The study of blood in horses encompasses the examination of its components, functions, and its role in equine health and disease. Blood consists of various elements, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, each serving specific functions such as oxygen transport, immune response, clotting, and nutrient distribution. Analyzing blood parameters can provide insights into the physiological and pathological states of horses. Common blood tests in equine medicine assess parameters like hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and white cell counts to monitor health status, diagnose conditions, and guide treatment decisions. This page compiles peer-reviewed research studies and scholarly articles that explore the composition, function, and clinical applications of blood analysis in horses.
Abramson HA.1. The cataphoretic velocity of blood platelets (horse) in plasma has been found to be between 40 and 51 micro per sec. per volt per cm. The mean velocity obtained from five horses is . 45 micro per sec. per volt per cm. 2. The cataphoretic velocity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in similar specimens is practically identical with that of the platelets. This is noteworthy because of the fact that lymphocytes and red cells have different speeds. 3. With spontaneous agglutination of platelets, white cells and red cells, there is no change in the cataphoretic velocity incidental to aggregation. 4...
Reimann HA.It is conceivable that a change from the virulent, non-phagocytable S form of Pneumococcus to the avirulent phagocytable R form may take place in pneumococcus disease, but the experiments here reported do not settle the question whether or not this is an important factor in determining the outcome in natural infection. It has been shown experimentally that the degradation from the S form to the R form actually does take place in cultures of Pneumococcus growing in agar subcutaneously embedded in guinea pigs, in agar enclosed in vials subcutaneously embedded in rabbits, and spontaneously in the...
Gibson RB, Banzhaf EJ.Gravimetric determinations were recorded for the total and several individual proteins (in the sodium oxalate plasma) fractioned with ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride. At precipitation, the plasma salt mixture had been diluted to a final volume of ten times the amount of plasma employed. Coagulations were on aliquot portions of filtrates, and the individual protein constituents (except serumalbumin) were calculated by difference. The eleven horses had been subjected to simultaneous immunization against diphtheria and tetanus toxins, each horse being subsequently continued on the toxin to ...
Hiss PH, Atkinson JP.THE RESULTS OF THE FOREGOING EXPERIMENTS MAY BE BRIEFLY SUMMARIZED AS FOLLOWS: The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself. Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the p...
Many colic horses are compromised due to the disease state and from hours of starvation and sometimes long trailer rides. This could influence their muscle energy reserves and affect the horses' ability to recover. The principal aim was to follow metabolic parameter before, during, and up to 7 days after anaesthesia in healthy horses and in horses undergoing abdominal surgery due to colic. Methods: 20 healthy horses given anaesthesia alone and 20 colic horses subjected to emergency abdominal surgery were anaesthetised for a mean of 228 minutes and 183 minutes respectively. Blood for analysis o...
Dahlgren AR, Careddu F, Norris JW, Adili R, Kropp EM, Li Q, Holinstat M, Biunno I, Balduini A, Tablin F, Shavit JA, Finno CJ.SEL1L is a well-known protein in the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. While it is known to be expressed in platelets, SEL1L has never been shown to play an active role. Here we find evidence that SEL1L regulates platelet function. We first identified SEL1L through the study of Atypical Equine Thrombasthenia (AET), an autosomal recessive platelet disorder found in Thoroughbred horses. A missense variant in (c.1810A>G p.Ile604Val) was found in AET-affected horses, which we show is associated with decreased protein expression. SEL1L is intracellular in equine platelet...
Alsakini KAMH, Al-Ammiri HH, Touma MM.A prevalent contagious pathogenic parasite that can lead to major health issues is . Unassigned: The present study aimed to detect the parasitic immune response and the existence of genomic DNA in the blood of a -positive equine. Unassigned: Thirty serum samples from horses suspected of having toxoplasmosis were collected from the Al-Rusafa neighborhood in Baghdad. To quantitatively investigate toxoplasma antibody levels in horse serum, an ELISA was used to evaluate immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels. Conventional (PCR) was used to identify DNA. Unassigned: The blood levels of IgG immunoglobulin i...
Karaushi H, Yoshitake A, Kanazawa Y, Watanabe N, Tokano M, Seki M, Mitsutake K.A 69-year-old woman with hypertension had undergone total arch replacement with an open stent graft 7 years prior. She was referred to our hospital for evaluation after experiencing fever (>38 °C) and cough. Chest radiography revealed a prominent aortic arch, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated aortic arch enlargement and peri-graft fluid collection containing air. These findings indicated graft infection and prompted immediate intervention. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, a zoonotic pathogen associated with horses. Notably, the patient wor...
Holmes JC, Arojojoye AS, Awuah SG, Eisenberg R, Fenger CK, Maylin GA, Brewer K, Tobin T.Detomidine, 5-[(2,3-dimethylphenyl)methyl]-1H-imidazole, is a tranquilizer/sedative/analgesic widely used in equine medicine and regulated by several different analyte concentrations of detomidine and its hydroxydetomidine and carboxydetomidine metabolites in plasma and urine. Accurate regulatory quantitation of detomidine at low picogram/mL concentrations requires the availability of a stable isotope internal standard of detomidine; however, to the best of our knowledge, no certified deuterated internal standard of detomidine is commercially available and its synthesis has not been reported. ...
Chen J, Yablon A, Metaxas C, Guedin M, Hu J, Conover K, Simpson M, Ralston SL, Krishnamurthy K, Pelczer I.: There are a few very specific inflammation biomarkers in blood, namely lipoprotein NMe signals of protein clusters (GlycA and GlycB) and a composite resonance of phospholipids (SPC). The relative integrals of these resonances provide clear indication of the unique metabolic changes associated with disease, specifically inflammatory conditions, often related to serious diseases such as cancer or COVID-19 infection. Relatively complicated, yet very efficient experimental methods have been introduced recently (DIRE, JEDI) to suppress the rest of the spectrum, thus allowing measurement of these ...
Physical exercise represents a physiological stressor capable of activating the acute-phase response (APR) in horses. However, the relative contribution of exercise intensity duration to acute-phase protein (APP) dynamics remains incompletely defined. This study compared the effects of short, high-intensity gallop exercise (2400 m flat race; = 12) and prolonged, low-intensity endurance exercise (40 km; = 13) on serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in Thoroughbred racehorses. Blood samples were collected before exercise and at defined post-exercise time points. Bet...
Furukawa R, Tozaki T, Kawate K, Kikuchi M, Ishige T, Fukui E, Kakoi H.A subset of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with various phenotypes, including diseases, coat colour, and athletic performance, and are widely used in medical and veterinary fields. In this study, we developed a novel method for direct SNP genotyping from whole blood without DNA extraction. Thoroughbred blood samples were diluted 100-fold with Milli-Q water and analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hydrolysis probes. Specificity and sensitivity were improved by increasing the annealing temperature and number of PCR cycles. Genotyping results for SN...
Alonso MA, Boakari YL, Riccio AV, McLean A, Belli CB, Fernandes CB.Few studies have evaluated hematological and biochemical parameters in mule foals, and neonatal reference data remain limited. Objective: To compare hematological and biochemical parameters in mule and horse neonates up to 30 days of life. Methods: Mule (n=15) and horse (n=16) neonates were evaluated at birth, 12 and 24h, and at 7 and 30d of age. Results: Mules had higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (g/dL; 33.85 ± 0.18; P=0.04), platelets (× 10³/µL; 342,179 ± 15,691; P=0.0051), albumin (g/dL; 3.24 ± 0.05; P=0.0039), calcium (mg/dL; 12.27 ± 0.14; P=0.03), chloride (mmol/L; ...
Salewski KE, Talavera MA, Gonzalez GA, Waldridge BM, White JM, Williams MJ, Williams ML.This case reports the successful use of vincristine in a Quarter Horse with presumed immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. A 15-year-old Quarter Horse gelding presented for a pinch skin graft procedure on the left forelimb over the cannon bone. On day 10 of hospitalization, the horse developed a fever (102.6°F, RI: 99-101°F), and severe petechiae of the mucous membranes. A complete blood count (CBC) (Advia 2120i) revealed a severe thrombocytopenia (16,000 platelets/μL, RI:100,000-400,000/μL). Diagnostic testing was negative for Anaplasma phagocytophilum by PCR, Theileria equi and Babesia cabal...
Castelain D, Bokma J, Pas ML, Verbanck S, Paepe D, Pardon B, Boyen F.Accurate diagnosis of bloodstream infections is crucial for survival and antimicrobial de-escalation in veterinary medicine. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry enables faster identification of bacteria in BSIs. This study aimed to compare diagnostic accuracy of two Sepsityper methods (Rapid Sepsityper and Sepsityper Extraction) with conventional culture method for bacterial identification in clinical samples. Mean time-to-positivity and frequency of bacteria in BSIs were also determined. This diagnostic test study used bloodstream infection samples fro...
Brown JE, Noormohammadi AH, Courtman NF.Commercially available D-dimer assays use antibodies against human D-dimer, with limited sensitivity and specificity data in companion animals. Objective: To evaluate the immunoreactivity of D-dimer in plasma of dogs, horses, and cats with commercially available antibodies to human D-dimer. Methods: Plasma samples were collected from healthy dogs and horses, and from surplus feline plasma submitted for diagnostic purposes. Methods: Descriptive research study. A cross-linked fibrin lysate was prepared from plasma samples, and SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting were performed with a variety of commerci...
Kumar B, Brahmbhatt NN, Thakre B, Maharana BR, Parmar VL, Kumar M.Haemoparasitic diseases constitute a significant constraint to economic livestock farming. Diagnostic techniques that are inexpensive, rapid, reliable, and precise are crucial for the management of diseases. In this context, PCR assays are very valuable yet expensive since the samples must be processed before being included in the PCR reaction. Accordingly, the goal of the current study was to lower the PCR costs without jeopardizing the assay's sensitivity and specificity. For that purpose, the alkaline solution was optimized for low cost and quick DNA extraction (blood lysate), and PCR reage...
Kubai MA, Roy MM, Stinman CC, Kenne DE, Allbaugh RA, Sebbag L.Bacterial keratitis is a common and serious condition that often leads to vision impairment and potential loss of the eye if not treated promptly and adequately. Topical blood products are often used concurrently with topical antibiotics, helping to mitigate corneal 'melt' from proteases released on the ocular surface. However, blood products are rich in albumin and could affect the efficacy of antibiotics due to drug-protein binding. In this study, serum and plasma samples were harvested from 10 healthy dogs and 10 healthy horses, obtaining fresh and frozen (1 month at -20°C) aliquots for ...
Rymaszewska A, Kubiak K, Dmitryjuk M, Rząd I, Kirczuk L.Ixodes ricinus is a widespread vector of numerous microorganisms pathogenic to humans and animals in Europe. The risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) has increased in recent years due to climate change, the conversion of natural green areas to recreational areas, and growing human and animal populations, including pets. Using molecular methods, the prevalence, diversity, and co-occurrence of selected tick-borne microorganisms were assessed in questing I. ricinus collected from recreational areas (n = 409), in ticks feeding on horses (n = 135), and in blood samples from red d...
