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Topic:Animal Health
Animal Health encompasses a broad range of topics focused on maintaining and improving the well-being of equine species. This field addresses various aspects of horse care, including disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of health conditions. Key areas of interest include equine nutrition, vaccination protocols, parasite control, dental care, and the management of chronic conditions such as laminitis and colic. Additionally, animal health research in horses investigates the impact of exercise and training on physical health, the role of genetics in disease susceptibility, and the development of new therapeutic approaches. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the latest advancements, challenges, and best practices in preserving and enhancing the health of horses.
Effects of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs on exercise performance. This article has presented information on the importance of the sympathetic nervous system in the response to exercise. The authors have reviewed the very limited information on the effects of sympathomimetic and sympatholytic drugs on exercise performance in the horse. Most of these drugs are specifically prohibited under the rules of racing, and they have significant side effects that either decrease performance or make their use dangerous to both the horse and horse-man. Additionally, all of these drugs or their metabolites are readily detected by current drug testing protocols. Further inf...
A rapid diagnostic assay for eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral RNA. Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) has been a low-frequency, but serious human and veterinary health problem. Increased frequency of this mosquito-borne virus is anticipated as wetlands are maintained and re-established. Control of EEEV has depended on mosquito abatement in response to increasing frequency of EEEV in the environment. A coupled reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction assay was designed to rapidly, sensitively, and specifically detect EEEV RNA. The assay successfully detected the viral RNA in a single-blind study of a set of field samples composed of either po...
Evaluation of occlusive dressings for management of full-thickness excisional wounds on the distal portion of the limbs of horses. Two 2.5-cm2 full-thickness skin wounds were created surgically over the lateral aspect of the cannon bone of each limb of 6 horses (n = 48 wounds). Dressings evaluated were a nonadherent gauze pad (group 1); a synthetic semiocclusive dressing, (group 2); equine amnion (group 3); and a synthetic fully occlusive dressing (group 4). Wounds were assessed subjectively at each dressing change, and total wound area, area of granulation tissue, and area of epithelium in each wound were determined by computerized digital analysis of photographs of the wounds. Complete healing time (wound covered by epi...
[Concentration of species alien (bovine) IgG in the blood serum of foals after the intake of non-species specific colostrum preparation]. Sixteen vital foals with free access to maternal colostrum received a additional non-species-specific commercial colostrum additive within the first 18 hours of their life. The additive had been prepared from bovine colostrum. At birth no bovine IgG was detectable. The concentration of bovine IgG reached its maximum 18 hours post natum with XG = 74.6 mg/dl. 96 hours after birth IgG levels had dropped to XG = 20.9 mg/dl. The correlation of bovine IgG with GGT-activity was highly significant. Formation of antibodies against bovine IgG could not be demonstrated. It is not possible to increase igG...
A comparison of the reduction in immunoglobulin (IgG) concentration of frozen equine plasma treated by three thawing techniques. The IgG concentration of plasma from 13 mares was measured by radial immunodiffusion when fresh and after storage at -4 degrees C and thawing by 3 methods. There was no significant (P > 0.05) reduction in the IgG concentration when plasma was thawed over 6 hours at 22 degrees C (1352.9 +/- 101.6 mg/dL) (mean +/- SEM) compared with the fresh sample (1369.5 +/- 88.1 mg/dL). In contrast, there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the IgG concentration of plasma that was rapidly thawed at 57 degrees C over 50 minutes (1142.9 +/- 66.2 mg/dL), or placed in a microwave oven for 20 to 25 minutes ...
Narcotics and local anesthetics. The recognition and alleviation of animal pain is a growing veterinary and public concern. Pain can be of an acute or chronic nature with different behavioral manifestations. Physiologically, pain is a dynamic and complex phenomenon that produces changes in the central and autonomic nervous systems as well as in the endocrine system. Horses and other animals appear to possess an endogenous pain-suppressing system involving the brainstem and spinal cord. This system can modulate pain perception and the responses to it. The recently discovered endogenous opioid peptides (endorphins and enkephali...
The Horserace Betting Levy Board’s code of practice for equine viral arteritis for the 1994 breeding season. The Horserace Betting Levy Board formulates codes of practice for the control of contagious equine metritis and other equine bacterial venereal diseases, and equine viral arteritis and equid herpesvirus 1. This year's codes have just been published and the code of practice for EVA, reproduced below, has been substantially amended following the recent outbreak in the UK. The code is intended for use by veterinary surgeons and breeders of thoroughbred and non-thoroughbred horses. The HBLB states that its recommendations represent the minimum measures necessary to monitor for the presence of equi...
Different resistance of mammalian red blood cells to hemolysis by bile salts. To evaluate why hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by bile acids varies in different mammalian species, we determined the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), lipid content and the concentrations of the conjugates of deoxycholate and of NaCl inducing 50% hemolysis of RBC from healthy humans, pigs, horses, cows, sheep and jaundiced humans. A volume of 0.05 mL of washed RBC at 1% hematocrit, which has the same lipid content but different phospholipid composition and number of erythrocytes (owing to the variable MCV), was incubated in taurodeoxycholate (TDC) solution (0-5 mM) to determine the TDC conce...
[Parasitological fecal studies of equids, dogs, cats and hedgehogs during the years 1984-1991]. The results of the coproscopical examinations in horses, dogs, cats and hedgehogs between 1984 and 1991 are presented. In 9192 samples from horses 55.5% stages of strongylids, 4.0% of Parascaris equorum, 2.2% of anoplocephalids, 1.6% Strongyloides westeri, 0.7% of Oxyuris equi, 0.6% of Eimeria leuckarti, 0.2% of Fasciola hepatica and 0.04% of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi were found. In 48.0% of the 46 samples from donkeys eggs from strongylids were detected, in 17.4% larvae from Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, in 2.2% eggs from Strongyloides westeri, Parascaris equorum and oocysts from Eimeria leuckarti, re...
A new technique for accessing the cerebral ventricles of the horse. A technique is described for catheterisation of the ventricular recess within the olfactory bulb of the horse. Twelve adult horses were used. The olfactory recess is in the frontal region, 42 +/- 3 mm below the skin, on the line joining the supraorbital foramina, and approximately 18 +/- 2 mm from the midline. The approach is relatively easy under normal experimental conditions.
Automated morphometric analysis of stallion spermatozoa. Tissue variation in microscope slides made for spermatozoon analysis and variation introduced by the subjective techniques used to analyze these slides reduce the statistical power of studies that seek to use spermatozoon morphology to predict fertility. A simple specimen preparation method was developed to standardize stallion spermatozoon morphologic smears, and a new, automated spermatozoa morphometry instrument was used to objectively analyze the efficacy of the specimen preparation technique. The method achieved a standard spermatozoon concentration and reduced field-to-field variation in...
Registration of myometrial activity using multiple site electromyography in cyclic mares. A method for interpreting and analysing electromyographic (EMG) data of myometrial electrical activity was established. This method was used to study EMG activity in the uterus during the various stages of the oestrus cycle in mares. Recordings were analysed from four pairs of electrodes that were surgically implanted in the myometrium of four reproductively sound mares. The electrodes were placed at the tip, middle and base of the left horn and in the uterine body. Electrical activity was monitored by a polygraph. Data were transformed to a digitized form and statistically analysed. Myometria...
Effects of exercise and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on repair of articular cartilage defects in the equine carpus. Our aim was to determine if mild to moderate postoperative exercise and intra-articular polysulfated glycosaminoglycan result in improved repair of large, experimentally induced osteochondral defects in a weight-bearing surface of equine joints. Arthroscopic debridement was used to produce full-thickness defects in a weight-bearing area of the radial carpal bones in 18 ponies. The ponies were randomly assigned to two groups balanced for age: nine animals in the exercise and nine in the no exercise group. Six ponies in each group were medicated weekly for 5 weeks with an intra-articular injecti...
[Prevalence of fascioliasis in humans, horses, pigs, and wild rabbits in 3 Chilean provinces]. This study sought to estimate for the first time the prevalence of fascioliasis among the rural population in the Chilean provinces of Curico, Talca, and Linares, while also determining the disease's prevalence among horses and wild rabbits in Curico and Talca and among pigs in Talca. From January 1986 to December 1990 a randomly selected sample of 5,861 persons in the three provinces was given intradermal, complement-fixation, double-diffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis tests to detect antibody to Fasciola hepatica. In addition, the ELISA test was used in Talca and Linares. Fecal specimens fr...
Use of a stapling device to aid in the ovariectomy of nine mares with a granulosa thecal cell tumour. This paper describes the use of a linear stapling device as an aid to unilateral ovariectomy in nine mares with granulosa thecal cell tumours. The intraoperative and postoperative complications are described and follow up details on each case are presented.
Hepatoblastoma in an equine fetus. No abstract available
Expression of an evolutionarily conserved function associated molecule on sheep, horse and cattle natural killer cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that lyse a wide variety of transformed and virally-infected target cells without prior exposure to antigen, and without restriction by major histocompatibility complex antigens. Although NK cells have been identified in a variety of mammalian species, how NK cells recognize antigen and trigger lysis is unknown. Recently, monoclonal antibodies made against NK-like cells from teleost fish were shown to react with NK cells from humans and rats, and to inhibit their cytolytic activity. The role of this apparently evolutionarily conserved fu...
Measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and functional residual capacity during rebreathing in conscious thoroughbreds. A rebreathing method for measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and functional residual capacity (FRC) was evaluated in conscious horses. Horses were manually ventilated through an endotracheal tube, using a custom-made syringe filled with a gas mixture containing 18-carbon monoxide (18CO) and helium (He). The 18CO and He concentrations were continuously monitored by use of a mass spectrometer connected to the rebreathing circuit. Values for DLCO and FRC were calculated from changes in the concentration of these 2 gases. In 11 Thoroughbreds, mean (+/- SD) DLCO w...
Oviductal and uterine influence on the development of Day-2 equine embryos in vivo and in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to contrast the influence of the oviductal and uterine environments on development of Day-2 embryos. Embryos were transferred to oviducts or uteri of synchronous recipient mares, or were incubated in oviductal co-culture, in uterine co-culture or in defined culture medium. Significantly more (P < 0.02) embryos transferred to the oviduct versus the uterus survived until Day 11 after ovulation (5 7 vs 0 7 , respectively). Significantly more (P 0.1) in oviductal co-culture versus uterine co-culture (3 7 vs 6 7 , respectively), or in oviductal co-culture ve...
