascular drugs. Their pharmacology and use in horses. Knowledge of the dosage, rate and route of administration, and potential side effects of drugs used to treat cardiac disease in horses has been refined. The judicious use of these drugs can increase exercise capacity, improve health, and potentially prolong life. Currently, antiarrhythmics (quinidine, lidocaine), positive inotropies (digoxin), and diuretics (furosemide) are the primary agents used to treat cardiovascular disease in horses. The development of newer drugs (verapamil, milrinone, bumetanide) and their usefulness in therapy for horses with cardiovascular disease require further inv...
Rational selection of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of infections of horses. The goal of antimicrobial drug use is quite specific. Consideration of many microbe-related, host-related, and drug-related factors is necessary for appropriate selection and use of antimicrobial drugs in equine patients. The concepts and data presented in this article demonstrate that fact. At the risk of oversimplification, "The bug denotes the drug, and the horse directs the course."
Anthelmintics used in treatment of parasitic infections of horses. The common anthelmintics used to treat parasitic infections of horses are described. Dosage, anthelmintic spectrum, formulation and administration, mode of action, toxicity contraindications, and resistance of parasites to anthelmintics are included.
Adverse drug reactions in the horse. Adverse drug reactions occasionally occur in the horse. The majority can be anticipated and avoided. The practicing veterinarian should understand the various types of adverse reactions as well as their mechanisms so that should such a reaction occur, the practitioner can promptly recognize the problem and institute corrective measures.
Reproductive behavior of the stallion. The reproductive behavior of semi-wild and feral horses is described briefly in order to provide a background on the reproductive patterns and the specific behavioral elements comprising courtship and mating in the horse. The reproductive behavior of the domestic stallion is discussed at length as are various breeding conditions and normal breeding performance. Finally, sexual behavior problems are considered.
Feeding behavior. Problems related to feeding behavior in horses fall into three main categories: underconsumption, overconsumption, and abnormal consumption. Anorexia may be caused by a variety of diseases and overcome by removing the underlying causes (pain, fever), and physical or chemical stimulation of appetite. "Hypophagia" may be caused by poor dentition, disease, or stress. Again, removal of the cause or stimulation by physical or chemical means may improve intakes. Acute and chronic overconsumption of feeds are reflections of the normal controls (or lack thereof) of feeding in the horse. The only relia...
Principles of learning. This article discusses some general principles of learning as well as possible constraints and how such principles can apply to horses. A brief review is presented of experiments that were designed to assess learning in horses. The use of behavior modification techniques to treat behavior problems in horses is discussed and several examples of the use of these techniques are provided.
Aggressive behavior problems. Accurate diagnosis of the cause of aggression in horses is essential to determining the appropriate course of action. The affective forms of aggression include fear-induced, pain-induced, intermale, dominance, protective, maternal, learned, and redirected aggressions. Non-affective aggression includes play and sex-related forms. Irritable aggression and hypertestosteronism in mares are medical problems, whereas genetic factors, brain dysfunction, and self-mutilation are also concerns.
Rest behavior. Behavioral and physiologic characteristics of sleep are described, with special attention paid to equids. Temporal organization of sleep and environmental influences upon this behavior in horses are reviewed. Anatomic and biochemical bases and function of sleep are discussed briefly.
Maternal behavior. Parturition in mares is rapid and is followed by a brief period of sensitivity to imprinting on a foal. There is large individual variation in normal maternal style, but normal mothers actively defend their foal, remain near the foal when it is sleeping, tolerate or assist nursing, and do not injure their own foal. Disturbance of a mare and foal during the early imprinting period can predispose a mare to rejection of her foal; therefore, it should be avoided. There are a variety of forms of foal rejection and numerous etiologies. Therefore, each case should be evaluated individually.
Restraint. The object of restraint is to limit, restrict, and keep under control the animal's movement while performing different procedures. The author discusses the importance of evaluating the horse and its owner prior to employing any type of restraint, various concepts of restraint, and examples of situations in which restraint may be required.
Sexual behavior of mares. Behavior during the estrous phase of the ovulatory cycle of the mare is analogous in most ways to that of estrous females of other species. Proceptive behaviors bring the mare into the proximity of the male and attract his attention. Positioning facilitates mounting, intromission, and ejaculation. Estrous signs appear to be more intense in the few days prior to ovulation than during the transition periods that separate the recurring estrous and diestrous phases. Sexual behavior is absent during diestrus. Detection of estrus in mares is problematic in that it requires the presence (or at least ...
Developmental behavior. Examination of the developmental changes that occur in the behavior of foals reveals three major periods that can be characterized by certain types of behavior. Although the beginnings and endings of these periods are not definitive, these periods may be conceptually useful in evaluating a foal's behavior. Period of Dependence. During the first 4 weeks of life, a foal is maximally dependent on its mother for sustenance, remains near her, and has little contact with other horses or ponies of any age. Period of Socialization. During the second and third months of life, foals have rapidly increas...
Techniques for taking a behavioral history. A thorough behavioral history is essential for adequate assessment of a given case. In reviewing the chief complaint, a description of what actually happened, rather than the owner's interpretation of what happened, is required. Other behavior problems, environment, rearing history, and training need to be reviewed. Sample question sets for some common problems are given.
Behavior problems of equids in zoos. Behavior problems in zoo equids commonly result from a failure to provide for needs basic to equine nature. Equids are gregarious, and failure to provide companions may result in pacing. Wild equids spend 60 to 70 per cent of their time grazing, and failure to provide ad libitum roughage contributes to the problems of pacing, cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia. Mimicking the normal processes of juvenile dispersal, bachelor-herd formation, and mate acquisition reduces the likelihood of agonistic and reproductive behavior problems. Infanticide can be avoided by introducing new stallions to ...
Social structure. Socially feral horses live in stable social groups characterized by one adult male, a number of adult females, and their offspring up to 2 years of age. Extra males either live by themselves or with other males in bachelor groups. The bands occupy nondefended home ranges that often overlap. Many abnormal behaviors seen in domestic horses occur because some aspect of their normal social behavior cannot be carried out in captivity.
Stable vices and trailer problems. Stable vices include oral vices such as cribbing, wood chewing, and coprophagia, as well as stall walking, weaving, pawing, and stall kicking. Some of these behaviors are escape behaviors; others are forms of self-stimulation. Most can be eliminated by pasturing rather than stall confinement. Trailering problems include failure to load, scrambling in the moving trailer, struggling in the stationary trailer, and refusal to unload. Gradual habituation to entering the trailer, the presence of another horse, or a change in trailer type can be used to treat these problems.
Epidemiology and control of parasites in warm climates. The kind of parasites a horse acquires depends upon its environment. Because patterns of transmission vary greatly with climate and management, no one worming program has universal applications. This article discusses epidemiology and control of equine parasites in the southern United States, where climates vary from warm temperate to subtropical and from humid in the southeast to arid in the southwest.
Immunity and potential of vaccination. This article will focus on current information available on the equine immune response to helminth parasites as it relates to acquired resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, and vaccine development.
Laboratory diagnosis. Diagnosis of internal parasitism is based on many factors, including clinical signs, case histories of individual animals and the herds of which they are a part, and, finally, specific laboratory findings. Laboratory methods used can be divided into those associated with the qualitative and quantitative examination of feces for parasite eggs, larvae, and oocysts, and laboratory findings on changes in physiologic status of individuals that may be produced by specific parasites.
Large strongyles. Recent advances. This review cites recent advances in the knowledge pertaining to infections of large strongyles in equids. Emphasis is placed on Strongylus vulgaris and attention is focused on pathogenesis of clinical manifestations of infections and treatment and control, including chemotherapy of migrating larvae and drug resistance.
Anthelmintics and drug resistance. Equine anthelmintics and the resistance of nematode parasites to anthelmintics are reviewed. Recommendations are made for effective treatment of these parasites and for procedures that can be performed to minimize the problem in the future.
Parasitic skin diseases. In this discussion of parasitic skin diseases of horses, details on life cycles are given to aid the understanding and development of control strategies.
Epidemiology and control of parasites in northern temperate regions. The serious and widespread problem of drug resistance has forced a re-thinking of basic philosophy regarding control of equine parasites. It has illustrated the dangers of total reliance on chemical control and stimulated the use of alternate strategies. Two new approaches are described. Prophylactic treatments in the spring and summer provide effective strongyle and colic control with less selection pressure for drug resistance. A nonchemical approach of pasture cleaning twice a week offers the same advantages with the added bonus of a 50 per cent increase in grazing area.
Other parasites. Recent advances. This article briefly reviews new information on trichostrongylid stomach worms, spirurid stomach worms, tapeworms, threadworms, pinworms, intestinal protozoa, lungworms, eye worms, and numerous other aberrant parasites as it relates to prevalence, pathogenesis of diseases, and treatments.
Ascarids. Recent advances. P. equorum is a common and ubiquitous parasite that persists for many years in stables and on pasture in spite of good hygiene and anthelmintic control programs. Foals are usually infected early in life. During the migratory phase of the infection, clinical signs include coughing and a nasal discharge followed by depression and unthriftiness as the worms mature in the gut. Some foals die as a result of intestinal impaction or rupture. Patency is established around 3 months of age, and fecal egg counts may rise to very high levels. From 6 months of age onwards, the ascarid burden diminishes as ...
