Omneity® Pellets
All-In-One Vitamin & Mineral Pellet
The Veterinary clinics of North America. Equine practice.
Publisher:
W.B. Saunders,
Frequency: Three no. a year
Country: United States
Language: English
Start Year:1985 -
ISSN:
0749-0739 (Print)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
1558-4224 (Electronic)
0749-0739 (Linking)
Impact Factor
1.1
2022
| NLM ID: | 8511904 |
| (DNLM): | SR0053812(s) |
| (OCoLC): | 11078671 |
| LCCN: | sn 84006968 |
| Classification: | W1 VE929F |
Diagnostic ultrasonography of equine limbs. In our 3 years of clinical experience, we have found that diagnostic ultrasound provides the veterinarian with a valuable diagnostic tool. It allows the clinician to quantify morphologic change that has occurred as a result of soft-tissue injuries, even when the clinical findings are ambiguous or insufficient. In cases in which aggressive postinjury therapy has been instituted prior to presentation, diagnostic ultrasound is often the only noninvasive method that can ascertain the extent of the horse's injury. Diagnostic ultrasound provides the technology to detect injuries before they become p...
Diseases of the heart. Diagnostic ultrasound has allowed significant findings to be made in the investigation of cardiac disease in the horse. Because of the limited value of thoracic radiography in the adult horse with cardiac disease, ultrasound is the method of choice to document chamber enlargement, pericardial effusion, valvular abnormalities, and decreased contractility of the myocardium. The apparent changes in the flow characteristics and suspicion of abnormality in the right heart of racehorses need further investigation to fully document the etiopathogenesis of spontaneous contrast.
Hormonal responses to exercise and training. Current knowledge and understanding of the hormonal response to exercise are limited, whether in relation to horses, humans, or other species. The changes in plasma concentration of some hormones occur early in exercise, apparently owing to a neuronal stimulation, whereas others, being pituitary dependent, require hormonal stimulation. Also, although it is possible to observe changes in plasma concentrations of hormones, the mechanism by which this is achieved is not always understood, and unless the nonprotein-bound, or active, form of the hormone is also determined, changes in plasma concent...
Exercise testing. In the athletic horse, an exercise test may be required to measure the adaptation of the animal to a specific training program; to modify the training program in response to the progress achieved; to investigate the reasons for failure to perform at the expected level; and to form part of an overall clinical examination of a horse with a specific disability. This article includes information on the scope and form of an exercise test, the parameters measured during the test and their interpretation, treadmill and track tests, and the clinical applications of exercise tests.
Locomotion and gait analysis. Gait analysis can play an important role in exercise physiology, racetrack ergonomics, lameness prophylaxis, and assessment of performance potential in racehorses. This article concentrates on the methods used for gait analysis and considers some basic data on the different gaits of the horse.
Muscular adaptations to exercise and training. This article provides an overview of the characteristics of skeletal muscle, with an emphasis on equine skeletal muscle. A discussion of many of the adaptive processes that can occur in this tissue in response to altered states of physical activity is also included.
Exercise physiology. An overview. Through the study of equine exercise physiology, one can learn more about what happens to the body of the performance horse during all forms of exercise. Better understanding of skeletal, joint, tendon, and ligament adaptations to loading and stress may allow adjustments to be made in training techniques to reduce the incidence of injury. The information obtained from exercise research may also facilitate the investigation of questions such as the following: What makes one horse perform better than another? How can one bring out the optimal performance in each horse? How can one tell when a ho...
Training programs. A training program is designed with the aim of developing the specific physiologic capabilities required to perform a certain type of exercise. Such capabilities involve the psychologic familiarity with, and acceptance of, the required tasks, the development of the neuromuscular coordination to perform these tasks optimally, and the utilization of energy by the working muscles. This article presents some basic principles for the design of training programs and offers ideas on how these principles may be applied to the conditioning of horses.
Energy considerations during exercise. Maintenance of muscular contraction during exercise requires large amounts of chemical energy. Although various sources of energy are available, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the universal intracellular vehicle of chemical energy within skeletal muscle. This article will focus on the various mechanisms of the production and breakdown of ATP.
Hematologic responses to exercise and training. Hematology has been widely used in attempts to provide information about disease states, performance problems, and fitness in performance horses. However, owing to factors such as the temperament of the horse and time of collection and feeding, considerable variation in the hemograms can be found. This article reviews some of the hematologic responses to exercise and training.
Cardiovascular adaptations to exercise and training. The cardiovascular system provides the link between pulmonary ventilation and oxygen usage at the cellular level. During exercise, efficient delivery of oxygen to working skeletal and cardiac muscles is vital for maintenance of ATP production by aerobic mechanisms. The equine cardiovascular response to increased demand for oxygen delivery during exercise contributes largely to the over 35-fold increases in oxygen uptake that occur during submaximal exercise. Cardiac output during exercise increases greatly owing to the relatively high heart rates that are achieved during exercise. Heart rate i...
Respiratory adaptations to exercise. The primary function of the equine respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at a rate that is matched to metabolism. Gas exchange requires ventilation, distribution of gas within the lung, perfusion of blood through pulmonary capillaries, matching of ventilation and blood flow, diffusion of gases between air and blood, and transport of gases to and from the muscles. In this article, the author reviews what is known about each of these processes in the resting and exercising horse.
Echocardiography. Diagnostic ultrasound permits the clinician to image the beating heart, quantitate cardiac dimensions, identify specific congenital and acquired cardiac lesions, and estimate the degree of cardiac compensation and muscle failure that accompanies a specific lesion. The M-mode (motion) echocardiogram and two-dimensional echocardiogram are complementary studies that have proved useful for identification of cardiac septal defects, endocarditis, pericardial effusion, intracardiac shunting, cardiomegaly, and heart muscle failure. Appreciation of the technique and basic knowledge of the types of info...
Diagnostic radiology and nuclear cardiology. Their use in assessment of equine cardiovascular disease. Survey thoracic radiography, although limited by physical considerations in the adult horse, can supply clinically useful information about changes in cardiac size and function. The radiographic features of cardiomegaly, altered pulmonary circulation, pulmonary edema, and pleural effusion as manifested in the horse are discussed. Nuclear cardiology can be performed in the standing horse. The initial transit of a radioactive tracer through the central circulation provides information about cardiac chamber size, efficiency of ventricular contraction, valvular competence, and presence of intracar...
Evaluation of the equine cardiovascular system. A thorough examination of the cardiovascular system is an integral part of a physical examination in the horse. The normal equine cardiovascular parameters are discussed, with an emphasis on auscultatory findings. The availability and application of other diagnostic techniques are discussed based upon findings of the physical examination.
Equine heart disease. An overview. The clinician must appreciate unique aspects of equine cardiovascular physiology in order to distinguish normal variation from a pathophysiologic state. Cardiovascular problems in the horse include auscultation of cardiac murmurs, identification of cardiac arrhythmias, and recognition of congestive heart failure. A cardiac data base including history, general and cardiovascular examination, and resting and postexercise electrocardiogram are necessary to evaluate most horses for significant heart disease. Additional studies, such as echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, are useful in se...
Cardiovascular response to exercise and training in the horse. The quality of the overall response to exercise in the horse is very similar to that seen in man and laboratory animals; differences are mainly quantitative and persist when relative body weight is taken into account. The apparently greater flow capacity of the equine muscle bed during maximal whole-body exercise implicates the extent of central circulatory adaptations as the limiting factor in performance but implies a role for increase in arteriolar capacitance/muscle capillarity as an appropriate response to intense endurance training. The blood oxygen-carrying capacity of the horse is ofte...
Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiac arrhythmias are probably more common in horses than in any other domestic animal species. The most frequent clinical complaint associated with cardiac arrhythmias is exercise intolerance. Physical examination is characterized by auscultation abnormalities such as fast or slow heart rate, irregular rhythm, extra sounds, long pauses, or abnormal heart sounds. The electrocardiogram is used to make a definitive diagnosis of the dysrhythmia. Other laboratory and cardiac function tests are employed to determine the etiology and to assess the significance of the arrhythmia. Antiarrhythmic the...
Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat cardiac disease in horses. The rational therapy of cardiovascular disease in horses requires a thorough knowledge of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of several specific drugs (digitalis, digoxin). Calcium solutions, dopamine, and dobutamine are frequently used to treat congestive heart failure in horses. Quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, and propranolol are used to treat a variety of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. Furosemide, a highly potent loop diuretic, is used to eliminate edema and promote diuresis. A thorough understanding of the applied pharmacology, dosage recommendations, toxicity, and pr...
Acquired cardiovascular disease. This article reviews the etiology, clinical findings, and significance of diseases of the heart valves, myocardium, pericardium, and great vessels of the horse. Each valve is considered separately from the point of view of murmur production. In addition, the role of the cardiovascular system in the etiology of sudden and unexpected death is considered.
Urogenital problems in the neonatal foal. The common conditions affecting the urogenital tract of the neonatal foal and their medical and surgical management are described. Early recognition and treatment of serious abnormalities are necessary for a successful outcome in the equine neonate.
Anesthesia for neonatal foals. A brief discussion of those aspects of neonatal physiology that pertain to anesthetic risk and selection of anesthetic techniques is followed by discussion of suggested techniques for anesthetic management in healthy foals. Preoperative preparation and management of foals with selected serious surgical conditions are also considered.
Hematology, blood typing, and immunology of the neonatal foal. Hematologic parameters change during the first 10 days of life. Erythrocytes increase in number but decrease in size and hemoglobin concentration. The PCV, hemoglobin, and platelet count also decrease. Total blood and plasma volume and, to lesser extent, erythrocyte volume decrease. Normal neonatal foals may have immature neutrophils (up to 5 per cent bands), and their early rapid rise in neutrophil numbers may be accompanied by a lymphopenia. Monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are all absent or low initially. Infectious processes can cause rapid and variable changes in the leukogram. Howev...
Neonatal ophthalmology. This discussion of normal and abnormal findings on routine ophthalmic examination of the foal should prove useful to the equine practitioner who must provide counsel to the concerned owner and/or breeder. Early diagnosis and treatment of ocular abnormalities improve the prognosis for continued function and aid determination of the significance of lesions observed in later life.
Intensive care of the neonatal foal. The basic concepts of diagnosis and treatment in the abnormal neonatal foal are presented. Methods of restraint, sedation, and general nursing care are discussed, as well as more specific techniques of respiratory and circulatory system support.
Cardiovascular disease in the equine neonate. Cardiac disease in the equine neonate occurs infrequently. Murmurs are often heard in foals and are not considered significant unless they persist beyond 4 days of age. Congenital cardiac defects are the most common form of primary cardiac disease in the foal, with ventricular septal defects occurring most frequently. Other neonatal foal diseases such as ruptured bladders, white muscle disease, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, and septicemia have secondary cardiac involvement.
Prevention and control of infection. Foal septicemia is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. In order to improve success rates, earlier diagnosis and treatment are essential. This article stresses methods to prevent and treat infections in the compromised equine neonate.
Respiratory problems in foals. Despite major advances in our knowledge and ability to treat respiratory diseases in neonatal foals, neonatal respiratory medicine is still in its infancy. It is hoped that this article may serve as a guideline for diagnosis and treatment. Specific antibiotic regimens and emergency procedures are covered in other articles in this symposium. Because management factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease, education of clients as to their importance would help both prophylactically and therapeutically. The necessity of very careful monitoring of neonates, which is crit...
